非洲鸵鸟消化管解剖学和组织学观察及其功能的初步研究
|
摘要
非洲鸵鸟(Africa ostrich)属鸟纲,鸵形目,鸵鸟科,是世界上现存个体最大的鸟类,它生长快、耐粗饲,是一种大型的草食性鸟类。随着人们对非洲鸵鸟认识的增加,其养殖规模也逐渐扩大,鸵鸟的疾病防治对于提高其生产性能都是至关重要的。在加强非洲鸵鸟的疾病防治及提高其生产性能的同时,研究其消化管的形态学和组织学特点,可为非洲鸵鸟的生活习性、生理机能、病理学、生态学以及人工饲养和繁殖提供一些形态学依据。从而为非洲鸵鸟的大规模养殖与疾病防治提供有参考价值的理论基础。
本实验首先通过对非洲鸵鸟食管、胃、小肠和大肠进行了眼观和大体解剖学观察,旨在了解非洲鸵鸟消化器官的形态位置和结构特征。其食管较长,起始于咽后向后下方延伸于腺胃贲门,与气管伴行。胃由发达的腺胃和肌胃构成,胃的前端为腺胃,后端为肌胃。肌胃与腺胃直接相连,位于腺胃的左侧。小肠明显地分为十二指肠、空肠和回肠,十二指肠起自肌胃的幽门,然后弯向右侧至腹中部形成一弯曲即十二指肠盘曲成“U”字形的肠袢,前行至右肾弯向背内前方,腺胃的后方移行为空肠。回肠位于十二指肠的右下方,与两侧盲肠以回盲韧带相连。非洲鸵鸟大肠包括盲肠、结肠和直肠,盲肠有两条,起自于回肠与结肠接合部的两侧,回盲韧带附着于回肠的两侧,结肠较长,由结肠系膜悬吊在腰椎的下方,直肠以短的背系膜悬吊在腹腔后部的背侧。
为了给非洲鸵鸟(Africa ostrich)雏鸟的饲养管理、生理机能研究和疾病防治提供可靠的形态学依据,本研究采用石蜡切片技术,对5只非洲鸵鸟消化管的组织学结构进行了观察。结果显示,其消化管具有一般的4层结构。食管有粗大的皱襞,肌层发达,有发达的食管腺；无嗉囊；腺胃的腺体由位于固有膜的单管状腺和位于黏膜下层发达的复管状腺组成；肌胃的黏膜肌层较明显,由内纵肌和外环肌组成；小肠绒毛较长,有分支现象,未见中央乳糜管结构；十二指肠的固有膜中有发达的腺体和集合淋巴小结,黏膜下层内无十二指肠腺；从十二指肠到回肠,肠绒毛的汇合及分支现象更加明显,固有膜内集合淋巴小结的数量逐渐减少,并且空肠的绒毛弯曲呈“S”型；具有一对发达的盲肠；结肠异常发达,黏膜上皮为复层柱状上皮,其间夹有杯状细胞,有黏膜皱襞,绒毛短且发达。非洲鸵鸟雏鸟消化管的特点可能与其食性有关,这决定了非洲鸵鸟具有较强的消化吸收能力。
Africa ostrich belong to Aves, Ratitae, Struthioniforme, Struthionidae, Struthio, Struthio camelus and are the largest and strongest birds in the world. They grow fast, resistant to crude feed, and is a kind of large herbivorous birds. With the increasing awareness of the African ostrich, the size of their culture have gradually expanded, it is vital that the disease control and prevention for the ostrich to improve their performance. In strengthening the disease control and prevention of the African Ostrich to improve the performance of their production, at the same time, to study its digestive tract morphology and histological features, to provide some morphological evidence for the behavior, physiology, pathology, ecology, as well as artificial feeding and reproduction of the African ostrich. And then provide the valuable theoretical basis for the large-scale breeding and disease control and prevention of African ostriches.
At first we observe the esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine African ostrich through the eyes and the general anatomical observation in this experiment, aiming to understand the digestive location and structural features of the African ostrich. The esophagus is longer, starting in the retropharyngeal and then extend to the cardia in the glandular stomach, and trachea accompanied. Stomach is consisted of well-developed glandular stomach and muscular stomach consists, and front-end is the glandular stomach, the back-end is the stomach muscles. Muscular stomach is directly linked with the glandular stomach, and is located in the left side of the glandular stomach. The small intestine is obviously divided into duodenum, jejunum and ileum, duodenum from the pylorus from the muscular stomach, and then to the right side of abdomen to form a duodenal twisting or bend into "U"-shaped loop of intestine, when to the right kidney turn back to the front of the rear, behind the glandular stomach is jejunum. Ileum is located at the lower right corner of the duodenum, and link with the both sides of the cecum associated by ileocecal ligament. The large intestine includs the two caecums, colon and rectum, the caecum starts from the both sides of the weld between ileum and colon, ileocecal ligament attached to both sides of ileum, colon is longer and suspend from the mesenteric node of the bottom of the lumbar spine, rectum suspend in the dorsal of abdominal cavity by a short dorsal mesangial.
The histological structures of digestive system were studied by paraffin sectioning and H.E staining. It is indicated that African Ostrich's digestive tract is composed of four conventional layers. The grossus plica, developed muscularis, and developed esophageal glands exist in the esophagus. Ingluvies is not observed. The glandular glands in glandular stomach consist of simple tubular glands in the lamina propria and compound tubular glands in the submucosa. The muscularis mucosa of the muscular stomach is obvious, and it is composed of internal-longitudinal and externa-ring smooth muscles. The villi in small intestine are long and branchy, but they contain no central chyle vessels. There are developed intestinal glands and many aggregated lymphoid nodule in the lamina proper of the duodenum. There is no duodenal gland in the submucosa. From duodenum to ileum, intestinal villi have more evident confluences and branches; the intestinal villi in jejumum are crook and "S" shaped, and the number of aggregated lymphoid nodule gradually decreases. African ostrich has a pair of developed cecum and very developed colon, where the epithelium mucosae is stratified columnar epithelium with many goblet cells, and where there are mucosa plica and short and developed villi. These features of the digestive tract are possibly related food habit, and determine the fact that African Ostrich has a strong ability to digest and absorb food.
本实验首先通过对非洲鸵鸟食管、胃、小肠和大肠进行了眼观和大体解剖学观察,旨在了解非洲鸵鸟消化器官的形态位置和结构特征。其食管较长,起始于咽后向后下方延伸于腺胃贲门,与气管伴行。胃由发达的腺胃和肌胃构成,胃的前端为腺胃,后端为肌胃。肌胃与腺胃直接相连,位于腺胃的左侧。小肠明显地分为十二指肠、空肠和回肠,十二指肠起自肌胃的幽门,然后弯向右侧至腹中部形成一弯曲即十二指肠盘曲成“U”字形的肠袢,前行至右肾弯向背内前方,腺胃的后方移行为空肠。回肠位于十二指肠的右下方,与两侧盲肠以回盲韧带相连。非洲鸵鸟大肠包括盲肠、结肠和直肠,盲肠有两条,起自于回肠与结肠接合部的两侧,回盲韧带附着于回肠的两侧,结肠较长,由结肠系膜悬吊在腰椎的下方,直肠以短的背系膜悬吊在腹腔后部的背侧。
为了给非洲鸵鸟(Africa ostrich)雏鸟的饲养管理、生理机能研究和疾病防治提供可靠的形态学依据,本研究采用石蜡切片技术,对5只非洲鸵鸟消化管的组织学结构进行了观察。结果显示,其消化管具有一般的4层结构。食管有粗大的皱襞,肌层发达,有发达的食管腺；无嗉囊；腺胃的腺体由位于固有膜的单管状腺和位于黏膜下层发达的复管状腺组成；肌胃的黏膜肌层较明显,由内纵肌和外环肌组成；小肠绒毛较长,有分支现象,未见中央乳糜管结构；十二指肠的固有膜中有发达的腺体和集合淋巴小结,黏膜下层内无十二指肠腺；从十二指肠到回肠,肠绒毛的汇合及分支现象更加明显,固有膜内集合淋巴小结的数量逐渐减少,并且空肠的绒毛弯曲呈“S”型；具有一对发达的盲肠；结肠异常发达,黏膜上皮为复层柱状上皮,其间夹有杯状细胞,有黏膜皱襞,绒毛短且发达。非洲鸵鸟雏鸟消化管的特点可能与其食性有关,这决定了非洲鸵鸟具有较强的消化吸收能力。
Africa ostrich belong to Aves, Ratitae, Struthioniforme, Struthionidae, Struthio, Struthio camelus and are the largest and strongest birds in the world. They grow fast, resistant to crude feed, and is a kind of large herbivorous birds. With the increasing awareness of the African ostrich, the size of their culture have gradually expanded, it is vital that the disease control and prevention for the ostrich to improve their performance. In strengthening the disease control and prevention of the African Ostrich to improve the performance of their production, at the same time, to study its digestive tract morphology and histological features, to provide some morphological evidence for the behavior, physiology, pathology, ecology, as well as artificial feeding and reproduction of the African ostrich. And then provide the valuable theoretical basis for the large-scale breeding and disease control and prevention of African ostriches.
At first we observe the esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine African ostrich through the eyes and the general anatomical observation in this experiment, aiming to understand the digestive location and structural features of the African ostrich. The esophagus is longer, starting in the retropharyngeal and then extend to the cardia in the glandular stomach, and trachea accompanied. Stomach is consisted of well-developed glandular stomach and muscular stomach consists, and front-end is the glandular stomach, the back-end is the stomach muscles. Muscular stomach is directly linked with the glandular stomach, and is located in the left side of the glandular stomach. The small intestine is obviously divided into duodenum, jejunum and ileum, duodenum from the pylorus from the muscular stomach, and then to the right side of abdomen to form a duodenal twisting or bend into "U"-shaped loop of intestine, when to the right kidney turn back to the front of the rear, behind the glandular stomach is jejunum. Ileum is located at the lower right corner of the duodenum, and link with the both sides of the cecum associated by ileocecal ligament. The large intestine includs the two caecums, colon and rectum, the caecum starts from the both sides of the weld between ileum and colon, ileocecal ligament attached to both sides of ileum, colon is longer and suspend from the mesenteric node of the bottom of the lumbar spine, rectum suspend in the dorsal of abdominal cavity by a short dorsal mesangial.
The histological structures of digestive system were studied by paraffin sectioning and H.E staining. It is indicated that African Ostrich's digestive tract is composed of four conventional layers. The grossus plica, developed muscularis, and developed esophageal glands exist in the esophagus. Ingluvies is not observed. The glandular glands in glandular stomach consist of simple tubular glands in the lamina propria and compound tubular glands in the submucosa. The muscularis mucosa of the muscular stomach is obvious, and it is composed of internal-longitudinal and externa-ring smooth muscles. The villi in small intestine are long and branchy, but they contain no central chyle vessels. There are developed intestinal glands and many aggregated lymphoid nodule in the lamina proper of the duodenum. There is no duodenal gland in the submucosa. From duodenum to ileum, intestinal villi have more evident confluences and branches; the intestinal villi in jejumum are crook and "S" shaped, and the number of aggregated lymphoid nodule gradually decreases. African ostrich has a pair of developed cecum and very developed colon, where the epithelium mucosae is stratified columnar epithelium with many goblet cells, and where there are mucosa plica and short and developed villi. These features of the digestive tract are possibly related food habit, and determine the fact that African Ostrich has a strong ability to digest and absorb food.
引文
[1]Orlando RC. Esophageal epithelial resistance[J]. J Clin Gastroenterol,1986,8:12～16.
[2]Hannah VM, Ricard F, Daniel S. Esophageal dilated intercellular spaces(DIS) and Gnerosive reflux disease[J]. Am J Gastroerol,2008,103(14):1021～1028.
[3]Hills BA. Oesophageal surfactant:evidence for a possible mucosal barrier on oesophageal epithelium[J]. Aust N Z J Med,1994,24(1):41～46.
[4]Namiot Z, Sarosiek J, Marcinkiewicz M, et al. Declined human esophageal mucin secretion in patients with severe reflux esophagitis[J]. Dig Dis Sci,1994,39(12):2523～2529.
[5]Aafke HC, George CM, Bas PL, et al. Impact of gastro-esophageal reflux on mucin mRNA expression in the esophageal mucosa[J]. J Gastrointest Surg,2008,12(8):1331～1340.
[6]Moazzez R, Bartlett D, Anggiansah A. Dental erosion, gastroesophageal reflux disease and saliva:how are they related[J]. J Dent,2004,32(6):489～494.
[7]Namiot Z, Sarosiek J, Marcinkiewicz M, et al. Declined human esophageal mucin secretion in patients with severe reflux esophagitis[J]. Dig Dis Sci,1994,39(12):2523～2529.
[8]刘谦民,令狐恩强,刘运祥,等主编.功能性胃肠病学.北京：人民军医出版社,2003.
[9]王其彰,刘俊峰,李保庆,等.非特异性食管运动障碍.中华外科杂志,2002,40：357～359.
[10]Gannon B, Browing J,O'Brien P. The microvascular architecture of the glandular mucosa ofthe rat stomach[J]. J Anat,1982,135(4):667～683.
[11]Yoshida M,Wakabayashi G,Ishikawa H, et al.Arteriovenous shunting blood flow is intravitally observed in the stomach after thermal injury in rats[J]. Keio J Med,2002,51(4): 193～200.
[12]Harry RF, Ancha HR, Xia Y, et al. GABAergie mechanisms of gastroprotection in the rat: role of sensory neurons, prostaglandins, and nitric oxide[J]. Digestive Diseases & Sciences,2004, 49(11～12):1875～1881.
[13]崔忠敏.一氧化氮在胃黏膜微循环调节作用的研究[J].胃肠病学,2000,5(3)：186～187.
[14]Kalia N,Bardhan KD. Of blood and guts:Association between Helicobacter pylori and the gastric microcirculation [J]. Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology,2003,18(9):1010～1017.
[15]Bi LC, Kaunitz JD. Gastroduodenal mucosal defense:an integrated protective response[J]. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2003,19:526～532.
[16]Schubert M L. Gastric secretion[J]. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2005,21:636～643.
[17]侯晓华,蔺蓉.胃黏膜保护与胃动力[J].中华医学杂志,2005,85：2739～2741.
[18]Xu RJ, Mellor DJ, Tungchanathanich E etal. Growth and morpho logical changes in the small and the large intest ine in new born pigs during the first three days after birth[J]. Journal of Developmental Physiology,1992,18:161.
[19]TianWang,Ruo-Jun xu,Yuna-Qiang Zhang,etal. Effects of mild prote in pre-hydroly zation on small intestinal morphology and crypt cell proliferation in neonatal piglets[J].中国组织化学与细胞化学杂志1999,8(2).229～235.
[20]喻子牛。孔晓瑜,孔世春.真鲷消化道的组织学和形态学研究[J].水产学报,1997,21(2)：113～119.
[21]王家乡,彭克美,杜安娜等非洲雏鸵鸟消化管的组织学观察[J].动物学杂志,2007,42(3)：131～135
[22]白兆之,白宇宁.小肠生理功能探究[J].山西中医,2005,21(1),3～5
[23]Schwartz MP, Samsom M, Renooij W, et al. Diabetes Care,2002; 25:1857～1861
[24]Rayner CK, Schwartz MP, Van Dam PS, et al. Am J Gaslroenterol,2(002; 97:3123～3130
[25]Lin HC, Chen JH. Neurogastroenterol Motil,2003; 15:317～322
[26]Feinle C, O'Donovan D, Doran S, et al. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol,2003; 284:798～807
[27]Simren M, Vos R, Janssens J, et al. Acid infusion enhances duodenal mechanosensitivity in healthy subjects [J]. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol,2003:285:309～315.
[28]Paul JM,Mark AW. Neal RG. Regulation of intestinal blood flow[J]. J Surg Res,2000, 93(1):182～187
[29]Krejci V, Hiltebrand L, Banic A. et el. Continuous measurement of microcirculatory blood flowing astro-intestinal organs during acute haemorrhage [J]. Br J Anaesth,2000,84(4).468～475.
[30]Nakajama Y, Baudry N, Duranteau J, et el. Microcirculation in intestinel villi:A comparison between hemorrhagic and endotox in ahock[J]. Am Jrespir Crit Care Med.2001,164(8ptl): 1526～1530.
[31]Ichikawa H. Kuroiwa T, Inagaki A. Probiotic bacteria stimulate epithelial cell proliferation in rat[J]. Dig Dis & Scien,1999,44,2119～2123
[32]彭克美,张登荣.组织学与胚胎学[M].北京：中国农业出版社,2001：131-132.
[33]张德禄,俞诗源.3只红腹锦鸡大肠的显微结构观察[J].西北师范大学学报,2000,36(4)：69～72.
[34]McLelland J. Anatomy of the avian cecum. J Exp Zool Suppl.1989,3; 2～19.
[35]张金哲.关于排便控制反射的研究[J].中华小儿外科杂志,1999,20(5)：309～310.
[36]德尔曼,布朗.兽医组织学[M].中国农业出版社,1979：199.
[37]罗克.家禽解剖学与组织学[M].福州：福建科学技术出版社,1983.56.
[38]程会昌,李敬双.畜禽解剖与组织胚胎学[M].郑州：河南科学技术出版社2007,254～255.
[39]李超,康相涛,肖传斌,等.父母代固始鸡食管的发育形态学研究[J].中国畜牧兽医,2009, (04)：61.
[40]肖传斌.刘忠虎,梁宏德,等.非洲鸵鸟食管组织学观察[J].河南农业大学学报,2005,(01)：102～105.
[41]肖传斌,张玲,程会昌.动物解剖学与组织胚胎学[M].北京：中国科学技术出版社,2001,238.
[42]王家乡,彭克美,杜安娜,等,非洲雏鸵鸟消化管的组织学观察[J].2007,43(03)：131～135.
[43]北京农业大学.家畜组织学与胚胎学[M].北京：农业出版社,1979,253～254.
[44]李福来.鸟类食性与消化道的特点[J].生物学通报,1984(2)：24～26.
[45]方富贵,吴金节,李福宝,等.皖西白鹅消化管的组织学结构[J].安徽农业大学学报,2005,32(3)：306～308.
[46]金光明,王珏,玉永荣,等.皖西白鹅消化系统的解剖学研究消化管的形态特征[J].安徽农业技术师范学院学报,1994,8(1)：54～56.
[47]韩芬茹.10种鸟消化系统的比较研究[J].经济动物学报,2006,10(1)：35～38.
[48]刘佐桢,朱汉炎,刘力生.鹌鹑消化系统的解剖[J].生物学通报,1985(3)：9～10.
[49]李德雪,伊昕.动物组织学彩色图谱[M].吉林科学技术出版社,1995,196～223
[50]张德禄,俞诗源,张育康.3只红腹锦鸡小肠的显微结构观察[J].西北师范大学学报,2000,(36)(3)：63～66
[51]贾东平.东方白鹳消化器官的组织学研究[J].野生动物,1991,64(6)：46～48
[52]贾东平,彭克美.东方白鹳消化器官的组织学结构[J].黑龙江八一农垦大学学报,1990,(1)：27～32
[53]柳劲松.鸟类盲肠的类型及结构[J].生物学通报,2004,39(5)：11～13.
[54]NAIK D R.A study of the intestinal caeca of some Indian birds[D].Varanasi, India:Banaras Hindu University,1962.
[55]BEZUIDENHOUT A J.The spiral fold of the caecum in the ostrich[J].Journal of Anatomy,1993,183(4):587～592.
[56]DEGOLIER T.F, MAHONEY S.A, DUKE G.E. Relationships of avian cecal lengths to food habits, taxonomic position, and intestinal lengths[J]. condor,1999,101(3):622～634.
[2]Hannah VM, Ricard F, Daniel S. Esophageal dilated intercellular spaces(DIS) and Gnerosive reflux disease[J]. Am J Gastroerol,2008,103(14):1021～1028.
[3]Hills BA. Oesophageal surfactant:evidence for a possible mucosal barrier on oesophageal epithelium[J]. Aust N Z J Med,1994,24(1):41～46.
[4]Namiot Z, Sarosiek J, Marcinkiewicz M, et al. Declined human esophageal mucin secretion in patients with severe reflux esophagitis[J]. Dig Dis Sci,1994,39(12):2523～2529.
[5]Aafke HC, George CM, Bas PL, et al. Impact of gastro-esophageal reflux on mucin mRNA expression in the esophageal mucosa[J]. J Gastrointest Surg,2008,12(8):1331～1340.
[6]Moazzez R, Bartlett D, Anggiansah A. Dental erosion, gastroesophageal reflux disease and saliva:how are they related[J]. J Dent,2004,32(6):489～494.
[7]Namiot Z, Sarosiek J, Marcinkiewicz M, et al. Declined human esophageal mucin secretion in patients with severe reflux esophagitis[J]. Dig Dis Sci,1994,39(12):2523～2529.
[8]刘谦民,令狐恩强,刘运祥,等主编.功能性胃肠病学.北京：人民军医出版社,2003.
[9]王其彰,刘俊峰,李保庆,等.非特异性食管运动障碍.中华外科杂志,2002,40：357～359.
[10]Gannon B, Browing J,O'Brien P. The microvascular architecture of the glandular mucosa ofthe rat stomach[J]. J Anat,1982,135(4):667～683.
[11]Yoshida M,Wakabayashi G,Ishikawa H, et al.Arteriovenous shunting blood flow is intravitally observed in the stomach after thermal injury in rats[J]. Keio J Med,2002,51(4): 193～200.
[12]Harry RF, Ancha HR, Xia Y, et al. GABAergie mechanisms of gastroprotection in the rat: role of sensory neurons, prostaglandins, and nitric oxide[J]. Digestive Diseases & Sciences,2004, 49(11～12):1875～1881.
[13]崔忠敏.一氧化氮在胃黏膜微循环调节作用的研究[J].胃肠病学,2000,5(3)：186～187.
[14]Kalia N,Bardhan KD. Of blood and guts:Association between Helicobacter pylori and the gastric microcirculation [J]. Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology,2003,18(9):1010～1017.
[15]Bi LC, Kaunitz JD. Gastroduodenal mucosal defense:an integrated protective response[J]. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2003,19:526～532.
[16]Schubert M L. Gastric secretion[J]. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2005,21:636～643.
[17]侯晓华,蔺蓉.胃黏膜保护与胃动力[J].中华医学杂志,2005,85：2739～2741.
[18]Xu RJ, Mellor DJ, Tungchanathanich E etal. Growth and morpho logical changes in the small and the large intest ine in new born pigs during the first three days after birth[J]. Journal of Developmental Physiology,1992,18:161.
[19]TianWang,Ruo-Jun xu,Yuna-Qiang Zhang,etal. Effects of mild prote in pre-hydroly zation on small intestinal morphology and crypt cell proliferation in neonatal piglets[J].中国组织化学与细胞化学杂志1999,8(2).229～235.
[20]喻子牛。孔晓瑜,孔世春.真鲷消化道的组织学和形态学研究[J].水产学报,1997,21(2)：113～119.
[21]王家乡,彭克美,杜安娜等非洲雏鸵鸟消化管的组织学观察[J].动物学杂志,2007,42(3)：131～135
[22]白兆之,白宇宁.小肠生理功能探究[J].山西中医,2005,21(1),3～5
[23]Schwartz MP, Samsom M, Renooij W, et al. Diabetes Care,2002; 25:1857～1861
[24]Rayner CK, Schwartz MP, Van Dam PS, et al. Am J Gaslroenterol,2(002; 97:3123～3130
[25]Lin HC, Chen JH. Neurogastroenterol Motil,2003; 15:317～322
[26]Feinle C, O'Donovan D, Doran S, et al. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol,2003; 284:798～807
[27]Simren M, Vos R, Janssens J, et al. Acid infusion enhances duodenal mechanosensitivity in healthy subjects [J]. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol,2003:285:309～315.
[28]Paul JM,Mark AW. Neal RG. Regulation of intestinal blood flow[J]. J Surg Res,2000, 93(1):182～187
[29]Krejci V, Hiltebrand L, Banic A. et el. Continuous measurement of microcirculatory blood flowing astro-intestinal organs during acute haemorrhage [J]. Br J Anaesth,2000,84(4).468～475.
[30]Nakajama Y, Baudry N, Duranteau J, et el. Microcirculation in intestinel villi:A comparison between hemorrhagic and endotox in ahock[J]. Am Jrespir Crit Care Med.2001,164(8ptl): 1526～1530.
[31]Ichikawa H. Kuroiwa T, Inagaki A. Probiotic bacteria stimulate epithelial cell proliferation in rat[J]. Dig Dis & Scien,1999,44,2119～2123
[32]彭克美,张登荣.组织学与胚胎学[M].北京：中国农业出版社,2001：131-132.
[33]张德禄,俞诗源.3只红腹锦鸡大肠的显微结构观察[J].西北师范大学学报,2000,36(4)：69～72.
[34]McLelland J. Anatomy of the avian cecum. J Exp Zool Suppl.1989,3; 2～19.
[35]张金哲.关于排便控制反射的研究[J].中华小儿外科杂志,1999,20(5)：309～310.
[36]德尔曼,布朗.兽医组织学[M].中国农业出版社,1979：199.
[37]罗克.家禽解剖学与组织学[M].福州：福建科学技术出版社,1983.56.
[38]程会昌,李敬双.畜禽解剖与组织胚胎学[M].郑州：河南科学技术出版社2007,254～255.
[39]李超,康相涛,肖传斌,等.父母代固始鸡食管的发育形态学研究[J].中国畜牧兽医,2009, (04)：61.
[40]肖传斌.刘忠虎,梁宏德,等.非洲鸵鸟食管组织学观察[J].河南农业大学学报,2005,(01)：102～105.
[41]肖传斌,张玲,程会昌.动物解剖学与组织胚胎学[M].北京：中国科学技术出版社,2001,238.
[42]王家乡,彭克美,杜安娜,等,非洲雏鸵鸟消化管的组织学观察[J].2007,43(03)：131～135.
[43]北京农业大学.家畜组织学与胚胎学[M].北京：农业出版社,1979,253～254.
[44]李福来.鸟类食性与消化道的特点[J].生物学通报,1984(2)：24～26.
[45]方富贵,吴金节,李福宝,等.皖西白鹅消化管的组织学结构[J].安徽农业大学学报,2005,32(3)：306～308.
[46]金光明,王珏,玉永荣,等.皖西白鹅消化系统的解剖学研究消化管的形态特征[J].安徽农业技术师范学院学报,1994,8(1)：54～56.
[47]韩芬茹.10种鸟消化系统的比较研究[J].经济动物学报,2006,10(1)：35～38.
[48]刘佐桢,朱汉炎,刘力生.鹌鹑消化系统的解剖[J].生物学通报,1985(3)：9～10.
[49]李德雪,伊昕.动物组织学彩色图谱[M].吉林科学技术出版社,1995,196～223
[50]张德禄,俞诗源,张育康.3只红腹锦鸡小肠的显微结构观察[J].西北师范大学学报,2000,(36)(3)：63～66
[51]贾东平.东方白鹳消化器官的组织学研究[J].野生动物,1991,64(6)：46～48
[52]贾东平,彭克美.东方白鹳消化器官的组织学结构[J].黑龙江八一农垦大学学报,1990,(1)：27～32
[53]柳劲松.鸟类盲肠的类型及结构[J].生物学通报,2004,39(5)：11～13.
[54]NAIK D R.A study of the intestinal caeca of some Indian birds[D].Varanasi, India:Banaras Hindu University,1962.
[55]BEZUIDENHOUT A J.The spiral fold of the caecum in the ostrich[J].Journal of Anatomy,1993,183(4):587～592.
[56]DEGOLIER T.F, MAHONEY S.A, DUKE G.E. Relationships of avian cecal lengths to food habits, taxonomic position, and intestinal lengths[J]. condor,1999,101(3):622～634.