THz回旋管电子光学系统与渐变谐振腔注波互作用研究
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摘要
太赫兹科学与技术在医疗、安检、信息技术和基础研究等领域独具优势，是当今科技领域的研究热点。太赫兹回旋管能产生高功率毫米波、亚毫米波电磁辐射，是最有前途的太赫兹波源之一。结合课题组项目，本论文通过研究回旋管的自洽非线性理论和设计太赫兹回旋管所面临的困难，针对发展太赫兹回旋管过程中的几个关键问题：有效抑制非工作模式，使其在高次谐波时实现高功率、高效率、单模太赫兹波辐射；双注双频回旋管中回旋双电子注在共磁场分布、共电极结构的条件下是否可实现严格同步；电子注参数零散对注波互作用的影响；电子光学系统优化设计；高频结构与竞争模式间的关系等进行了深入细致的研究，取得了一些创新性成果和有价值的结论。
基于回旋管自洽非线性理论，优化设计出了一种能有效抑制寄生模式的光滑缓变谐振腔，使工作模式纯度提高约27dB；结合当前应用领域对某些热点频段高功率太赫兹电磁波的需求现状，将这种缓变结构的谐振腔应用于太赫兹回旋管设计；在电子注电压60kV，电流9A条件下，基于自洽非线性理论模拟计算可知，这种结构可以使0.4THz二次谐波回旋管的互作用效率接近30%，输出功率大于150kW。采用相同的设计方法和工作模式，在0.6THz频段，得到效率约21%，大于100kW的功率输出。此外，本论文在回旋管注波互作用理论、电子光学系统优化设计和相关模拟程序开发等方面也做了大量的研究工作。主要工作和贡献如下：
1.基于耦合波理论，研究了渐变、柱形谐振腔的广义传输线方程；考虑当前用于回旋管谐振腔的结构特点，采用了一阶传输线方程组研究回旋管高频结构及注波互作用，使广义传输线理论在处理回旋管问题上更完美。
2.依据多模自洽的非线性理论，提出了抑制耦合寄生模式的理论基础与实现方法。由于尺寸效应，太赫兹回旋管采用高阶TE模作为工作模式，这必然会带来强烈的模式竞争；抑制竞争模式就成为太赫兹回旋管的重点研究方向之一。本论文通过对耦合系数和一阶传输线方程组的分析研究，优化设计出了有效抑制竞争模式的光滑缓变回旋管谐振腔。
3.对一阶传输线方程组数值处理后，编制了冷腔设计程序、多模自洽的非线性互作用模拟程序和基于PIC软件开发的电子光学系统设计代码。毫米波、亚毫米波回旋管的理论研究工作主要集中在相关理论模型的建立和借助计算机对其进行高效数值求解上；本论文编写了通用的基于无源传输线方程组的冷腔优化设计程序、基于自洽非线性理论和矩阵运算的高效注波互作用模拟程序和基于PIC软件开发的电子光学系统优化设计代码。
4.建立电子注速度零散和引导中心零散模型，将其纳入编写的多模自洽互作用模拟程序，研究了两种零散对太赫兹回旋管注波互作用效率的影响。影响回旋管性能的因素很多，除提供互作用场所的高频结构外，电子注的质量也会对回旋管的性能造成较大影响。为了更接近于物理实际，本论文建立了电子注速度零散和引导中心零散模型，讨论了速度零散和引导中心零散对注波互作用的影响。
5.为了确保理论推导的正确性和编写程序的可靠性，对设计编写的回旋管模拟程序进行了大量必要的验证工作。在编制好冷腔设计、热腔互作用模拟程序后，除了利用可靠性很高的专业仿真软件对其进行验证外，还通过查阅权威期刊文献中详实报道的冷腔参数和注波互作用参数，建立仿真模型，用自编程序与其进行模拟对比；并且在条件允许的前提下，直接通过优化设计和测试的实验方式验证编写程序的可靠性。
6.根据课题组项目的需要，通过研究磁控注入式电子枪的相关理论，论证了回旋双电子注在同一磁场分布、同一电子光学结构下的同步问题；优化设计出了一支符合要求的w波段单阳极电子枪。
7.借助编制的相关模拟程序，详尽研究了94GHz、0.4THz和0.6THz回旋振荡管的模式选择、高频结构、模式竞争和非线性互作用。
Terahertz science and technology are topics of great contention today for thesuperiorities in fields of medical care, safety inspection, information technology andbasic research. Terahertz Gyrotron oscillators are one of promising sources of highpower of millimeter wave and sub-millimeter wave electromagnetic radiation. In orderto combine with the projection of our team, in this dissertation, several key issues, suchas no-operating mode suppression, high-order harmonic terahertz gyrotron withhigh-power, high-efficiency from single mode, the problem of two cyclotron beamswith equal velocity in the same magnetic field distribution and electron optical structure,the influence of beam velocity spread, the electron optical system optimal design, andthe connection between the high frequency structure and competition mode, are furtherresearched by studying on the relative theories of gyrotrons and the difficulties indeveloping the terahertz gyrotrons. Some innovative achievements are made.
Based on the self-consistent nonlinear theory for gyrotron, a kind of graduallytapered cavity with the ability to effectively suppress the parasitic modes is designed,which can improve the purity of the operating mode up to27dB. On account of the stateof the need of the terahertz wave at present, the gradually tapered cavity is adopted toset up a0.4THz second harmonic gyrotron, the results, which is of numerical simulationbased on the self-consistent nonlinear theory, show that the output power could be over150kW with the efficiency of about30%at an electron beam current of9A and avoltage of60kV. A0.6THz second harmonic gyrotron with the same type of structureand operating mode is also designed, whose interaction efficiency and output power areabout21%and over100kW, respectively. Moreover, there are some researches in thetheory of beam-wave interaction of gyrotrons, the electron optical system and theprogram development in the paper. The main work and contributions are shown asfollows:
1. Based on the coupled-wave theory, a set of generalized telegrapher’s equationsin the first-order differential form for studying the high frequency structure andbeam-wave interaction of gyrotrons is built after the generalized telegraphist’s equationsfor the cylindrical cavity with gradual tapers are studied. Considering the character ofthe gyrotron cavity, the first-order differential equations are adopted to study the high frequency structure and beam-wave interaction of gyrotrons, which will make the theorymore perfectly.
2. Based on the muti-mode self-consistent nonlinear theory, the theory and methodare advanced to explain the parasitic modes suppression. The high-order TE modeshould be used as the operating mode of a terahertz gyrotron for size effect, which leadsto strong mode competition. Competition modes suppression becomes the point. A kindof gradually tapered cavity with the ability to effectively suppress the parasitic modes isdesigned by analyzing the coupling coefficient and studying the first-order differentialtelegraphist’s equations.
3. After dealing with the telegraphist’s equations with numerical method, theprograms are designed for cold cavity and muti-mode, self-consistent nonlinearinteraction simulation, and electron optical system optimal design. The main works ofstudying the millimeter wave and sub-millimeter wave gyrotrons are focus on the modelbuilding and efficiently solving by computer. Based on the differential equations forcold cavity, the muti-mode self-consistent nonlinear theory and vector programming forsteady-state self-consistent nonlinear interaction simulation, and PIC for electron opticalsystem optimal design, the corresponding programs are designed.
4. The models of velocity spread and guiding centre spread of the electron beamare set up. And they are written into the muti-mode self-consistent nonlinear interactionprogram to study the influences to the interaction efficiency. There are lots of factorsaffecting the characters of gyrotrons, besides the high frequency. Beam quality willmake great diffenence to gyrotrons’ action. To make the simulation close to practice, themodels of velocity spread and guiding centre spread of the electron beam are set up.And the effects of the spreads have been discussed.
5. In order to ensure the validity of the theoretical derivation and the reliability ofthe programs, a great deal of verification activities have been carried out. After theprograms for cold and hot cavity are designed, design and experiments of gyrotrons aredone to prove the correction of the codes besides seting up the calculating models fromthe authority papers and contrasting with professional software.
6. By studying the theory of Magnetron Injection Gun, the fact of two cyclotronbeams designed with equal velocity in the same magnetic field distribution and electronoptical structure is proved. And a W-band, single-anode Magnetron Injection Gun isdesigned, which is entirely consistent with the demand for engineering.
7. By the programs, the studies of mode selection, high-frequency structure, modecompetition and nonlinear interaction of the gyrotrons operating at the frequency of94GHz,0.4THz and0.6THz have been respectively carried out in detail.
基于回旋管自洽非线性理论，优化设计出了一种能有效抑制寄生模式的光滑缓变谐振腔，使工作模式纯度提高约27dB；结合当前应用领域对某些热点频段高功率太赫兹电磁波的需求现状，将这种缓变结构的谐振腔应用于太赫兹回旋管设计；在电子注电压60kV，电流9A条件下，基于自洽非线性理论模拟计算可知，这种结构可以使0.4THz二次谐波回旋管的互作用效率接近30%，输出功率大于150kW。采用相同的设计方法和工作模式，在0.6THz频段，得到效率约21%，大于100kW的功率输出。此外，本论文在回旋管注波互作用理论、电子光学系统优化设计和相关模拟程序开发等方面也做了大量的研究工作。主要工作和贡献如下：
1.基于耦合波理论，研究了渐变、柱形谐振腔的广义传输线方程；考虑当前用于回旋管谐振腔的结构特点，采用了一阶传输线方程组研究回旋管高频结构及注波互作用，使广义传输线理论在处理回旋管问题上更完美。
2.依据多模自洽的非线性理论，提出了抑制耦合寄生模式的理论基础与实现方法。由于尺寸效应，太赫兹回旋管采用高阶TE模作为工作模式，这必然会带来强烈的模式竞争；抑制竞争模式就成为太赫兹回旋管的重点研究方向之一。本论文通过对耦合系数和一阶传输线方程组的分析研究，优化设计出了有效抑制竞争模式的光滑缓变回旋管谐振腔。
3.对一阶传输线方程组数值处理后，编制了冷腔设计程序、多模自洽的非线性互作用模拟程序和基于PIC软件开发的电子光学系统设计代码。毫米波、亚毫米波回旋管的理论研究工作主要集中在相关理论模型的建立和借助计算机对其进行高效数值求解上；本论文编写了通用的基于无源传输线方程组的冷腔优化设计程序、基于自洽非线性理论和矩阵运算的高效注波互作用模拟程序和基于PIC软件开发的电子光学系统优化设计代码。
4.建立电子注速度零散和引导中心零散模型，将其纳入编写的多模自洽互作用模拟程序，研究了两种零散对太赫兹回旋管注波互作用效率的影响。影响回旋管性能的因素很多，除提供互作用场所的高频结构外，电子注的质量也会对回旋管的性能造成较大影响。为了更接近于物理实际，本论文建立了电子注速度零散和引导中心零散模型，讨论了速度零散和引导中心零散对注波互作用的影响。
5.为了确保理论推导的正确性和编写程序的可靠性，对设计编写的回旋管模拟程序进行了大量必要的验证工作。在编制好冷腔设计、热腔互作用模拟程序后，除了利用可靠性很高的专业仿真软件对其进行验证外，还通过查阅权威期刊文献中详实报道的冷腔参数和注波互作用参数，建立仿真模型，用自编程序与其进行模拟对比；并且在条件允许的前提下，直接通过优化设计和测试的实验方式验证编写程序的可靠性。
6.根据课题组项目的需要，通过研究磁控注入式电子枪的相关理论，论证了回旋双电子注在同一磁场分布、同一电子光学结构下的同步问题；优化设计出了一支符合要求的w波段单阳极电子枪。
7.借助编制的相关模拟程序，详尽研究了94GHz、0.4THz和0.6THz回旋振荡管的模式选择、高频结构、模式竞争和非线性互作用。
Terahertz science and technology are topics of great contention today for thesuperiorities in fields of medical care, safety inspection, information technology andbasic research. Terahertz Gyrotron oscillators are one of promising sources of highpower of millimeter wave and sub-millimeter wave electromagnetic radiation. In orderto combine with the projection of our team, in this dissertation, several key issues, suchas no-operating mode suppression, high-order harmonic terahertz gyrotron withhigh-power, high-efficiency from single mode, the problem of two cyclotron beamswith equal velocity in the same magnetic field distribution and electron optical structure,the influence of beam velocity spread, the electron optical system optimal design, andthe connection between the high frequency structure and competition mode, are furtherresearched by studying on the relative theories of gyrotrons and the difficulties indeveloping the terahertz gyrotrons. Some innovative achievements are made.
Based on the self-consistent nonlinear theory for gyrotron, a kind of graduallytapered cavity with the ability to effectively suppress the parasitic modes is designed,which can improve the purity of the operating mode up to27dB. On account of the stateof the need of the terahertz wave at present, the gradually tapered cavity is adopted toset up a0.4THz second harmonic gyrotron, the results, which is of numerical simulationbased on the self-consistent nonlinear theory, show that the output power could be over150kW with the efficiency of about30%at an electron beam current of9A and avoltage of60kV. A0.6THz second harmonic gyrotron with the same type of structureand operating mode is also designed, whose interaction efficiency and output power areabout21%and over100kW, respectively. Moreover, there are some researches in thetheory of beam-wave interaction of gyrotrons, the electron optical system and theprogram development in the paper. The main work and contributions are shown asfollows:
1. Based on the coupled-wave theory, a set of generalized telegrapher’s equationsin the first-order differential form for studying the high frequency structure andbeam-wave interaction of gyrotrons is built after the generalized telegraphist’s equationsfor the cylindrical cavity with gradual tapers are studied. Considering the character ofthe gyrotron cavity, the first-order differential equations are adopted to study the high frequency structure and beam-wave interaction of gyrotrons, which will make the theorymore perfectly.
2. Based on the muti-mode self-consistent nonlinear theory, the theory and methodare advanced to explain the parasitic modes suppression. The high-order TE modeshould be used as the operating mode of a terahertz gyrotron for size effect, which leadsto strong mode competition. Competition modes suppression becomes the point. A kindof gradually tapered cavity with the ability to effectively suppress the parasitic modes isdesigned by analyzing the coupling coefficient and studying the first-order differentialtelegraphist’s equations.
3. After dealing with the telegraphist’s equations with numerical method, theprograms are designed for cold cavity and muti-mode, self-consistent nonlinearinteraction simulation, and electron optical system optimal design. The main works ofstudying the millimeter wave and sub-millimeter wave gyrotrons are focus on the modelbuilding and efficiently solving by computer. Based on the differential equations forcold cavity, the muti-mode self-consistent nonlinear theory and vector programming forsteady-state self-consistent nonlinear interaction simulation, and PIC for electron opticalsystem optimal design, the corresponding programs are designed.
4. The models of velocity spread and guiding centre spread of the electron beamare set up. And they are written into the muti-mode self-consistent nonlinear interactionprogram to study the influences to the interaction efficiency. There are lots of factorsaffecting the characters of gyrotrons, besides the high frequency. Beam quality willmake great diffenence to gyrotrons’ action. To make the simulation close to practice, themodels of velocity spread and guiding centre spread of the electron beam are set up.And the effects of the spreads have been discussed.
5. In order to ensure the validity of the theoretical derivation and the reliability ofthe programs, a great deal of verification activities have been carried out. After theprograms for cold and hot cavity are designed, design and experiments of gyrotrons aredone to prove the correction of the codes besides seting up the calculating models fromthe authority papers and contrasting with professional software.
6. By studying the theory of Magnetron Injection Gun, the fact of two cyclotronbeams designed with equal velocity in the same magnetic field distribution and electronoptical structure is proved. And a W-band, single-anode Magnetron Injection Gun isdesigned, which is entirely consistent with the demand for engineering.
7. By the programs, the studies of mode selection, high-frequency structure, modecompetition and nonlinear interaction of the gyrotrons operating at the frequency of94GHz,0.4THz and0.6THz have been respectively carried out in detail.
引文
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