我国农村金融供给模式研究
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摘要
金融是现代经济的核心,健全的金融体系可以起到充分动员资金、合理配置资源和有效分散风险的作用,并促进资本的形成。正因为如此,金融也被发展中国家看作改造传统农业和发展农村经济的重要手段。然而,现实往往与愿望并不一致,从全球范围来看,农村金融供给不足已经成为所有发展中国家共同面对的难题,如何解释这一现象,如何破解农村金融供给困境,如何避免农村“金融空洞”,成为发展经济学家和各国政府迫切需要解决的重大课题。
本论文以我国农村金融供给为重点研究对象,通过国内外的比较研究,仔细分析了农村金融与非农村金融之间的差异,尤其是农村金融供给问题与中小企业融资问题之间的差异。文章概括出了农村金融有效需求、相对供给不足、绝对供给不足等一系列概念和定义,并在此基础之上从三个层次确定了农村金融供给不足的标准和涵义,为解释农村金融供给不足做了必要的概念准备。关于农村金融供给,至今缺乏一个科学的理论基础和分析框架。传统的三大农村金融供给理论都只是从农村经济环境中抽离出某一部分特征予以分析,没有考虑到农村金融的本质特征,导致他们对农村金融供给困境的解释缺乏说服力,给出的政策建议效果甚微。
本文认为,农村金融之所以成为一个独立的研究对象和问题,其根本原因在于农村金融所内含的农业和农村发展的公共性与金融服务和金融产品的私人性之间的矛盾。这个矛盾与信息不对称、交易成本高和产业弱质性等农村经济特征相互交织,导致了农村金融供给不足。具体的说,文章首先构建了一个农村金融的总供给和总需求模型,在此基础上区别了信息不对称所导致的信贷配给与农村金融自身性质所导致的有效需求不足。综合分析的结果表明,农村金融供给必然是一个政府—市场互动的过程,任何单一的供给机制都无法独立完成农村金融供给的任务,随后,文章在政府—市场互动的框架下分别考察了影响总供给曲线、总需求曲线和信贷配给均衡线的各种因素及其微观作用机制。本文的结论认为,在目前的农村金融供给过程中,中小金融机构、小组贷款和小额信贷等分别是较为适宜的金融机构组织和签约方式,但它们仅能在边际上推动总供给曲线右移并能在解决信贷配给方面起到较大的作用,但要彻底破解农村金融供给困境,必须通过政府的体制改革、制度建设和其它配套措施来提高农村金融的有效需求,这也是达到农村金融总供求均衡的根本途径。
全文共分七章。第一章导论,指出了本论文选题的现实背景和理论意义,以及论文的研究方法、框架结构和创新点等。第二章为理论综述,主要梳理了三部分研究成果,即农村金融对农村经济增长的作用、农村金融供给理论和微观金融组织理论。第三章提出了研究农村金融供给的基本框架。在对农村金融基本特征、基本概念和基本性质做了仔细的界定和分析之后,文章建立了一个农村金融的总供给和总需求模型,并提出了政府—市场互动的分析框架。第四章是对农村金融机构体系的研究。从本章开始,后续三章分别在总供求模型的基础上考察影响市场均衡点的各个因素。本章建立了基于成本视角的金融机构组织模型,比较了各类金融机构在农村金融市场上的效率及其对推动农村金融供给的作用。第五章是对金融信贷合约的研究。在非对称信息的框架下主要比较了现代金融合约和小额信贷之间的区别,分析了小额信贷在农村金融市场中的各种优势及其局限。第六章考察了影响农村金融总需求曲线的各种因素,重点分析了政府对农村产品价格和生产函数的干预方式,以及此类干预对提高农村部门投资收益率的作用机制,在其它条件不变的情况下,投资收益率的提高最终将推动农村金融有效需求的增加。
本文的创新体现在五个方面:第一,文章从三个层面确立了农村金融供给不足的标准和含义,为农村金融供给研究建立了参照系;第二,文章提炼出了农村金融的根本性质为农业和农村发展的公共性与金融服务和金融产品的私人性之间的矛盾,并以此为基础展开分析;第三,文章概括出农村金融有效需求、相对供给不足和绝对供给不足等概念,并将其运用到对各类农村金融市场均衡的分析当中;第四,文章建立了农村金融总供给—总需求模型,在一个统一的框架内系统的考虑了影响农村金融供求均衡的各种因素及其作用机理;第五,文章提出了政府—市场互动的农村金融供给框架,并在此框架下详细讨论了政府和市场各自的职能分工和作用机制;第六,文章建立了一个基于成本视角的金融机构组织模型,分析了各类金融机构在农村市场中的供给效率。
Finance is the core of modern economy, Sound financial system can function well as mobilization of funds, a reasonable allocation of resources and play effective role of risk diversification, and promote capital formation. Precisely because of this, in developing countries finance has also been seen as the important means of transformation of traditional agriculture and developing the rural economy. However, the reality is often not consistent with the aspirations. From a global perspective, insufficient supply of rural finance has become common problems all developing countries face. How to explain this phenomenon, how to break the supply of rural financial difficulties, how to avoid the "financial hole," become an important issue Development economists and governments need urgently to solve.
In this paper, China's rural financial supply is the key research targets, through comparative study at home and abroad, a careful analysis of the difference between the rural financial and non-rural finance, in particular the differences between supply problem of rural financial with the financing problem of small and medium-sized business. Article summed up a range of concepts and definitions, such as effective rural financial demand, the relative lack of supply and absolutely insufficient supply. And on this basis, from three levels the paper identified standards and meaning of insufficient supply of rural financial, and does the necessary concept preparation to explain the insufficient supply of rural finance. About the supply of rural finance, it lack of a scientific theoretical foundation and analytical framework until now. The traditional theory of the three major rural financial supply only analysis parts of the characteristics abstracted from the rural economy environment, without taking into account the essential characteristics of rural finance, leading to their explanation for the difficulties to supply of rural financial lack of convincing, and little effect policy proposal is given.
This article holds that the rural financial to become an independent object of study and question, the fundamental reason for this is that rural finance means agriculture and rural development need public financial services, and contradict financial products is private. This contradiction are intertwined the characteristics of the rural economy such as the information asymmetry and high transaction costs and weak industries, and led to inadequate supply of rural finance. Specifically, the article first of all to build a rural finance model of total supply and total demand, based on this tell the differences between credit rationing caused by information asymmetry and the insufficient effective demand caused by nature of rural finance. Comprehensive analysis of the results showed that, the supply of rural finance must be a government - Market interactive process, any single supply mechanism can not independently accomplish the mission of the supply of rural finance. Subsequently, the article separately examined various factors and the micro-mechanism of function impacted the aggregate supply curve, aggregate demand curve and line of credit rationing balanced, under the framework of the government-market interaction. This article concludes that, in the current process of rural financial supply, the small and medium-sized financial institutions, the Sub-loans and micro-credit, etc. are more appropriate to financial institutions and the signing method, but they can only push the marginal aggregate supply curve shifted to right and has played a larger role in the settlement of credit rationing, but it can only solve the plight of the rural financial supply thoroughly through the Government's structural reforms, institution building and other support measures to enhance effective demand for rural finance, which is the fundamental way to make the total demand and supply of rural finance balanced.
The whole paper is divided into seven chapters. Chapter I is introduction, points out the background reality and the theoretical significance of the topic of this paper, as well as the paper's methodology, the framework structure and innovation points. Chapter II for the theoretical synthesis of the important theory gathered three parts of research results, namely, rural finance for the rural economic growth, the theory of rural financial supply and micro-finance organization theory. Chapter III presents a basic framework of the study of rural financial supply. Did the careful definition and analysis of the basic characteristics, concept and nature of rural finance, the article set up a rural financial model of total supply and total demand, and the government - market interactive analysis framework. Chapter IV is a research of system of rural financial institutions. From the beginning of this chapter, the following three chapters separately study all factors influence the market equilibrium in the total supply and demand model. This chapter set up a financial institutions organization model based on cost-perspective, compare the various financial institutions in rural areas on the efficiency of financial markets and its impact on promoting the supply of rural finance. Chapter V is a study of financial credit contracts. Under asymmetric information framework, it mainly compared the modern financial contracts and the micro-credit, analyzes a variety of advantages and limitations of micro-credit in rural financial markets. Chapter VI examined a variety of factors impact aggregate demand curve of rural finance, and focusing on analysis of the Government's function of the intervention on rural product prices and production, as well as the function mechanism of how this kind of intervention improve the rural sector investment rate, in circumstances that other conditions are not changing, improving the rate of investment income eventually will promote effective demand of rural financial.
In this paper, the innovation embodied in the five areas: First, the article establishes standards and the meaning of insufficient supply of rural financial on three levels, set up a frame of reference for the research of the supply of rural financial; Second, the article extracted that the fundamental nature of rural finance is that for agriculture and rural development financial services is public and financial products of the contradiction is private, and carried out the analysis on this basis; Third, the article summed up concepts such as the rural financial effective demand, relative insufficient supply and absolute insufficient supply, and use it in various analysis of rural financial markets balancing; Fourth, the article set up a aggregate supply -aggregate demand model of rural financial, under this unified framework systematically taking into account the factors and mechanism that impact the supply and demand balancing of rural finance; Fifth, the article proposed a government-market interaction framework of rural financial supply, and in this framework are discussed in detail the respective functions mechanisms and division of the role of government and markets; Sixth, the article set up a financial institutions organization model based of cost-perspective, and analyzes the supply efficiency of various financial institutions in the rural market.
本论文以我国农村金融供给为重点研究对象,通过国内外的比较研究,仔细分析了农村金融与非农村金融之间的差异,尤其是农村金融供给问题与中小企业融资问题之间的差异。文章概括出了农村金融有效需求、相对供给不足、绝对供给不足等一系列概念和定义,并在此基础之上从三个层次确定了农村金融供给不足的标准和涵义,为解释农村金融供给不足做了必要的概念准备。关于农村金融供给,至今缺乏一个科学的理论基础和分析框架。传统的三大农村金融供给理论都只是从农村经济环境中抽离出某一部分特征予以分析,没有考虑到农村金融的本质特征,导致他们对农村金融供给困境的解释缺乏说服力,给出的政策建议效果甚微。
本文认为,农村金融之所以成为一个独立的研究对象和问题,其根本原因在于农村金融所内含的农业和农村发展的公共性与金融服务和金融产品的私人性之间的矛盾。这个矛盾与信息不对称、交易成本高和产业弱质性等农村经济特征相互交织,导致了农村金融供给不足。具体的说,文章首先构建了一个农村金融的总供给和总需求模型,在此基础上区别了信息不对称所导致的信贷配给与农村金融自身性质所导致的有效需求不足。综合分析的结果表明,农村金融供给必然是一个政府—市场互动的过程,任何单一的供给机制都无法独立完成农村金融供给的任务,随后,文章在政府—市场互动的框架下分别考察了影响总供给曲线、总需求曲线和信贷配给均衡线的各种因素及其微观作用机制。本文的结论认为,在目前的农村金融供给过程中,中小金融机构、小组贷款和小额信贷等分别是较为适宜的金融机构组织和签约方式,但它们仅能在边际上推动总供给曲线右移并能在解决信贷配给方面起到较大的作用,但要彻底破解农村金融供给困境,必须通过政府的体制改革、制度建设和其它配套措施来提高农村金融的有效需求,这也是达到农村金融总供求均衡的根本途径。
全文共分七章。第一章导论,指出了本论文选题的现实背景和理论意义,以及论文的研究方法、框架结构和创新点等。第二章为理论综述,主要梳理了三部分研究成果,即农村金融对农村经济增长的作用、农村金融供给理论和微观金融组织理论。第三章提出了研究农村金融供给的基本框架。在对农村金融基本特征、基本概念和基本性质做了仔细的界定和分析之后,文章建立了一个农村金融的总供给和总需求模型,并提出了政府—市场互动的分析框架。第四章是对农村金融机构体系的研究。从本章开始,后续三章分别在总供求模型的基础上考察影响市场均衡点的各个因素。本章建立了基于成本视角的金融机构组织模型,比较了各类金融机构在农村金融市场上的效率及其对推动农村金融供给的作用。第五章是对金融信贷合约的研究。在非对称信息的框架下主要比较了现代金融合约和小额信贷之间的区别,分析了小额信贷在农村金融市场中的各种优势及其局限。第六章考察了影响农村金融总需求曲线的各种因素,重点分析了政府对农村产品价格和生产函数的干预方式,以及此类干预对提高农村部门投资收益率的作用机制,在其它条件不变的情况下,投资收益率的提高最终将推动农村金融有效需求的增加。
本文的创新体现在五个方面:第一,文章从三个层面确立了农村金融供给不足的标准和含义,为农村金融供给研究建立了参照系;第二,文章提炼出了农村金融的根本性质为农业和农村发展的公共性与金融服务和金融产品的私人性之间的矛盾,并以此为基础展开分析;第三,文章概括出农村金融有效需求、相对供给不足和绝对供给不足等概念,并将其运用到对各类农村金融市场均衡的分析当中;第四,文章建立了农村金融总供给—总需求模型,在一个统一的框架内系统的考虑了影响农村金融供求均衡的各种因素及其作用机理;第五,文章提出了政府—市场互动的农村金融供给框架,并在此框架下详细讨论了政府和市场各自的职能分工和作用机制;第六,文章建立了一个基于成本视角的金融机构组织模型,分析了各类金融机构在农村市场中的供给效率。
Finance is the core of modern economy, Sound financial system can function well as mobilization of funds, a reasonable allocation of resources and play effective role of risk diversification, and promote capital formation. Precisely because of this, in developing countries finance has also been seen as the important means of transformation of traditional agriculture and developing the rural economy. However, the reality is often not consistent with the aspirations. From a global perspective, insufficient supply of rural finance has become common problems all developing countries face. How to explain this phenomenon, how to break the supply of rural financial difficulties, how to avoid the "financial hole," become an important issue Development economists and governments need urgently to solve.
In this paper, China's rural financial supply is the key research targets, through comparative study at home and abroad, a careful analysis of the difference between the rural financial and non-rural finance, in particular the differences between supply problem of rural financial with the financing problem of small and medium-sized business. Article summed up a range of concepts and definitions, such as effective rural financial demand, the relative lack of supply and absolutely insufficient supply. And on this basis, from three levels the paper identified standards and meaning of insufficient supply of rural financial, and does the necessary concept preparation to explain the insufficient supply of rural finance. About the supply of rural finance, it lack of a scientific theoretical foundation and analytical framework until now. The traditional theory of the three major rural financial supply only analysis parts of the characteristics abstracted from the rural economy environment, without taking into account the essential characteristics of rural finance, leading to their explanation for the difficulties to supply of rural financial lack of convincing, and little effect policy proposal is given.
This article holds that the rural financial to become an independent object of study and question, the fundamental reason for this is that rural finance means agriculture and rural development need public financial services, and contradict financial products is private. This contradiction are intertwined the characteristics of the rural economy such as the information asymmetry and high transaction costs and weak industries, and led to inadequate supply of rural finance. Specifically, the article first of all to build a rural finance model of total supply and total demand, based on this tell the differences between credit rationing caused by information asymmetry and the insufficient effective demand caused by nature of rural finance. Comprehensive analysis of the results showed that, the supply of rural finance must be a government - Market interactive process, any single supply mechanism can not independently accomplish the mission of the supply of rural finance. Subsequently, the article separately examined various factors and the micro-mechanism of function impacted the aggregate supply curve, aggregate demand curve and line of credit rationing balanced, under the framework of the government-market interaction. This article concludes that, in the current process of rural financial supply, the small and medium-sized financial institutions, the Sub-loans and micro-credit, etc. are more appropriate to financial institutions and the signing method, but they can only push the marginal aggregate supply curve shifted to right and has played a larger role in the settlement of credit rationing, but it can only solve the plight of the rural financial supply thoroughly through the Government's structural reforms, institution building and other support measures to enhance effective demand for rural finance, which is the fundamental way to make the total demand and supply of rural finance balanced.
The whole paper is divided into seven chapters. Chapter I is introduction, points out the background reality and the theoretical significance of the topic of this paper, as well as the paper's methodology, the framework structure and innovation points. Chapter II for the theoretical synthesis of the important theory gathered three parts of research results, namely, rural finance for the rural economic growth, the theory of rural financial supply and micro-finance organization theory. Chapter III presents a basic framework of the study of rural financial supply. Did the careful definition and analysis of the basic characteristics, concept and nature of rural finance, the article set up a rural financial model of total supply and total demand, and the government - market interactive analysis framework. Chapter IV is a research of system of rural financial institutions. From the beginning of this chapter, the following three chapters separately study all factors influence the market equilibrium in the total supply and demand model. This chapter set up a financial institutions organization model based on cost-perspective, compare the various financial institutions in rural areas on the efficiency of financial markets and its impact on promoting the supply of rural finance. Chapter V is a study of financial credit contracts. Under asymmetric information framework, it mainly compared the modern financial contracts and the micro-credit, analyzes a variety of advantages and limitations of micro-credit in rural financial markets. Chapter VI examined a variety of factors impact aggregate demand curve of rural finance, and focusing on analysis of the Government's function of the intervention on rural product prices and production, as well as the function mechanism of how this kind of intervention improve the rural sector investment rate, in circumstances that other conditions are not changing, improving the rate of investment income eventually will promote effective demand of rural financial.
In this paper, the innovation embodied in the five areas: First, the article establishes standards and the meaning of insufficient supply of rural financial on three levels, set up a frame of reference for the research of the supply of rural financial; Second, the article extracted that the fundamental nature of rural finance is that for agriculture and rural development financial services is public and financial products of the contradiction is private, and carried out the analysis on this basis; Third, the article summed up concepts such as the rural financial effective demand, relative insufficient supply and absolute insufficient supply, and use it in various analysis of rural financial markets balancing; Fourth, the article set up a aggregate supply -aggregate demand model of rural financial, under this unified framework systematically taking into account the factors and mechanism that impact the supply and demand balancing of rural finance; Fifth, the article proposed a government-market interaction framework of rural financial supply, and in this framework are discussed in detail the respective functions mechanisms and division of the role of government and markets; Sixth, the article set up a financial institutions organization model based of cost-perspective, and analyzes the supply efficiency of various financial institutions in the rural market.
引文
1 周立群,许清正.“工业反哺农业”若干问题述评.经济学家,2007(2):72-76
2 陈志武.究竟是什么使“三农”问题恶化.证券市场周刊,2007年11月10日
1 实践部门和学术界对此做了种种尝试和研究,提出了“公司+农户”、“市场+农户”、土地股份制经营等制度模式。
2 农业技术推广和扩散也因此而受到学者和政府部门的高度重视。
3 龚刚,林毅夫.过度反应:中国经济“缩长”之解释.经济研究,2007(4):53-66
1 林毅夫.新农村运动与启动内需.小城镇建设,2005(8):13-15
1 高帆.交易效率、分工演进与二元经济结构转化.上海:上海三联书店,2007
1 这一点不难理解,传统部门与农业部门并不完全对等,在发达国家如美国、加拿大等,它们的农业产量和产值都占很大比例,但没有人会将它们的农业列为传统部门,这是因为它们的生产方式和经营方式完全符合现代部门的要求,实际上,从精耕细作的自然方式到大规模机器耕作方式的转变本身就会导致分工的深化和细化,传统农业分工水平低既有自然原因(劳动生产与自然生产相分离),也有制度原因(监督难题),规模化、资本化、机器化的生产方式将使这一切都发生改变。
2 高帆.农村金融:一个分工视角的解释.人文杂志,2005(1):69-74
1 舒尔茨.改造传统农业.北京:商务印书馆,1987
1 关于此部分的详细论述参见林毅夫、李永军.中小金融机构发展与中小企业融资.经济研究,2001(1):10-18
2 比较有代表性和影响力的成果包括:林毅夫(2001,2005),张杰(2000),张捷(2002,2003)等。
1 林毅夫.论经济学方法.北京:北京大学出版社,2005
1 曹利群.转轨时期中国农业经济组织的演进.北京:中国广播电视出版社,2004
1 我国当前出台的所谓最新的农村金融政策就面临这样的问题,参见http://news.sohu.com/20090220/n262368096.shtml
1 关于微型金融的详细介绍参见陈军,曹远征.农村金融深化与发展评析.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2008
1 胡必亮,刘强,李晖.农村金融与村庄发展.北京:商务印书馆,2006
1 J·D·冯匹斯克等.发展中经济的农村金融(,汤世生等译).北京:中国金融出版社,1990
2 这在07年5月30日之前的“牛市”阶段非常明显,假定这种上扬在一个较长时期内维持稳态,那么,这种投资渠道的缺乏将成为拉大城市居民和农村居民收入差距的一个重要途径,农民将无法分享经济增长的收益。
3 参见周其仁.收入是一连串事件.北京:中国发展出版社,2004,在本书中,周其仁对农户收入的来源做了非常详尽的分析。
1 张红宇.中国农村金融组织体系:绩效、缺陷与制度创新.中国农村观察,2004(2):2-11
2 杨明生.农业贷款转非农业贷款是必然.新华网,2003-12-29
1 苑德军.优化金融结构:中国金融发展的重心.当代银行家,2005,1(23)
1 林毅夫,蔡肪,李周.中国的奇迹:发展战略与经济改革.上海:上海人民出版社,1999
1 严格的讲,所有部门的生产活动都会或多或少的涉及到自然力的作用,但只有大农业生产对自然力的影响最为敏感,即使是发达国家的现代农业也依然会受到洪涝、干旱、冰冻、飓风等自然灾害的侵扰而很难抵御,而农业的产量和质量也呈现极度“非标准化”状态。
2 马克思.资本论(第三卷).北京:人民出版社,1957.885。
3 参见亚当·斯密的论述。
4 周立群,曹利群.农村经济组织形态的演变与创新.经济研究,2001(1):69-83
1 舒尔茨(,梁小民译).改造传统农业.北京:商务印书馆,2006
1 张捷.中小企业的关系型借贷与银行组织结构.经济研究,2006(6):32-37
2 Berger·A·N,Udell·G·F.Small Business Gredit Availability and Relationship Lending:The Importance of Bank Organizational Structure.Economic Journal,2002,112:32-54
1 刘峰,秦明春.我国农村民间借贷研究综述.经济纵横,2006(3):77-79
2 胡金焱,卢立香.中国非正规金融研究的理论综述.教学与研究,2005(9):75-81
1 陈锋,董旭超.中国民间金融形式及其利率分析.吉林财税高等专科学校学报,2004(4):35-39
2 由于政府的准入限制和法律限制而造成的中小金融机构和非正规金融机构的缺乏,以及与此伴随的农村信用社一家独大的局面是一种制度性的缺陷,与经济成本因素决定下的最优结构体系没有直接关系。
1 林毅夫,李永军.中小金融机构发展与中小企业融资.经济研究,2001(1):10-18
1 姜旭朝.民间金融合法化:一个制度视角.学习与探索,2005(5):207-209
2 央行研究松绑民间借贷.http://www.zgmjjdw.com/ho/liuchen_detail.asp?newsid=15591&sort=18
1 假设市场完全竞争,商品也完全同质。
2 文远华.中国经济转型时期信贷配给问题研究.上海:上海人民出版社,2005。文远华对信贷配给理论做了较为系统的梳理。
1 金俐.金融配给论:制度分析.上海:上海财经大学出版社,2006。本部分参考了金俐的述评。
1 参见http://www.chinavalue.net/Article/Archive/2008/3/3/101879.heml。
2 高峰,王学真,羊文辉.农业支持和补贴政策的国际比较.经济纵横,2004(6):48-52
1 财政部 国家发改委 农业部 国家粮食局 中国农业发展银行.关于进一步完善对种粮农民直接补贴政策的意见.中国农业会计,2005(5):24-25
1 周立群,曹利群.农村经济组织形态的演变与创新.经济研究,2001(1):69-75
2 第一次我们将劳动力放进了生产函数,并假定其在特定阶段对资本和劳动力两种要素的技术依赖是一样的,完全可替换的。
3 实际上这个假定完全不现实,或者说仅仅在一定的时期内是如此的。
1 傅晨.“新一代合作社”:合作社创新的源泉.中国农村经济,2003(6):73-80
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2 陈志武.究竟是什么使“三农”问题恶化.证券市场周刊,2007年11月10日
1 实践部门和学术界对此做了种种尝试和研究,提出了“公司+农户”、“市场+农户”、土地股份制经营等制度模式。
2 农业技术推广和扩散也因此而受到学者和政府部门的高度重视。
3 龚刚,林毅夫.过度反应:中国经济“缩长”之解释.经济研究,2007(4):53-66
1 林毅夫.新农村运动与启动内需.小城镇建设,2005(8):13-15
1 高帆.交易效率、分工演进与二元经济结构转化.上海:上海三联书店,2007
1 这一点不难理解,传统部门与农业部门并不完全对等,在发达国家如美国、加拿大等,它们的农业产量和产值都占很大比例,但没有人会将它们的农业列为传统部门,这是因为它们的生产方式和经营方式完全符合现代部门的要求,实际上,从精耕细作的自然方式到大规模机器耕作方式的转变本身就会导致分工的深化和细化,传统农业分工水平低既有自然原因(劳动生产与自然生产相分离),也有制度原因(监督难题),规模化、资本化、机器化的生产方式将使这一切都发生改变。
2 高帆.农村金融:一个分工视角的解释.人文杂志,2005(1):69-74
1 舒尔茨.改造传统农业.北京:商务印书馆,1987
1 关于此部分的详细论述参见林毅夫、李永军.中小金融机构发展与中小企业融资.经济研究,2001(1):10-18
2 比较有代表性和影响力的成果包括:林毅夫(2001,2005),张杰(2000),张捷(2002,2003)等。
1 林毅夫.论经济学方法.北京:北京大学出版社,2005
1 曹利群.转轨时期中国农业经济组织的演进.北京:中国广播电视出版社,2004
1 我国当前出台的所谓最新的农村金融政策就面临这样的问题,参见http://news.sohu.com/20090220/n262368096.shtml
1 关于微型金融的详细介绍参见陈军,曹远征.农村金融深化与发展评析.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2008
1 胡必亮,刘强,李晖.农村金融与村庄发展.北京:商务印书馆,2006
1 J·D·冯匹斯克等.发展中经济的农村金融(,汤世生等译).北京:中国金融出版社,1990
2 这在07年5月30日之前的“牛市”阶段非常明显,假定这种上扬在一个较长时期内维持稳态,那么,这种投资渠道的缺乏将成为拉大城市居民和农村居民收入差距的一个重要途径,农民将无法分享经济增长的收益。
3 参见周其仁.收入是一连串事件.北京:中国发展出版社,2004,在本书中,周其仁对农户收入的来源做了非常详尽的分析。
1 张红宇.中国农村金融组织体系:绩效、缺陷与制度创新.中国农村观察,2004(2):2-11
2 杨明生.农业贷款转非农业贷款是必然.新华网,2003-12-29
1 苑德军.优化金融结构:中国金融发展的重心.当代银行家,2005,1(23)
1 林毅夫,蔡肪,李周.中国的奇迹:发展战略与经济改革.上海:上海人民出版社,1999
1 严格的讲,所有部门的生产活动都会或多或少的涉及到自然力的作用,但只有大农业生产对自然力的影响最为敏感,即使是发达国家的现代农业也依然会受到洪涝、干旱、冰冻、飓风等自然灾害的侵扰而很难抵御,而农业的产量和质量也呈现极度“非标准化”状态。
2 马克思.资本论(第三卷).北京:人民出版社,1957.885。
3 参见亚当·斯密的论述。
4 周立群,曹利群.农村经济组织形态的演变与创新.经济研究,2001(1):69-83
1 舒尔茨(,梁小民译).改造传统农业.北京:商务印书馆,2006
1 张捷.中小企业的关系型借贷与银行组织结构.经济研究,2006(6):32-37
2 Berger·A·N,Udell·G·F.Small Business Gredit Availability and Relationship Lending:The Importance of Bank Organizational Structure.Economic Journal,2002,112:32-54
1 刘峰,秦明春.我国农村民间借贷研究综述.经济纵横,2006(3):77-79
2 胡金焱,卢立香.中国非正规金融研究的理论综述.教学与研究,2005(9):75-81
1 陈锋,董旭超.中国民间金融形式及其利率分析.吉林财税高等专科学校学报,2004(4):35-39
2 由于政府的准入限制和法律限制而造成的中小金融机构和非正规金融机构的缺乏,以及与此伴随的农村信用社一家独大的局面是一种制度性的缺陷,与经济成本因素决定下的最优结构体系没有直接关系。
1 林毅夫,李永军.中小金融机构发展与中小企业融资.经济研究,2001(1):10-18
1 姜旭朝.民间金融合法化:一个制度视角.学习与探索,2005(5):207-209
2 央行研究松绑民间借贷.http://www.zgmjjdw.com/ho/liuchen_detail.asp?newsid=15591&sort=18
1 假设市场完全竞争,商品也完全同质。
2 文远华.中国经济转型时期信贷配给问题研究.上海:上海人民出版社,2005。文远华对信贷配给理论做了较为系统的梳理。
1 金俐.金融配给论:制度分析.上海:上海财经大学出版社,2006。本部分参考了金俐的述评。
1 参见http://www.chinavalue.net/Article/Archive/2008/3/3/101879.heml。
2 高峰,王学真,羊文辉.农业支持和补贴政策的国际比较.经济纵横,2004(6):48-52
1 财政部 国家发改委 农业部 国家粮食局 中国农业发展银行.关于进一步完善对种粮农民直接补贴政策的意见.中国农业会计,2005(5):24-25
1 周立群,曹利群.农村经济组织形态的演变与创新.经济研究,2001(1):69-75
2 第一次我们将劳动力放进了生产函数,并假定其在特定阶段对资本和劳动力两种要素的技术依赖是一样的,完全可替换的。
3 实际上这个假定完全不现实,或者说仅仅在一定的时期内是如此的。
1 傅晨.“新一代合作社”:合作社创新的源泉.中国农村经济,2003(6):73-80
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