利用全固态激光技术及光学参量过程产生高功率连续单频激光的理论和实验研究
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摘要
随着激光技术的飞速发展,各种激光光源已经广泛应用在我们生活中的各个领域,如工业领域中采用高功率的脉冲激光用于激光打标、激光焊接、材料切割和表面处理等；军事领域中用于激光测距、激光武器、激光制导和激光雷达等；在医疗方面用于激光美容、激光照射治疗以及激光切割肿瘤等。以上的这些应用中,用到的主要是激光的高能量密度这个特性。而在基础科学研究中,我们对激光的模式提出了更高的要求——连续单频激光。高功率连续单频激光光源在非线性光学、量子光学、量子信息、高分辨率光谱学以及冷原子的俘获等方面的研究工作中有着重要的应用,并且随着科研工作的进展,人们对连续单频激光光源的各个性能参数如长期功率稳定性、频率稳定性、光束质量以及输出功率等提出了越来越高的要求。
在本文中我们分别开展了1.06μm、532nm和1.5μm三种不同波长的高功率连续单频激光光源的研制工作。高功率全固态连续单频1.06μm激光器是整个研究工作的基础内容；然后通过内腔倍频过程,研制532nm的全固态连续单频绿光激光器；最后,采用1.06μm激光器作为泵浦源泵浦单共振光学参量振荡器(SRO),获取1.5μm的连续单频激光光源。本文对这三种不同波长的激光光源的研究工作做了详细的阐述,取得了如下的研究成果：
1、研制了一台激光二极管(LD)双端面泵浦的全固态连续单频1.06μm Nd：YVO4激光器。在激光器的设计中详细研究了激光晶体的热效应,分析了双端面较单端面泵浦方式的优势。通过双端面泵浦方式,减小了激光晶体的热效应。优化选取实验参数,在LD泵浦功率为44.9W时,获得了18.5W的连续单频1.06μm激光输出,相应的光光转化效率达41.2%；在3小时内激光器的功率稳定性优于±0.4%；输出激光的光束质量M2<1.05；激光的强度噪声和相位噪声在分析频率4MHz处达到散粒噪声基准。
2、研制了一台880nm直接泵浦的高功率全固态连续单频Nd：YVO4/LBO绿光激光器。文中详细阐述了直接泵浦技术及其优势,直接泵浦方式大大减小了激光晶体的热效应,有利于提高激光输出功率和改善激光光束质量。实验在全固态连续单频1.06μm激光器的基础上,选用LBO为倍频晶体,通过进一步选取合适的激光谐振腔腔长,获得了高效内腔倍频。在LD泵浦功率为52W时,获得了11.6W的连续单频绿光激光输出,光光转换效率22.3%；在5小时内激光的功率稳定性优于±0.5%；测得的激光光束质量因了M2<1.05；激光的强度噪声在分析频率4MHz处达到散粒噪声极限,相位噪声在2-20MHz范围内都高于散粒噪声1.36dB左右。
3、采用内腔SRO,获得了连续单频的1.5μm激光光源。从理论上详细分析了内腔SRO的运转性质；实验设计并优化激光谐振腔和SRO腔长,使得两个谐振腔达到较好的匹配,以获得较高的非线性转换效率。在LD泵浦功率为18W时,实验获得了300mW的连续单频1.5μm信号光输出。
4、采用外腔SRO,实验获得了高功率的连续单频1.5μm激光光源。理论上,详细分析了SRO的阈值和输入输出特性；从量子郎之万方程出发,分析了SRO产生的信号光的噪声特性,信号光的噪声要稍高于泵浦光的噪声。实验上,采用连续单频1.06μm Nd：YVO4激光器为泵浦源,泵浦由PPLN晶体构成的SRO,在泵浦功率为6W时,获得了1.02W的连续单频1.5μm激光输出。在信号光输出功率为0.75W的情况下,监视了信号光的功率稳定性,30分钟内的功率波动优于±1.5%,同时没有模式跳变现象；改变PPLN晶体温度40℃,输出信号光波长连续调谐23nm；获得的1.5μm激光的噪声较低,其强度噪声在分析频率4MHz处达到散粒噪声基准,相位噪声在10-20MHz的分析频率范围内高于散粒噪声基准约1dB。
在上述的研究工作中,属于创新性的内容有以下几方面：
1、详细分析了通过双端面泵浦和直接泵浦的方式来减小激光晶体的热效应,并实验验证了这两个泵浦方式确实改善了晶体的热效应：双端面泵浦相对于单端面泵浦,激光晶体的热透镜效应减小了约40%；直接泵浦时,激光晶体的热效应是传统泵浦方式时的一半。
2、首次将直接泵浦技术应用在全固态连续单频激光器中,并且采用偏振光双端面泵浦的方式,改善了直接泵浦技术中Nd：YVO4激光晶体在径向吸收不均匀的问题和吸收效率低的问题。实验研制了一台880nm直接泵浦的全固态连续单频绿光激光器,输出11.6W的连续单频绿光激光,光光转换效率22.3%；激光器在5小时内的功率稳定性优于±0.5%；输出激光的光束质量M2<1.05。
3、实验采用内腔SRO获得了300mW的1.5μm波段的连续单频激光光源。
4、理论详细分析了外腔SRO输出的信号光的噪声特性；实验采用外腔SRO获得了1.02W的连续单频1.5μm激光光源,SRO能够稳定地长期运转；实验测量了信号光的噪声,实验结果与理论分析的结果一致。
With the development of laser technology, lasers have been widely used in every aspect of our lives, such as laser marking, laser welding, material cutting and surface treatment; laser ranging, laser weapon, laser guidance and laser radar; and laser hairdressing, laser radiation therapy, laser cutting tumors, etc. These applications are using the feature of high density of lasers. But in the scientific research, there have higher requirements for the performance parameters of the laser:continuous-wave (cw) single-frequency laser. High power cw single-frequency lasers have been widely used in experiments of quantum optics, quantum information, high resolution spectroscopy and cold atom, and with the progress of research, scientists put forward more and more demands of the laser, such as long-term power stability, good frequency stability, high beam quality and high output power.
In this thesis, we start the investigation of high power cw single-frequency laser with wavelength of 1.06μm,532 nm and 1.5μm, respectively. The investigation of the all-solid-state cw single-frequency 1.06μm laser is the basic study; then through the second harmonic process, developing the all-solid-state cw single-frequency intracavity frequency doubled green laser; finally, by the optical parametric process, we obtain the cw single-frequency 1.5μm laser. We carried out a series of research results as follows.
(1) We have demonstrated a cw single-frequency Nd:YVO4 laser at 1.06μm by LD dual-end pumped at 808nm. A dual-end pumping scheme was employed to realizes homogeneous absorption along the length of laser crystal, so that the defects such as serious thermal aberration, bulging of the entrance faces, and stress fracture risks that are encountered in the one-end pumping configuration were decreased. The measured maximum output was 18.5 W with a conversion efficiency of 41.2%. The stability of the output power was better than±0.4% in three hours. The beam quality was measured of M2<1.05. The noise characteristics of the laser were also investigated. The intensity noise and the phase noise reached the shot noise limit (SNL) at analysis frequency of 4 MHz.
(2) Based on a polarized and dual-end pumping scheme, a stable, high power and high beam quality cw single-frequency Nd:YVO4/LBO green laser by directly pumped at 880nm has been fabricated. A single-polarization direction for the pump beams was selected to solve the problem of different absorption coefficients of orthogonal polarizations in the Nd:YV04 crystal. A measured maximum output power of 11.6W at 532 nm was obtained with a conversion efficiency of 22.3%. The stability of the green output was better than±0.5% and no mode hopping was observed over a period of five hours. The beam quality parameters were measured to be Mx2=1.03 and My2=1.02. The intensity noise of the green laser was reduced to the SNL at an analysis frequency of 3.5 MHz and phase noise was 1.3 dB above the SNL in the range of 2 to 20MHz.
(3) We present a 1.5μm cw single-frequency intracavity singly resonant optical parametric oscillator (SRO) based on periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN). The SRO is placed inside the ring cavity of a single-frequency 1.06μm Nd:YVO4 laser pumped by a LD. The device delivers a maximum single-frequency output power of 300 mW at the LD pump power of 18W, and the measured signal wavelength is 1.57μm.
(4) We report a cw single-frequency 1.5μm laser source obtained by extracavity SRO based on PPLN. The SRO was pumped by a cw single-frequency Nd:YVO4 laser at 1.06μm.1.02 W of single-frequency signal light at 1.5μm was obtained at pump power of 6W. At the output power of around 0.75W, the power stability was better than±1.5% in 30 minutes and no mode hopping was observed, and the frequency stability was better than 8.56 MHz in one minute. The signal wavelength could be tuned from 1.569 to 1.592μm by varying the PPLN temperature. And the 1.5μm laser exhibits low noise characteristics, the intensity noise of the laser reaches SNL at analysis frequency of 4 MHz, and phase noise is about 1 dB above the SNL for frequency from 10 to 20 MHz.
The creative works are as follows:
(1) Analyzed the advantages of dual-end pumping and direct pumping scheme, which was employed to reduce the thermal effects in the laser crystal, and experimentally verified these advantages:compared to the one-end pumping configuration, thermal lens effect reduced about 40% in the dual-end pumping scheme; in direct pumping scheme, the thermal effects are accounted for 50% of traditional pumping method.
(2) A stable, high power and high beam quality cw single-frequency Nd:YVO4/LBO green laser has been fabricated by directly pumped at 880nm. A single-polarization direction for the pump beams was selected to solve the problem of different absorption coefficients of orthogonal polarizations in the Nd:YVO4 crystal. A measured maximum output power of 11.6W at 532 nm was obtained with a conversion efficiency of 22.3%. The stability of the green output was better than±0.5% over a period of five hours.
(3) A cw single-frequency 1.5μm laser source was obtained by intracavity SRO. The device delivers a maximum single-frequency output of 300 mW at the LD pump power of 18W.
(4) Theoretically analyzed the noise characteristics of the signal generated by extracavity SRO. In our experiment, a 1.02 W of cw single-frequency signal at 1.5μm was obtained by an extracavity SRO. We measured the intensity noise and phase noise of the signal; the experimental results are good agreement with the theoretical analysis.
在本文中我们分别开展了1.06μm、532nm和1.5μm三种不同波长的高功率连续单频激光光源的研制工作。高功率全固态连续单频1.06μm激光器是整个研究工作的基础内容；然后通过内腔倍频过程,研制532nm的全固态连续单频绿光激光器；最后,采用1.06μm激光器作为泵浦源泵浦单共振光学参量振荡器(SRO),获取1.5μm的连续单频激光光源。本文对这三种不同波长的激光光源的研究工作做了详细的阐述,取得了如下的研究成果：
1、研制了一台激光二极管(LD)双端面泵浦的全固态连续单频1.06μm Nd：YVO4激光器。在激光器的设计中详细研究了激光晶体的热效应,分析了双端面较单端面泵浦方式的优势。通过双端面泵浦方式,减小了激光晶体的热效应。优化选取实验参数,在LD泵浦功率为44.9W时,获得了18.5W的连续单频1.06μm激光输出,相应的光光转化效率达41.2%；在3小时内激光器的功率稳定性优于±0.4%；输出激光的光束质量M2<1.05；激光的强度噪声和相位噪声在分析频率4MHz处达到散粒噪声基准。
2、研制了一台880nm直接泵浦的高功率全固态连续单频Nd：YVO4/LBO绿光激光器。文中详细阐述了直接泵浦技术及其优势,直接泵浦方式大大减小了激光晶体的热效应,有利于提高激光输出功率和改善激光光束质量。实验在全固态连续单频1.06μm激光器的基础上,选用LBO为倍频晶体,通过进一步选取合适的激光谐振腔腔长,获得了高效内腔倍频。在LD泵浦功率为52W时,获得了11.6W的连续单频绿光激光输出,光光转换效率22.3%；在5小时内激光的功率稳定性优于±0.5%；测得的激光光束质量因了M2<1.05；激光的强度噪声在分析频率4MHz处达到散粒噪声极限,相位噪声在2-20MHz范围内都高于散粒噪声1.36dB左右。
3、采用内腔SRO,获得了连续单频的1.5μm激光光源。从理论上详细分析了内腔SRO的运转性质；实验设计并优化激光谐振腔和SRO腔长,使得两个谐振腔达到较好的匹配,以获得较高的非线性转换效率。在LD泵浦功率为18W时,实验获得了300mW的连续单频1.5μm信号光输出。
4、采用外腔SRO,实验获得了高功率的连续单频1.5μm激光光源。理论上,详细分析了SRO的阈值和输入输出特性；从量子郎之万方程出发,分析了SRO产生的信号光的噪声特性,信号光的噪声要稍高于泵浦光的噪声。实验上,采用连续单频1.06μm Nd：YVO4激光器为泵浦源,泵浦由PPLN晶体构成的SRO,在泵浦功率为6W时,获得了1.02W的连续单频1.5μm激光输出。在信号光输出功率为0.75W的情况下,监视了信号光的功率稳定性,30分钟内的功率波动优于±1.5%,同时没有模式跳变现象；改变PPLN晶体温度40℃,输出信号光波长连续调谐23nm；获得的1.5μm激光的噪声较低,其强度噪声在分析频率4MHz处达到散粒噪声基准,相位噪声在10-20MHz的分析频率范围内高于散粒噪声基准约1dB。
在上述的研究工作中,属于创新性的内容有以下几方面：
1、详细分析了通过双端面泵浦和直接泵浦的方式来减小激光晶体的热效应,并实验验证了这两个泵浦方式确实改善了晶体的热效应：双端面泵浦相对于单端面泵浦,激光晶体的热透镜效应减小了约40%；直接泵浦时,激光晶体的热效应是传统泵浦方式时的一半。
2、首次将直接泵浦技术应用在全固态连续单频激光器中,并且采用偏振光双端面泵浦的方式,改善了直接泵浦技术中Nd：YVO4激光晶体在径向吸收不均匀的问题和吸收效率低的问题。实验研制了一台880nm直接泵浦的全固态连续单频绿光激光器,输出11.6W的连续单频绿光激光,光光转换效率22.3%；激光器在5小时内的功率稳定性优于±0.5%；输出激光的光束质量M2<1.05。
3、实验采用内腔SRO获得了300mW的1.5μm波段的连续单频激光光源。
4、理论详细分析了外腔SRO输出的信号光的噪声特性；实验采用外腔SRO获得了1.02W的连续单频1.5μm激光光源,SRO能够稳定地长期运转；实验测量了信号光的噪声,实验结果与理论分析的结果一致。
With the development of laser technology, lasers have been widely used in every aspect of our lives, such as laser marking, laser welding, material cutting and surface treatment; laser ranging, laser weapon, laser guidance and laser radar; and laser hairdressing, laser radiation therapy, laser cutting tumors, etc. These applications are using the feature of high density of lasers. But in the scientific research, there have higher requirements for the performance parameters of the laser:continuous-wave (cw) single-frequency laser. High power cw single-frequency lasers have been widely used in experiments of quantum optics, quantum information, high resolution spectroscopy and cold atom, and with the progress of research, scientists put forward more and more demands of the laser, such as long-term power stability, good frequency stability, high beam quality and high output power.
In this thesis, we start the investigation of high power cw single-frequency laser with wavelength of 1.06μm,532 nm and 1.5μm, respectively. The investigation of the all-solid-state cw single-frequency 1.06μm laser is the basic study; then through the second harmonic process, developing the all-solid-state cw single-frequency intracavity frequency doubled green laser; finally, by the optical parametric process, we obtain the cw single-frequency 1.5μm laser. We carried out a series of research results as follows.
(1) We have demonstrated a cw single-frequency Nd:YVO4 laser at 1.06μm by LD dual-end pumped at 808nm. A dual-end pumping scheme was employed to realizes homogeneous absorption along the length of laser crystal, so that the defects such as serious thermal aberration, bulging of the entrance faces, and stress fracture risks that are encountered in the one-end pumping configuration were decreased. The measured maximum output was 18.5 W with a conversion efficiency of 41.2%. The stability of the output power was better than±0.4% in three hours. The beam quality was measured of M2<1.05. The noise characteristics of the laser were also investigated. The intensity noise and the phase noise reached the shot noise limit (SNL) at analysis frequency of 4 MHz.
(2) Based on a polarized and dual-end pumping scheme, a stable, high power and high beam quality cw single-frequency Nd:YVO4/LBO green laser by directly pumped at 880nm has been fabricated. A single-polarization direction for the pump beams was selected to solve the problem of different absorption coefficients of orthogonal polarizations in the Nd:YV04 crystal. A measured maximum output power of 11.6W at 532 nm was obtained with a conversion efficiency of 22.3%. The stability of the green output was better than±0.5% and no mode hopping was observed over a period of five hours. The beam quality parameters were measured to be Mx2=1.03 and My2=1.02. The intensity noise of the green laser was reduced to the SNL at an analysis frequency of 3.5 MHz and phase noise was 1.3 dB above the SNL in the range of 2 to 20MHz.
(3) We present a 1.5μm cw single-frequency intracavity singly resonant optical parametric oscillator (SRO) based on periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN). The SRO is placed inside the ring cavity of a single-frequency 1.06μm Nd:YVO4 laser pumped by a LD. The device delivers a maximum single-frequency output power of 300 mW at the LD pump power of 18W, and the measured signal wavelength is 1.57μm.
(4) We report a cw single-frequency 1.5μm laser source obtained by extracavity SRO based on PPLN. The SRO was pumped by a cw single-frequency Nd:YVO4 laser at 1.06μm.1.02 W of single-frequency signal light at 1.5μm was obtained at pump power of 6W. At the output power of around 0.75W, the power stability was better than±1.5% in 30 minutes and no mode hopping was observed, and the frequency stability was better than 8.56 MHz in one minute. The signal wavelength could be tuned from 1.569 to 1.592μm by varying the PPLN temperature. And the 1.5μm laser exhibits low noise characteristics, the intensity noise of the laser reaches SNL at analysis frequency of 4 MHz, and phase noise is about 1 dB above the SNL for frequency from 10 to 20 MHz.
The creative works are as follows:
(1) Analyzed the advantages of dual-end pumping and direct pumping scheme, which was employed to reduce the thermal effects in the laser crystal, and experimentally verified these advantages:compared to the one-end pumping configuration, thermal lens effect reduced about 40% in the dual-end pumping scheme; in direct pumping scheme, the thermal effects are accounted for 50% of traditional pumping method.
(2) A stable, high power and high beam quality cw single-frequency Nd:YVO4/LBO green laser has been fabricated by directly pumped at 880nm. A single-polarization direction for the pump beams was selected to solve the problem of different absorption coefficients of orthogonal polarizations in the Nd:YVO4 crystal. A measured maximum output power of 11.6W at 532 nm was obtained with a conversion efficiency of 22.3%. The stability of the green output was better than±0.5% over a period of five hours.
(3) A cw single-frequency 1.5μm laser source was obtained by intracavity SRO. The device delivers a maximum single-frequency output of 300 mW at the LD pump power of 18W.
(4) Theoretically analyzed the noise characteristics of the signal generated by extracavity SRO. In our experiment, a 1.02 W of cw single-frequency signal at 1.5μm was obtained by an extracavity SRO. We measured the intensity noise and phase noise of the signal; the experimental results are good agreement with the theoretical analysis.
引文
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