论多丽丝·莱莘《野草在歌唱》中的黑色压抑与抗争
|
摘要
《野草在歌唱》是英国当代著名作家多丽丝·莱莘的处女作。这部小说以二十世纪三四十年代殖民主义下的非洲为背景,描述了一位白人女性玛丽被其黑奴摩西杀害的故事。小说描绘了在种族隔离背景下非洲殖民地的真实生活。《野草在歌唱》融合了莱莘后来大部分作品中探讨的主题和元素,这本出版于50年代的小说涉及到了现代与后现代理论中众多重要的主题与思想。本篇论文旨在从种族,阶级,心理等角度来探讨小说中隐藏的主题--压抑和抗争。
本论文主要分三个章节来探讨这本小说是如何呈现在种族、阶级与心理方面的黑色压抑与抗争。而黑色在文中具有多重意义,它不仅指代了那些可以看得见的黑色,也暗含了那些看不见的。第一章运用后殖民理论来探讨殖民地黑人与白人的冲突,以小说中的例子来解释黑人如何遭受白人的歧视与不平等对待,用小说中的示例来阐述黑人遭受白人的种族歧视与不平等对待后产生的种种压抑以及他们的抗争。第二章从阶级的角度,用马克思主义的观点抨击白人对南非黑人劳工及其土地的剥削;正文最后一章主要是引用弗洛伊德的心理理论对玛丽心理变化进行分析,探讨了她的性压抑及其潜在的欲望。结论分析了殖民主义的分崩瓦解。当黑人被殖民者的抗争意识被唤醒,冲破禁锢这片土地的压抑,白人的殖民主义梦想终将破灭。
同时作者在最后指出,莱莘在《野草在歌唱》中所要表达的远非只有压抑和抗争。她对于种族主义的必然灭亡给予了暗示。在非洲这片饱受煎熬土地上,种族主义在各种虚伪的幌子之下已经到了不可调和的地步,最终,黑人会起来反抗,拿回他们作为人的人权和国家的权益。从这一点上说,多丽丝·莱莘有着超前的洞察能力,白人的暴政统治就像玛丽的悲剧一样是不可避免的。
The Grass Is Singing published in 1950 is the first novel of Doris Lessing, who is one of the most famous writers in Britain and round the world. The Grass Is Singing tells a tragedy about a white woman who killed by her black servant on a south African farm in 1930s. Although not read or examined as widely as Lessing’s most famous one The Golden Notebook, it still attracts sustained attention for its various themes that are recurrent in her later novels and its profound relations with some important concepts of modern time. This thesis aims to discuss“repression”and“resistance”in terms of race, class and psychology in The Grass Is Singing.
The thesis consists of Introduction, 3 main Chapters and Conclusion, dealing with the similar topics: dark repression and the inevitable resistance or reemergence of the repressed. They can also be regarded separately as dealing with different issues. Chapter One mainly discusses racial violence in the colony and the subversive potentials of the black. Chapter Two is dedicated to criticize the ruinous effects of white capitalist exploitation upon native laborers and the existed land. It also discusses how the specters of anti-capitalism or communism haunt and disturb the authority of the white. Chapter Three mainly deals with Mary’s psychological process,focusing on her sexual repression and the resistance of her unconscious desires. In Conclusion part, author discusses the collapse of the doomed colonialism.
Meanwhile, the author points out in the end that Lessing is not only to describe the repression and resistance but to hint the doomed collapse of racialism. Under the fake covers, it comes to the irreconcilable circumstance. Eventually, the darkness will resist to gain back their own rights and national interests. From this point, Doris Lessing has indeed the capability of insight. Just like Mary’s tragedy, the collapse of the White riot rules is on the way.
本论文主要分三个章节来探讨这本小说是如何呈现在种族、阶级与心理方面的黑色压抑与抗争。而黑色在文中具有多重意义,它不仅指代了那些可以看得见的黑色,也暗含了那些看不见的。第一章运用后殖民理论来探讨殖民地黑人与白人的冲突,以小说中的例子来解释黑人如何遭受白人的歧视与不平等对待,用小说中的示例来阐述黑人遭受白人的种族歧视与不平等对待后产生的种种压抑以及他们的抗争。第二章从阶级的角度,用马克思主义的观点抨击白人对南非黑人劳工及其土地的剥削;正文最后一章主要是引用弗洛伊德的心理理论对玛丽心理变化进行分析,探讨了她的性压抑及其潜在的欲望。结论分析了殖民主义的分崩瓦解。当黑人被殖民者的抗争意识被唤醒,冲破禁锢这片土地的压抑,白人的殖民主义梦想终将破灭。
同时作者在最后指出,莱莘在《野草在歌唱》中所要表达的远非只有压抑和抗争。她对于种族主义的必然灭亡给予了暗示。在非洲这片饱受煎熬土地上,种族主义在各种虚伪的幌子之下已经到了不可调和的地步,最终,黑人会起来反抗,拿回他们作为人的人权和国家的权益。从这一点上说,多丽丝·莱莘有着超前的洞察能力,白人的暴政统治就像玛丽的悲剧一样是不可避免的。
The Grass Is Singing published in 1950 is the first novel of Doris Lessing, who is one of the most famous writers in Britain and round the world. The Grass Is Singing tells a tragedy about a white woman who killed by her black servant on a south African farm in 1930s. Although not read or examined as widely as Lessing’s most famous one The Golden Notebook, it still attracts sustained attention for its various themes that are recurrent in her later novels and its profound relations with some important concepts of modern time. This thesis aims to discuss“repression”and“resistance”in terms of race, class and psychology in The Grass Is Singing.
The thesis consists of Introduction, 3 main Chapters and Conclusion, dealing with the similar topics: dark repression and the inevitable resistance or reemergence of the repressed. They can also be regarded separately as dealing with different issues. Chapter One mainly discusses racial violence in the colony and the subversive potentials of the black. Chapter Two is dedicated to criticize the ruinous effects of white capitalist exploitation upon native laborers and the existed land. It also discusses how the specters of anti-capitalism or communism haunt and disturb the authority of the white. Chapter Three mainly deals with Mary’s psychological process,focusing on her sexual repression and the resistance of her unconscious desires. In Conclusion part, author discusses the collapse of the doomed colonialism.
Meanwhile, the author points out in the end that Lessing is not only to describe the repression and resistance but to hint the doomed collapse of racialism. Under the fake covers, it comes to the irreconcilable circumstance. Eventually, the darkness will resist to gain back their own rights and national interests. From this point, Doris Lessing has indeed the capability of insight. Just like Mary’s tragedy, the collapse of the White riot rules is on the way.
引文
1. Lorelei Caderstrom, Fine-Tuning the Feminine Psyche: Jungian Patterns in the Novels of Doris Lessing. (New York: Peter Lang, 1990), 1.
2. Earl G Ingersoll, ed. Doris Lessing: Conversations. (Princeton: Ontario Review,1994), 25.
3. Eve Bertelsen,“Veldtanschauung: Doris Lessing’s Savage Africa.”Modern Fiction Studies (MFS) 37.4 (1991), 647-658.
4. Sigmund Freud,“The Neuro-psychoses of Defence.”1894. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. Eds. James Strachey and Anna Freud. vol. 3.( London: The Hogarth P, 1962), 43-68.
5. Lorelei Caderstrom, Fine-Tuning the Feminine Psyche: Jungian Patterns in the Novels of Doris Lessing. (New York: Peter Lang, 1990), 81.
6. AiméCésaire, Discourse on Colonialism (New York and London: Monthly Review Press,1972), 81.
7. Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth (New York: Grove Press.1968), 170.
8. Stuart Hall,“The After-Life of Frantz Fanon: Why Fanon? Why Now? Why BlackSkin, White Masks?”The Fact of Blackness: Frantz Fanon and visual Representation. Ed. Alan Read. (London and Seattle: Bay Press, 1996) 16.
9. Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth. Trans. Constance Farrington. (New York: Grove P, 1967), 10.
10. Richard Schmitt, Introduction to Marx and Engels: A Critical Reconstruction (New York: International Publishers,1996),35
11. Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth (New York: Grove Press.1968), 77
12. Ibid, 34
13. Ibid, 55
14. Ashcroft, Bill, Gareth Griffiths and Hellen Tiffin. Key Concepts in Post-Colonial Studies. (New York: Routledge, 1998), 46.
15. Ania Loomba, Colonialism/ Postcolonialism.( London: Routledge, 1998), 3.
16. Ashcroft, Bill, Gareth Griffiths and Hellen Tiffin. Key Concepts in Post-Colonial Studies. (New York: Routledge, 1998), 46.
17. Doris Lessing, Under My Skin (New York:HarperCollins Publishers,1994), 373.
18. Jacques Derrida,“Force of Law: The‘Mystical Foundation of Authority.’”Deconstruction and the Possibility of Justice. Eds. Drucilla Cornnell et al. (London: Routledge, 1992), 14-15.
19. John Rex, Race and Ethnicity.( Milton Keynes: Open UP, 1986), 31-32
20. Besty Draine, Substance under Pressure: Artistic Coherence and Evolving Form in the Novels of Doris Lessing. (Wisconsin: the U of Wisconsin P, 1983), 21.
21. Ibid, 57
22. Karl Marx and Frederich Engels,The German Ideology (New York: International Publishers,1968), 660-661.
23. Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth (New York: Grove Press.1968), 133
24. Jacques Derrida,“Force of Law: The‘Mystical Foundation of Authority.’”Deconstruction and the Possibility of Justice. Eds. Drucilla Cornnell et al. (London: Routledge, 1992), 30-31.
25. Sigmund Freud,“Constructions in Analysis.”1937. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. Eds. James Strachey and Anna Freud. vol. 23. (London: The Hogarth Press, 1964.) 255-69.
26. Sigmund Freud,“Repression.”1915. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. Eds. James Strachey and Anna Freud. vol. 14. (London: The Hogarth P, 1986), 147.
27. Sigmund Freud,“The Aetiology of Hysteria.”1896b. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. Eds. James Strachey and Anna Freud. vol. 3.( London: The Hogarth P, 1962), 162.
28. Sigmund Freud,“Repression.”1915. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. Eds. James Strachey and Anna Freud. vol. 14. (London: The Hogarth P, 1986), 151.
29. Lorelei Caderstrom, Fine-Tuning the Feminine Psyche: Jungian Patterns in the Novels of Doris Lessing. (New York: Peter Lang, 1990), 21.
30. Ibid, 55
31. Ibid, 59
32. Besty Draine, Substance under Pressure: Artistic Coherence and Evolving Form in the Novels of Doris Lessing. (Wisconsin: the U of Wisconsin P, 1983), 65-66.
33. Lorelei Caderstrom, Fine-Tuning the Feminine Psyche: Jungian Patterns in the Novels of Doris Lessing. (New York: Peter Lang, 1990), 36-37.
34. Meral Cileli,“Denial of Sexuality and Gender Roles in Lessing’s The Grass is Singing.”Atenea (AteneaPR) 21.1/2 (2001), 83.
35. Sigmund Freud,“The Interpretation of Dream.”1900. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. Eds. James Strachey and Anna Freud. vol. 4. Part (I. London: The Hogarth Press, 1953), 67-69
36. Sigmund Freud,“Repression.”1915. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. Eds. James Strachey and Anna Freud. vol. 14. (London: The Hogarth P, 1986), 133.
37. Meral Cileli,“Denial of Sexuality and Gender Roles in Lessing’s The Grass is Singing.”Atenea (AteneaPR) 21.1/2 (2001): 71
38. Doris Lessing, Introduction. The Golden Notebook. (New York: Bantam, 1981.) 5.
Ashcroft, Bill, Gareth Griffiths and Hellen Tiffin. Key Concepts in Post-Colonial Studies. New York: Routledge, 1998.
Balbus, Isaac. Marxism and Domination: A Neo-Hegelian, Feminist, Psychoanalytic Theory of Sexual, Political, and Technological Liberation. Princeton: Princeton,1982.
Beck, Antony.“Doris Lessing and the Colonial Experience.”Journal of Commonwealth Literature 19.1 (1984): 64-73.
Bertelsen, Eve.“Veldtanschauung: Doris Lessing’s Savage Africa.”Modern Fiction Studies (MFS) 37.4 (1991): 647-58.
Bhabha, Homi. The Location of Culture. London and New York: Routledge, 1994.
Blaut, James M. The Colonizer Model of theWorld: Geographical Diffusionism and Eurocentric History. New York: Guilford P, 1993.
Bulhan, Hussein Abdilahi. Frantz Fanon and the Psychology of Oppression. NewYork: Plenum P, 1985.
Caderstrom, Lorelei. Fine-Tuning the Feminine Psyche: Jungian Patterns in the Novels of Doris Lessing. New York: Peter Lang, 1990.
Cileli, Meral.“Denial of Sexuality and Gender Roles in Lessing’s The Grass is Singing.”Atenea (AteneaPR) 21.1/2 (2001): 65-75.
Cesaire, Aime. Discourse on Colonialism. Trans. Joan Pinkham. New York: Monthly Review, 2000.
Derrida, Jacques.“Force of Law: The‘Mystical Foundation of Authority.’”Deconstruction and the Possibility of Justice. Eds. Drucilla Cornnell et al. London: Routledge, 1992. 3-67.
Draine, Besty. Substance under Pressure: Artistic Coherence and Evolving Form in the Novels of Doris Lessing. Wisconsin: the U of Wisconsin P, 1983.
Fahim, Shadia S. Doris Lessing: Sufi Equilibrium and the Form of the Novel. London: St. Martin’s, 1994.
Fanon, Frantz. The Wretched of the Earth. Trans. Constance Farrington. New York: Grove P, 1963.
Fishburn, Katherine.“The Manichean Allegories of Doris Lessing's The Grass Is Singing.”Research in African Literatures (RAL) 25.4 (1994): 1-15.
Foucault, Michel.“Genealogy and Social Criticism.”The Postmodern Turn: New Perspectives on Social Theory. Ed. Steven Seidman. New York: Cambridge UP, 1994. 39-45
Freud, Sigmund.“The Neuro-psychoses of Defence.”1894. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. Eds. James Strachey and Anna Freud. vol. London: The Hogarth P, 1962. 43-68.
---.“The Interpretation of Dream.”1900. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. Eds. James Strachey and Anna Freud. vol. 4. Part I. London: The Hogarth P, 1953.
---.“Repression.”1915. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. Eds. James Strachey and Anna Freud. vol. 14. London: The Hogarth P, 1986. 141-58.
---.“Constructions in Analysis.”1937. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. Eds. James Strachey and Anna Freud. vol. 23. London: The Hogarth P, 1964. 255-69.
Goldberg, David Theo.“In/Visibility and Super/Vision: Fanon on Race, Veil, and Discourses of Resistance.”Fanon: A Critical Reader. Eds. Lewis R. Gordon and Etc. Cambridge: Blackwell, 1996. 179-200.
Gordon, Lewis R.“The Black and the Body Politics: Fanon’s Existential Phenomenological Critique of Psychoanalysis.”Fanon: A Critical Reader. Eds. Lewis R. Gordon, T. Denean Sharpley-Whiting, Rene T. White. Malden, Mass: Blackwell P, 1996. 74-84.
Hall, Stuart,“The After-Life of Frantz Fanon: Why Fanon? Why Now? Why BlackSkin, White Masks?”The Fact of Blackness: Frantz Fanon and visual Representation. Ed. Alan Read. London and Seattle: Bay Press, 1996. 12-37.
Hansen, Emmanuel,“Frantz Fanon: Portrait of a Revolutionary.”Rethinking Fanon:The Continuing Dialogue. Ed. Nigel C. Gibson. Amherst: Humanity Books,1999.
Ingersoll, Earl G., ed. Doris Lessing: Conversations. Princeton: Ontario Review,1994.
Knapp, Mona. Doris Lessing. New York: Frederick Ungar, 1984.
Kruks, Sonia.“Fanon, Sartre, and Identity Politics.”Fanon: A Critical Reader. Eds.Lewis R.
Gordon, T. Denean Sharpley-Whiting, Rene T. White. Malden, Mass: Blackwell P, 1996. 122-33.
Lessing, Doris. Introduction. The Golden Notebook. By Lessing. 1962. New York: Bantam, 1981. vii-xxii.
---. African Laughter: Four Visits to Zimbabwe. New York: HarperPerennial, 1992.
---. The Grass Is Singing. 1950. New York: Penguin Books, 1991.
---. Under My Skin: My Autobiography to 1949. New York: HarperPerennial, 1995.
Loomba, Ania. Colonialism/ Postcolonialism. London: Routledge, 1998.
Memmi, Albert. The Colonizer and Colonized. New York: The Orion Press, 1965.
Mleiman, Melvin. The Political Economy of Racism. London: Pluto, 1993.
Perinbam, B. Marie. Holy Violence: The Revolutionary Thought of Frantz Fanon.
Washington DC: Three Continents P, 1982.
Rex, John. Race and Ethnicity. Milton Keynes: Open UP, 1986.
Roberts, Sheila.“Sites of Paranoia and Taboo: Lessing's The Grass Is Singing and Gordimer's July's People.”Research in African Literature 24.3 (1993): 73-86.
Rowe, Margaret Moan. Doris Lessing. New York: St. Martin’s, 1994.
Rubenstein, Roberta. The Novelistic Vision of Doris Lessing: Breaking the Forms of Consciousness. Urbana: U of Illinois P, 1979.
Said, Edward.“Yeats and Decolonization.”Culture and Imperialism. New York: Vintage, 1993. 220-38.
Sartre, Jean-Paul. Preface. The Wretched of the Earth. By Frantz Fanon. Trans. Constance Farrington. New York: Grove P, 1963.
Schmitt, Richard.“Racism and Objectification: Reflections on Themes from Fanon.”Fanon: A Critical Reader. Eds. Lewis R. Gordon et al. Cambridge: Blackwell,1996. 35-50.
---.“Why Is the Concept of Alienation Important?”Schmitt and Moody 1-20.
Tucker, Robert C., ed. The Marx-Engels Reader. 2nd ed. New York: Norton, 1978.
Whittaker, Ruth. Doris Lessing. London: Macmillan, 1998.
Woddis, Jack. New Theories of Revolution: A Commentary on the Views of Frantz Fanon, G’egis Debray and Herbert Marcuse. New York: International Publishers, 1972.
陈永国译.《后殖民主义文化理论》, [M]北京:中国社会科学出版社,1999年.
陈仲丹译.《后殖民理论一语境实践政治》[M]南京:南京大学出版社,2004年.
傅丽.“令人窒息的精神荒原一浅析多丽丝·莱辛的处女作《青草在歌唱》中的人物心理刻画”[J]《成都大学学报》,2001年11月,26一25.
康漫红.“从《青草在歌唱》看莱辛小说的人性呈现”[J]《大学时代》B,2006年4月,27一28.
罗刚,刘象愚译.《后殖民文化理论》[M]北京:中国社会科学出版社,1999年.
沈洁玉,蔡玉辉.“走向意识谬误的深渊一《野草在歌唱》心理层面分析”[J].《安徽师范大学学报》,2004年3月,221一225.
盛宁译.《殖民与后殖民文学》[M]沈阳:辽宁教育出版社,1998年.
王丽丽,伊迎.“权力下的生存一解读《青草在歌唱》”[J]《山东大学学报》,2005年第2期,78一82.
王岳川.《后殖民主义与新历史主义文论》[M]济南:山东教育出版社,1999年.
夏琼.“追寻无意识的踪迹一多丽丝·莱辛《野草在歌唱》人物心理探析”[J]《兰州学刊》,2005年第6期,283一285.
夏琼.“扭曲的人性,殖民的悲歌一评多丽丝噪辛的《野草在歌唱》”[J]《当代外国文学》,2001年l月,132一136.
张京媛.《后殖民理论与文化》[M]北京:北京大学出版社,1999年.
2. Earl G Ingersoll, ed. Doris Lessing: Conversations. (Princeton: Ontario Review,1994), 25.
3. Eve Bertelsen,“Veldtanschauung: Doris Lessing’s Savage Africa.”Modern Fiction Studies (MFS) 37.4 (1991), 647-658.
4. Sigmund Freud,“The Neuro-psychoses of Defence.”1894. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. Eds. James Strachey and Anna Freud. vol. 3.( London: The Hogarth P, 1962), 43-68.
5. Lorelei Caderstrom, Fine-Tuning the Feminine Psyche: Jungian Patterns in the Novels of Doris Lessing. (New York: Peter Lang, 1990), 81.
6. AiméCésaire, Discourse on Colonialism (New York and London: Monthly Review Press,1972), 81.
7. Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth (New York: Grove Press.1968), 170.
8. Stuart Hall,“The After-Life of Frantz Fanon: Why Fanon? Why Now? Why BlackSkin, White Masks?”The Fact of Blackness: Frantz Fanon and visual Representation. Ed. Alan Read. (London and Seattle: Bay Press, 1996) 16.
9. Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth. Trans. Constance Farrington. (New York: Grove P, 1967), 10.
10. Richard Schmitt, Introduction to Marx and Engels: A Critical Reconstruction (New York: International Publishers,1996),35
11. Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth (New York: Grove Press.1968), 77
12. Ibid, 34
13. Ibid, 55
14. Ashcroft, Bill, Gareth Griffiths and Hellen Tiffin. Key Concepts in Post-Colonial Studies. (New York: Routledge, 1998), 46.
15. Ania Loomba, Colonialism/ Postcolonialism.( London: Routledge, 1998), 3.
16. Ashcroft, Bill, Gareth Griffiths and Hellen Tiffin. Key Concepts in Post-Colonial Studies. (New York: Routledge, 1998), 46.
17. Doris Lessing, Under My Skin (New York:HarperCollins Publishers,1994), 373.
18. Jacques Derrida,“Force of Law: The‘Mystical Foundation of Authority.’”Deconstruction and the Possibility of Justice. Eds. Drucilla Cornnell et al. (London: Routledge, 1992), 14-15.
19. John Rex, Race and Ethnicity.( Milton Keynes: Open UP, 1986), 31-32
20. Besty Draine, Substance under Pressure: Artistic Coherence and Evolving Form in the Novels of Doris Lessing. (Wisconsin: the U of Wisconsin P, 1983), 21.
21. Ibid, 57
22. Karl Marx and Frederich Engels,The German Ideology (New York: International Publishers,1968), 660-661.
23. Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth (New York: Grove Press.1968), 133
24. Jacques Derrida,“Force of Law: The‘Mystical Foundation of Authority.’”Deconstruction and the Possibility of Justice. Eds. Drucilla Cornnell et al. (London: Routledge, 1992), 30-31.
25. Sigmund Freud,“Constructions in Analysis.”1937. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. Eds. James Strachey and Anna Freud. vol. 23. (London: The Hogarth Press, 1964.) 255-69.
26. Sigmund Freud,“Repression.”1915. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. Eds. James Strachey and Anna Freud. vol. 14. (London: The Hogarth P, 1986), 147.
27. Sigmund Freud,“The Aetiology of Hysteria.”1896b. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. Eds. James Strachey and Anna Freud. vol. 3.( London: The Hogarth P, 1962), 162.
28. Sigmund Freud,“Repression.”1915. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. Eds. James Strachey and Anna Freud. vol. 14. (London: The Hogarth P, 1986), 151.
29. Lorelei Caderstrom, Fine-Tuning the Feminine Psyche: Jungian Patterns in the Novels of Doris Lessing. (New York: Peter Lang, 1990), 21.
30. Ibid, 55
31. Ibid, 59
32. Besty Draine, Substance under Pressure: Artistic Coherence and Evolving Form in the Novels of Doris Lessing. (Wisconsin: the U of Wisconsin P, 1983), 65-66.
33. Lorelei Caderstrom, Fine-Tuning the Feminine Psyche: Jungian Patterns in the Novels of Doris Lessing. (New York: Peter Lang, 1990), 36-37.
34. Meral Cileli,“Denial of Sexuality and Gender Roles in Lessing’s The Grass is Singing.”Atenea (AteneaPR) 21.1/2 (2001), 83.
35. Sigmund Freud,“The Interpretation of Dream.”1900. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. Eds. James Strachey and Anna Freud. vol. 4. Part (I. London: The Hogarth Press, 1953), 67-69
36. Sigmund Freud,“Repression.”1915. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. Eds. James Strachey and Anna Freud. vol. 14. (London: The Hogarth P, 1986), 133.
37. Meral Cileli,“Denial of Sexuality and Gender Roles in Lessing’s The Grass is Singing.”Atenea (AteneaPR) 21.1/2 (2001): 71
38. Doris Lessing, Introduction. The Golden Notebook. (New York: Bantam, 1981.) 5.
Ashcroft, Bill, Gareth Griffiths and Hellen Tiffin. Key Concepts in Post-Colonial Studies. New York: Routledge, 1998.
Balbus, Isaac. Marxism and Domination: A Neo-Hegelian, Feminist, Psychoanalytic Theory of Sexual, Political, and Technological Liberation. Princeton: Princeton,1982.
Beck, Antony.“Doris Lessing and the Colonial Experience.”Journal of Commonwealth Literature 19.1 (1984): 64-73.
Bertelsen, Eve.“Veldtanschauung: Doris Lessing’s Savage Africa.”Modern Fiction Studies (MFS) 37.4 (1991): 647-58.
Bhabha, Homi. The Location of Culture. London and New York: Routledge, 1994.
Blaut, James M. The Colonizer Model of theWorld: Geographical Diffusionism and Eurocentric History. New York: Guilford P, 1993.
Bulhan, Hussein Abdilahi. Frantz Fanon and the Psychology of Oppression. NewYork: Plenum P, 1985.
Caderstrom, Lorelei. Fine-Tuning the Feminine Psyche: Jungian Patterns in the Novels of Doris Lessing. New York: Peter Lang, 1990.
Cileli, Meral.“Denial of Sexuality and Gender Roles in Lessing’s The Grass is Singing.”Atenea (AteneaPR) 21.1/2 (2001): 65-75.
Cesaire, Aime. Discourse on Colonialism. Trans. Joan Pinkham. New York: Monthly Review, 2000.
Derrida, Jacques.“Force of Law: The‘Mystical Foundation of Authority.’”Deconstruction and the Possibility of Justice. Eds. Drucilla Cornnell et al. London: Routledge, 1992. 3-67.
Draine, Besty. Substance under Pressure: Artistic Coherence and Evolving Form in the Novels of Doris Lessing. Wisconsin: the U of Wisconsin P, 1983.
Fahim, Shadia S. Doris Lessing: Sufi Equilibrium and the Form of the Novel. London: St. Martin’s, 1994.
Fanon, Frantz. The Wretched of the Earth. Trans. Constance Farrington. New York: Grove P, 1963.
Fishburn, Katherine.“The Manichean Allegories of Doris Lessing's The Grass Is Singing.”Research in African Literatures (RAL) 25.4 (1994): 1-15.
Foucault, Michel.“Genealogy and Social Criticism.”The Postmodern Turn: New Perspectives on Social Theory. Ed. Steven Seidman. New York: Cambridge UP, 1994. 39-45
Freud, Sigmund.“The Neuro-psychoses of Defence.”1894. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. Eds. James Strachey and Anna Freud. vol. London: The Hogarth P, 1962. 43-68.
---.“The Interpretation of Dream.”1900. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. Eds. James Strachey and Anna Freud. vol. 4. Part I. London: The Hogarth P, 1953.
---.“Repression.”1915. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. Eds. James Strachey and Anna Freud. vol. 14. London: The Hogarth P, 1986. 141-58.
---.“Constructions in Analysis.”1937. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. Eds. James Strachey and Anna Freud. vol. 23. London: The Hogarth P, 1964. 255-69.
Goldberg, David Theo.“In/Visibility and Super/Vision: Fanon on Race, Veil, and Discourses of Resistance.”Fanon: A Critical Reader. Eds. Lewis R. Gordon and Etc. Cambridge: Blackwell, 1996. 179-200.
Gordon, Lewis R.“The Black and the Body Politics: Fanon’s Existential Phenomenological Critique of Psychoanalysis.”Fanon: A Critical Reader. Eds. Lewis R. Gordon, T. Denean Sharpley-Whiting, Rene T. White. Malden, Mass: Blackwell P, 1996. 74-84.
Hall, Stuart,“The After-Life of Frantz Fanon: Why Fanon? Why Now? Why BlackSkin, White Masks?”The Fact of Blackness: Frantz Fanon and visual Representation. Ed. Alan Read. London and Seattle: Bay Press, 1996. 12-37.
Hansen, Emmanuel,“Frantz Fanon: Portrait of a Revolutionary.”Rethinking Fanon:The Continuing Dialogue. Ed. Nigel C. Gibson. Amherst: Humanity Books,1999.
Ingersoll, Earl G., ed. Doris Lessing: Conversations. Princeton: Ontario Review,1994.
Knapp, Mona. Doris Lessing. New York: Frederick Ungar, 1984.
Kruks, Sonia.“Fanon, Sartre, and Identity Politics.”Fanon: A Critical Reader. Eds.Lewis R.
Gordon, T. Denean Sharpley-Whiting, Rene T. White. Malden, Mass: Blackwell P, 1996. 122-33.
Lessing, Doris. Introduction. The Golden Notebook. By Lessing. 1962. New York: Bantam, 1981. vii-xxii.
---. African Laughter: Four Visits to Zimbabwe. New York: HarperPerennial, 1992.
---. The Grass Is Singing. 1950. New York: Penguin Books, 1991.
---. Under My Skin: My Autobiography to 1949. New York: HarperPerennial, 1995.
Loomba, Ania. Colonialism/ Postcolonialism. London: Routledge, 1998.
Memmi, Albert. The Colonizer and Colonized. New York: The Orion Press, 1965.
Mleiman, Melvin. The Political Economy of Racism. London: Pluto, 1993.
Perinbam, B. Marie. Holy Violence: The Revolutionary Thought of Frantz Fanon.
Washington DC: Three Continents P, 1982.
Rex, John. Race and Ethnicity. Milton Keynes: Open UP, 1986.
Roberts, Sheila.“Sites of Paranoia and Taboo: Lessing's The Grass Is Singing and Gordimer's July's People.”Research in African Literature 24.3 (1993): 73-86.
Rowe, Margaret Moan. Doris Lessing. New York: St. Martin’s, 1994.
Rubenstein, Roberta. The Novelistic Vision of Doris Lessing: Breaking the Forms of Consciousness. Urbana: U of Illinois P, 1979.
Said, Edward.“Yeats and Decolonization.”Culture and Imperialism. New York: Vintage, 1993. 220-38.
Sartre, Jean-Paul. Preface. The Wretched of the Earth. By Frantz Fanon. Trans. Constance Farrington. New York: Grove P, 1963.
Schmitt, Richard.“Racism and Objectification: Reflections on Themes from Fanon.”Fanon: A Critical Reader. Eds. Lewis R. Gordon et al. Cambridge: Blackwell,1996. 35-50.
---.“Why Is the Concept of Alienation Important?”Schmitt and Moody 1-20.
Tucker, Robert C., ed. The Marx-Engels Reader. 2nd ed. New York: Norton, 1978.
Whittaker, Ruth. Doris Lessing. London: Macmillan, 1998.
Woddis, Jack. New Theories of Revolution: A Commentary on the Views of Frantz Fanon, G’egis Debray and Herbert Marcuse. New York: International Publishers, 1972.
陈永国译.《后殖民主义文化理论》, [M]北京:中国社会科学出版社,1999年.
陈仲丹译.《后殖民理论一语境实践政治》[M]南京:南京大学出版社,2004年.
傅丽.“令人窒息的精神荒原一浅析多丽丝·莱辛的处女作《青草在歌唱》中的人物心理刻画”[J]《成都大学学报》,2001年11月,26一25.
康漫红.“从《青草在歌唱》看莱辛小说的人性呈现”[J]《大学时代》B,2006年4月,27一28.
罗刚,刘象愚译.《后殖民文化理论》[M]北京:中国社会科学出版社,1999年.
沈洁玉,蔡玉辉.“走向意识谬误的深渊一《野草在歌唱》心理层面分析”[J].《安徽师范大学学报》,2004年3月,221一225.
盛宁译.《殖民与后殖民文学》[M]沈阳:辽宁教育出版社,1998年.
王丽丽,伊迎.“权力下的生存一解读《青草在歌唱》”[J]《山东大学学报》,2005年第2期,78一82.
王岳川.《后殖民主义与新历史主义文论》[M]济南:山东教育出版社,1999年.
夏琼.“追寻无意识的踪迹一多丽丝·莱辛《野草在歌唱》人物心理探析”[J]《兰州学刊》,2005年第6期,283一285.
夏琼.“扭曲的人性,殖民的悲歌一评多丽丝噪辛的《野草在歌唱》”[J]《当代外国文学》,2001年l月,132一136.
张京媛.《后殖民理论与文化》[M]北京:北京大学出版社,1999年.