粘滞阻尼消能支撑结构的抗震设计参数研究
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摘要
粘滞阻尼器的控振原理是通过粘滞阻尼来耗散输入结构的大部分振动能量，以减少结构的振动反应，保证结构在地震和风荷载作用下的安全；消能减震技术现已成为工程抗震研究的主要发展方向之一。国内外对粘滞阻尼消能支撑结构的研究多侧重于阻尼器的开发及其力学性能、计算模型、动力分析方法等方面，而对与实际工程应用直接相关的概念设计原则、附加阻尼比的确定等方面的研究则相对薄弱，一般仅限于原则性条款，这制约了消能减震技术的推广应用。因此，开展消能支撑结构抗震设计参数的研究是十分必要的。
本课题在研读国内外大量文献资料的基础上，紧密结合实际工程应用，主要探讨以下关键问题：
1、研究不同结构类型对粘滞阻尼消能支撑减震效果的影响，得出结构越高、刚度越柔，则阻尼消能减震的效果越好的结论；同时，在计算分析的基础上，对不同类型的建筑在不同抗震设防烈度下如何选取合适的结构抗震方案提出了建议。
2、阻尼支撑的布置形式对其减震效果有显著的影响，本文探讨了阻尼支撑对柱轴力的影响，研究了阻尼支撑自身的形式、竖向布置及空间布置方式等对结构抗震性能的影响，总结了阻尼支撑的最优布置原则；并利用随机振动理论初步分析了有效控制结构扭转效应的阻尼支撑的合理布置方式。
3、结合实际工程，比较了非线性与线性粘滞阻尼器的性能差别及其速度指数对减震效果的影响；结果表明，采用非线性粘滞阻尼器进行结构消能减震控制更为有效。
4、分别采用能量等效方法和功率等效方法，推导了非线性粘滞阻尼器的附加阻尼比公式，指出功率等效法更适合于非线性阻尼器；推导了结构的实际速度和谱速度之间的转换公式，基于该转换公式修正了功率等效方法下的附加阻尼比计算公式。计算结果表明，修正后的附加阻尼比计算公式可以更真实地预测消能减震结构的动力响应。
5、在理论分析的基础上，进行了两幢实际工程的消能减震设计，总结了粘滞阻尼消能支撑结构体系的抗震设计方法。
The vibration-reduction principle of viscous damper is to consume most portion of the input energy by viscous damping material during the earthquake and wind so as to diminish vibration response of structures and insure structures' safety, And this technique has been becoming one of the main tendency of earthquake-resistant engineering research. Now there're more attentions upon development, mechanics performance, computation module, dynamic analytic method of dampers at home and abroad for research on the energy-dissipation structures with viscous damped bracings, But research on conceptual design principles and additional damping ratio's determination are less and only localized in terms of the principle which restrict the expansion and application of the energy-dissipation earthquake-reduction technique. Therefore, It's very necessary to do some research on the seismic design parameters of structures with viscous damped bracings.
Based on a lot of data and documents, the following key issues are approached which are tightly united with practical engineering in this paper:
1. The effect of different structure types on earthquake-reduction effictiveness of viscous damper is studied and it's concluded that the higher structure and the weaker rigidity make the earthquake-reduction effictiveness of viscous damper better. At the same time, Based on calculations and analysis, some suggestions are given on how to choose proper seismic structure type for different buildings which are under different seismic design intensity.
2. The arrangement of damped bracings has obvious effect on earthquake-reduction effect of viscous damper. So the effect of damped bracings on structural seismic performance is approached from these aspects: the effect of damped bracings on column axial force, geometric form of bracings, vertical layout of bracings and spatial arrangement. Then the best arrangement principles of damped bracings are given and the reasonable layouts which can control structure torsion efficiently are analyzed preliminarily by random vibration theory.
3. Combined with practical engineering, the behavior discriminations between nonlinear and linear viscous dampers are compared and the effect of velocity exponent on earthquake-reduction effictiveness is studied. It's concluded that nonlinear viscous damper is better for structure earthquake-reduction.
4. Based on energy equivalence and power equivalence method separately, the additional damping ratio formula of nonlinear viscous damper is derived and it's suggested power equivalence method is more suitable for nonlinear viscous damper. Then the transforming equality between actual and spectra velocity of structure is derived, based on which, the additional damping ratio equation is revised. It's indicated that the revised formula can predict dynamic response of practical energy-dissipation structure more accurately.
5. Based on the theoretic analysis, two practical energy-dissipation buildings are designed and the seismic design methods are summarized.
本课题在研读国内外大量文献资料的基础上，紧密结合实际工程应用，主要探讨以下关键问题：
1、研究不同结构类型对粘滞阻尼消能支撑减震效果的影响，得出结构越高、刚度越柔，则阻尼消能减震的效果越好的结论；同时，在计算分析的基础上，对不同类型的建筑在不同抗震设防烈度下如何选取合适的结构抗震方案提出了建议。
2、阻尼支撑的布置形式对其减震效果有显著的影响，本文探讨了阻尼支撑对柱轴力的影响，研究了阻尼支撑自身的形式、竖向布置及空间布置方式等对结构抗震性能的影响，总结了阻尼支撑的最优布置原则；并利用随机振动理论初步分析了有效控制结构扭转效应的阻尼支撑的合理布置方式。
3、结合实际工程，比较了非线性与线性粘滞阻尼器的性能差别及其速度指数对减震效果的影响；结果表明，采用非线性粘滞阻尼器进行结构消能减震控制更为有效。
4、分别采用能量等效方法和功率等效方法，推导了非线性粘滞阻尼器的附加阻尼比公式，指出功率等效法更适合于非线性阻尼器；推导了结构的实际速度和谱速度之间的转换公式，基于该转换公式修正了功率等效方法下的附加阻尼比计算公式。计算结果表明，修正后的附加阻尼比计算公式可以更真实地预测消能减震结构的动力响应。
5、在理论分析的基础上，进行了两幢实际工程的消能减震设计，总结了粘滞阻尼消能支撑结构体系的抗震设计方法。
The vibration-reduction principle of viscous damper is to consume most portion of the input energy by viscous damping material during the earthquake and wind so as to diminish vibration response of structures and insure structures' safety, And this technique has been becoming one of the main tendency of earthquake-resistant engineering research. Now there're more attentions upon development, mechanics performance, computation module, dynamic analytic method of dampers at home and abroad for research on the energy-dissipation structures with viscous damped bracings, But research on conceptual design principles and additional damping ratio's determination are less and only localized in terms of the principle which restrict the expansion and application of the energy-dissipation earthquake-reduction technique. Therefore, It's very necessary to do some research on the seismic design parameters of structures with viscous damped bracings.
Based on a lot of data and documents, the following key issues are approached which are tightly united with practical engineering in this paper:
1. The effect of different structure types on earthquake-reduction effictiveness of viscous damper is studied and it's concluded that the higher structure and the weaker rigidity make the earthquake-reduction effictiveness of viscous damper better. At the same time, Based on calculations and analysis, some suggestions are given on how to choose proper seismic structure type for different buildings which are under different seismic design intensity.
2. The arrangement of damped bracings has obvious effect on earthquake-reduction effect of viscous damper. So the effect of damped bracings on structural seismic performance is approached from these aspects: the effect of damped bracings on column axial force, geometric form of bracings, vertical layout of bracings and spatial arrangement. Then the best arrangement principles of damped bracings are given and the reasonable layouts which can control structure torsion efficiently are analyzed preliminarily by random vibration theory.
3. Combined with practical engineering, the behavior discriminations between nonlinear and linear viscous dampers are compared and the effect of velocity exponent on earthquake-reduction effictiveness is studied. It's concluded that nonlinear viscous damper is better for structure earthquake-reduction.
4. Based on energy equivalence and power equivalence method separately, the additional damping ratio formula of nonlinear viscous damper is derived and it's suggested power equivalence method is more suitable for nonlinear viscous damper. Then the transforming equality between actual and spectra velocity of structure is derived, based on which, the additional damping ratio equation is revised. It's indicated that the revised formula can predict dynamic response of practical energy-dissipation structure more accurately.
5. Based on the theoretic analysis, two practical energy-dissipation buildings are designed and the seismic design methods are summarized.
引文
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[2] G.W.HousnerL, A.Bergman, T.K.Caughey, A.G.Chassiakos, R.O.Claus, S.F.Masri.R.E.Skelton, T.T.Soong, B.F.Spencer, J.T.Yao. Structural Control: Past, Present, and Future. Journal of Structural Mechanics. Sept, 1997. 897-943.
[3] 刘伟庆，王曙光．耗能支撑钢筋混凝土框架结构工程应用．振动工程学报．1999(2)．
[4] C. M. Harris and C. E. Crede. Shock and Vibration Handbook. McGraw-Hill, N.Y., 1976.
[5] T.T.Soong and G.F.Dargush. Passive Energy Dissipation System in Structural Engineering. State University of New York at Buffalo. 1997.
[6] 谭在树．框架结构用粘滞阻尼墙减震的振动台试验与分析研究．北京：清华大学硕士论文．1996．1-10
[7] 叶正强．工程结构减震粘滞流体阻尼器的动态力学性能试验研究．南京：东南大学硕士学位论文，2000．
[8] M.C.Constantinou. Principle of Fiction, Viscoelastic, Yielding Steel and Fluid Viscous Dampers: Properties and Design, Passive and Active Structural Vibration Control in Civil Engineering. 1994, 209～240.
[9] Here's How It Works. Bridge Builder. June-July, 1998.
[10] 欧进萍，丁建华．油缸间隙式阻尼器理论与试验研究．地震工程与工程振动，1999，19(4)．
[11] A.M.Reinhorn, C. li and M.C, constantinou. Experimental and Analytical Investigation of Seismic Retrofit of Structural with Supplemental Damping: Part Ⅰ-Fluid Viscous Damping Devices, Technical Report NCEER-95-0001, National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Buffalo, NY, January 3, 1995.
[12] 宋智斌．粘滞消能减震技术在结构抗震加固中的研究与应用．北京：中国建筑科学研究院硕士论文．2001．
[13] Alfonso VULCANO, Fabio MAZZA. Comparative Study of the Seismic Performance of Frames Using Different Dissipative braces. 12WCEE, 2000.
[14] 怀特，魏中磊等译．粘性流体力学．北京：机械工程出版社．1982．
[15] 江宏俊．流体力学．北京：高等教育出版社．1987．
[16] 孔珑．工程流体力学．北京：水利电力出版社．1992．
[17] 建筑抗震设计规范GB50011-2001．中国建筑工业出版社．2001．[S]．
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