钢筋混凝土结构基于性能的抗震设计理论与应用研究
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摘要
基于性能的结构抗震设计理论是二十世纪九十年代土木工程学界出现的一种全新的抗震设计理念，引起广大学者的极大兴趣并展开多方面的研究。该理论以提高结构的抗震性能为目标，要求所设计的结构在未来地震作用下具有可预见的抗震性能。这一理论的研究在我国还处于起步阶段，因此，系统地研究基于性能的结构抗震设计理论，对我国抗震设计理论的发展具有重要的理论意义和实用价值。
论文首先对结构抗震性能等级和设计性能安全指数进行了研究。从结构在地震作用下的破坏程度为出发点，对结构的破坏状态进行了描述，并建立了结构的破坏程度与结构四种性能极限状态之间的关系；提出了结构性能安全指数的概念，并以结构的变形极限状态方程为基础得到了结构设计性能安全指数的计算方法和结构性能等级的划分标准。
论文讨论了结构变形控制的抗震设计方法。这种抗震设计方法从假定多自由度结构体系的层间位移开始，根据假定的振型反应，将结构简化为一个相应的等效设计单自由度体系，求得在所假定的位移反应条件下结构受力，然后根据原型结构的侧向力分布形式，计算结构的地震反应并对结构进行设计。设计位移的选择要考虑多种因素的综合影响。
对钢筋混凝土结构静力推覆分析(Push—over)的研究，主要讨论了静力推覆分析中水平侧向力的分布形式，提出了一种平面结构的改进水平侧向力分布形式和楼层平面出现不可忽略扭转反应的空间结构的水平侧向力分布方法，并用推覆分析实例验证了所提出的水平侧向力分布形式的正确性和可行性以及静力推覆分析适用于不规则结构的可能性，同时也验证了结构变形控制抗震设计方法的合理性。
论文还对结构抗震性能评估的能力谱方法进行了研究。对于规则结构引入了等效振型与等效振型参与系数的概念，将结构简化为考虑高阶振型影响的等效单自由度体系。按照结构抗震
西安建筑科技大学申请博士学位论文
性能评估能力谱方法的一般步骤，讨论了与等效阻尼相关的抗震性能评估能力谱方法和通过屈
服强度折减系数对弹性反应谱进行折减得到非弹性反应谱的延性相关的抗震性能评估的能力谱
方法。对于竖向不规则结构体系，以薄弱层的层间位移和薄弱层以上结构的质量为参数，应用
层间能力谱方法进行抗震性能评估。对于扭转不规则结构体系，引入与结构偏心矩大小和结构
平面整体尺寸有关的强度降低系数叮来考虑结构的扭转效应，选取结构的基底剪力和边轴线的
最大反应位移为参数，应用能力谱方法进行抗震性能评估。计算表明能力谱方法同样可以适用
于不规则结构体系的抗震性能评估。
论文最后讨论了基于性能的钢筋混凝土结构综合抗震设计方法。该方法将本文研究的各方
面内容综合应用于结构设计的不同阶段，即在结构选择了合适的抗震性能等级后，采用结构变
形控制抗震设计方法作为结构的设计方法，以结构静力推覆(Pusheseeover)分析方法作为结构
的计算分析方法，以结构抗震性能评估的能力谱方法作为检验结构实际抗震性能的评估与验算
方法，形成统一的结构抗震设计方法，在结构设计的各个阶段控制结构的抗震性能，体现基于
结构性能的抗震设计理念。
The performance based aseismic design theory is a new concept in the civil engineering field since 1990's. Much attention has been paid to study it. Aiming at improving the target performance level of structures, the theory requires that the performance of structures designed using it should be predictable. In China, the study on it is in its first stage, so the systemic research is of great theoretical significance and practical value to the development of aseismic design theory.
The paper firstly devotes to the structural performance levels and the safety index of the designed performance. The damage states are described in detail in terms of structural members and the relationship between the damage degree and the four types of performance limit states is built. The concept of the structural performance safety index is put forward and its calculation method is derived based on the structural deformation limit state equation.
The deformation control design method is studied. In this method, the inter-story displacements and the mode of the structural vibration are postulated. The MDOF system is transferred into an equivalent SDOF system and the interior forces can be calculated. The design can be done after the structural earthquake response is got based on the distribution of lateral forces of the prototype. Many factors should be considered when the target displacements are selected.
The distribution formats of the horizontal lateral forces are mainly studied when the static pushover analysis method of the R.C. buildings is discussed. An improved distribution method of the horizontal lateral forces to the planar structures and a new one to the structures with torsional responses are presented. The example of the pushover analysis testifies the validity and feasibility of
the studied distribution method, and the potentiality of the use of static pushover analysis method to irregular structures is also proved.
The capacity spectrum method of the structural performance evaluation is discussed in this paper. The concept of the equivalent mode and the modal participation coefficient is introduced when the regulation structures are studied. As to the vertical irregular structural systems, the inter-story capacity spectrum method is used and the strength reduction coefficient 77 is put forward when the capacity method is used to evaluate the performance of the torsional irregular structures. The calculation result shows that the capacity spectrum method can also be used to evaluate the performance of the irregular structures.
The comprehensive aseismic design method to R.C. buildings is studied at last in this paper. The study objects of the paper are used in different stage of the design process in the design method. It is to say that after the target performance level is selected, the deformation control design method is used as the structural design method; the static push-over analysis method is used as the structural nonlinear calculation method and the capacity spectrum method is used as the structural performance evaluation method. So the unified structural design method of the performance based aseismic design can be formed and the aseismic performances of the structures can be controlled in every step of the design process. This design method embodies fully the concept of the "performance based".
论文首先对结构抗震性能等级和设计性能安全指数进行了研究。从结构在地震作用下的破坏程度为出发点，对结构的破坏状态进行了描述，并建立了结构的破坏程度与结构四种性能极限状态之间的关系；提出了结构性能安全指数的概念，并以结构的变形极限状态方程为基础得到了结构设计性能安全指数的计算方法和结构性能等级的划分标准。
论文讨论了结构变形控制的抗震设计方法。这种抗震设计方法从假定多自由度结构体系的层间位移开始，根据假定的振型反应，将结构简化为一个相应的等效设计单自由度体系，求得在所假定的位移反应条件下结构受力，然后根据原型结构的侧向力分布形式，计算结构的地震反应并对结构进行设计。设计位移的选择要考虑多种因素的综合影响。
对钢筋混凝土结构静力推覆分析(Push—over)的研究，主要讨论了静力推覆分析中水平侧向力的分布形式，提出了一种平面结构的改进水平侧向力分布形式和楼层平面出现不可忽略扭转反应的空间结构的水平侧向力分布方法，并用推覆分析实例验证了所提出的水平侧向力分布形式的正确性和可行性以及静力推覆分析适用于不规则结构的可能性，同时也验证了结构变形控制抗震设计方法的合理性。
论文还对结构抗震性能评估的能力谱方法进行了研究。对于规则结构引入了等效振型与等效振型参与系数的概念，将结构简化为考虑高阶振型影响的等效单自由度体系。按照结构抗震
西安建筑科技大学申请博士学位论文
性能评估能力谱方法的一般步骤，讨论了与等效阻尼相关的抗震性能评估能力谱方法和通过屈
服强度折减系数对弹性反应谱进行折减得到非弹性反应谱的延性相关的抗震性能评估的能力谱
方法。对于竖向不规则结构体系，以薄弱层的层间位移和薄弱层以上结构的质量为参数，应用
层间能力谱方法进行抗震性能评估。对于扭转不规则结构体系，引入与结构偏心矩大小和结构
平面整体尺寸有关的强度降低系数叮来考虑结构的扭转效应，选取结构的基底剪力和边轴线的
最大反应位移为参数，应用能力谱方法进行抗震性能评估。计算表明能力谱方法同样可以适用
于不规则结构体系的抗震性能评估。
论文最后讨论了基于性能的钢筋混凝土结构综合抗震设计方法。该方法将本文研究的各方
面内容综合应用于结构设计的不同阶段，即在结构选择了合适的抗震性能等级后，采用结构变
形控制抗震设计方法作为结构的设计方法，以结构静力推覆(Pusheseeover)分析方法作为结构
的计算分析方法，以结构抗震性能评估的能力谱方法作为检验结构实际抗震性能的评估与验算
方法，形成统一的结构抗震设计方法，在结构设计的各个阶段控制结构的抗震性能，体现基于
结构性能的抗震设计理念。
The performance based aseismic design theory is a new concept in the civil engineering field since 1990's. Much attention has been paid to study it. Aiming at improving the target performance level of structures, the theory requires that the performance of structures designed using it should be predictable. In China, the study on it is in its first stage, so the systemic research is of great theoretical significance and practical value to the development of aseismic design theory.
The paper firstly devotes to the structural performance levels and the safety index of the designed performance. The damage states are described in detail in terms of structural members and the relationship between the damage degree and the four types of performance limit states is built. The concept of the structural performance safety index is put forward and its calculation method is derived based on the structural deformation limit state equation.
The deformation control design method is studied. In this method, the inter-story displacements and the mode of the structural vibration are postulated. The MDOF system is transferred into an equivalent SDOF system and the interior forces can be calculated. The design can be done after the structural earthquake response is got based on the distribution of lateral forces of the prototype. Many factors should be considered when the target displacements are selected.
The distribution formats of the horizontal lateral forces are mainly studied when the static pushover analysis method of the R.C. buildings is discussed. An improved distribution method of the horizontal lateral forces to the planar structures and a new one to the structures with torsional responses are presented. The example of the pushover analysis testifies the validity and feasibility of
the studied distribution method, and the potentiality of the use of static pushover analysis method to irregular structures is also proved.
The capacity spectrum method of the structural performance evaluation is discussed in this paper. The concept of the equivalent mode and the modal participation coefficient is introduced when the regulation structures are studied. As to the vertical irregular structural systems, the inter-story capacity spectrum method is used and the strength reduction coefficient 77 is put forward when the capacity method is used to evaluate the performance of the torsional irregular structures. The calculation result shows that the capacity spectrum method can also be used to evaluate the performance of the irregular structures.
The comprehensive aseismic design method to R.C. buildings is studied at last in this paper. The study objects of the paper are used in different stage of the design process in the design method. It is to say that after the target performance level is selected, the deformation control design method is used as the structural design method; the static push-over analysis method is used as the structural nonlinear calculation method and the capacity spectrum method is used as the structural performance evaluation method. So the unified structural design method of the performance based aseismic design can be formed and the aseismic performances of the structures can be controlled in every step of the design process. This design method embodies fully the concept of the "performance based".
引文
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2 Bertero V.V. State-of-the-art Report on Design Criteria Proc. 11th World Conf. Earthquake Engineering. Mexico, Paper No.2005, 1996
3 Otani S. Recent Developments in Seismic Criteria of Japan. Proc. 11th World Conf. Earthquake Engineering. Mexico, Paper No.2124, 1996
4 Hamburger R.O. Implementing Performance Based Seismic Design in Structural Engineering Practice. Proc. 11th World Conf. Earthquake Engineering. Mexico, Paper No. 2121, 1996
5 罗奇峰、张晓哲．震害经验总结与结构抗震理论的进步．住宅与房地产，1999(11)
6 Moehle J.P. Displacement-based Design of RC Structures. 10WCEE, Mexico, 1992: 1576～1574
7 Priestly M.J. Displacement-based Design. Report No.SSRP-94/16, Structure Systems Research, 1994
8 Whittaker H. Displacement Estimates for Performance Based Seismic Design. Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, 1998,124(8): 905～912
9 Nagao T., Mukai H., Nishikawa D. Case Studies on Performance Based Seismic Design Using Capacity Spectrum Method. 12WCEE, CD—ROM, Paper No.0694
10 Medhekar M.S., Kennedy D.J.L. Displacement-based Seismic Design of Buildings-Theory. Engineering Structures. 2000, 22: 201～209
11 Medhekar M.S., Kennedy D.J.L. Displacement-based Seismic Design of Buildings-Application. Engineering Structures. 2000, 22: 210～221
12 小谷俊介(叶列平译)．日本基于性能结构抗震设计方法的发展．建筑结构．2000，30(6)：3～9
13 SEAOC-VISION2000. Performance Based Seismic Engineering of Buildings. April3, 1995
14 王玉梅．在我国抗震设计规范中引入结构性能设计理论的初步研究．同济大学硕士学位论文，1999，上海
15 谢晓健、蒋永生、梁书亭等．基于结构功能设计原理的发展综述．东南大学学报，2000，30(4)
16 李应斌、刘伯权、史庆轩．基于结构性能的抗震设计理论研究与展望．地震工程与工程振动，2001，21(4)
17 黄群贤、林建华．建筑结构基于功能的抗震设计．工业建筑．2003，33(4)：53～55
18 周云、安宇、梁兴文．基于性态的抗震设计理论和方法的研究与发展．世界地震工程．2001，17(2)：1～7
19 汪梦甫、周锡元．基于性能的建筑结构抗震设计．建筑结构．2003，33(3)：59～61
20 罗奇峰、王玉梅．从近几年震害总结中提出的结构性能设计理论．工程抗震，2001(2)：3～7
21 钱镓茹、方鄂华．基于位移延性的剪力墙设计研究．第十五届全国高层建筑结构学术交流会议论文集．1998：293～297
22 吕西林、郭子雄．建筑结构在罕遇地震下弹塑性变形验算的讨论．工程抗震，1999(1)：15～20
23 王光远、吕大刚．基于最优设防烈度和损伤性能的抗震结构优化设计．哈尔滨建筑大学学报．1999，32(10)：1～5
24 王亚勇．我国2000年抗震设计模式展望．建筑结构，1999(6)：13～19
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26 郭子雄．基于变形的抗震设计原理及应用研究．同济大学申请博士学位论文，2000
27 叶耀先、钮泽蓁．非结构抗震设计．北京：地震出版社，1991
28 林皋．第十届世界地震工程会议和回顾与展望．世界地震工程．1993，13(2)：9～18
29 贾平原、刘玉芳．关于多层砖混房屋抗震概念设计的一点设想．工程抗震，1993(3)
30 青山博之．免震构造和刚柔之争(译)．世界地震工程．1989，9(3)：55～59
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32 Priestley M.J.N., Kowalsky M.J. Direct Displacement-based Seismic Design of Concrete Buildings. Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering. 2000,33(4): 421～444
33 FEMA—273, 274. NEHRP Guidelines for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Building. 1997
34 Veletsos A.S., Newmark N.M. Effect of Inelastic Behavior on the Response of Simple System to Earthquake Motions. Proc. 2nd WCEE, Tokyo, 1960: 895～912
35 Vidic T., Fajfar P., Fischinger M. Consistent Inelastic Design Spectra: Strength and Displacement. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics. 1994, Vol.23
36 Miranda E., Bertero V.V. Evaluation of Strength Reduction Factors for Earthquake-resistant Design. Earthquake Spectra, EERI, 1994, 10(2): 357～379
37 Krawinkle H., Seneviratna G.D.P.K. Pros and Cons of a Pushover Analysis of Seismic Performance Evaluation. Engineering Structures. 1998, 20(4-6): 453～464
38 Freeman S.A., Nicoletti J.P., Tyrell J.V. Evaluations of Existing Buildings for Seismic Risk-A Case Study of Puget Sound Naval Shipyard Bremerton. Washington, Proc. of the US National Conf. on Earthquake Engineering. Berkeley, California, 1975
39 Freeman S. A. Development and Use of Capacity Spectrum Method. Proc. 6th US Conf. on Earthquake Engineering. Seattle, Washington, 1998
40 Chopra A. K., Goel R. K. Capacity-Demand-Diagram Method for Estimating Seismic Deformation of Inelastic Structures. University of California, Berkeley, Report No. PEER-1999/02, 1999
41 Fajfar P., Gaspersic P. The N2 Method for the Seismic Damage Analysis of RC Buildings. Earthquake Engineerig and Structural Dynamics. 1996, 25(1): 31～46
42 叶献国．多层建筑结构抗震性能的近似评估—改进的能力谱方法．工程抗震．1998(4)：10～14
43 Kenneth T. E Capacity-demand Index Relationships for Performance-based Seismic Design. ( Ph.D. Dissertation) Department of Civil Engineering and Geological Sciences, Notre Dame, Indiana, 2001, 9
44 王克峰、周云、赵彤．考虑结构地震损伤影响的能力谱分析方法．地震工程与工程震动．2003，23(2)：96-101
45 ATC—40. Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Concrete Buildings. Applied Technology Council. Red Wood City. California, 1996
46 Yamawaki K., Kitamura H. Introduction of A Performance-Based Design. 12WCEE, CD—ROM, Paper No.2831
47 刘伯权．抗震结构的破坏准则及可靠性分析．中国建材工业出版社．1995
48 史庆轩．钢筋混凝土结构基于性能的抗震研究及破坏评估．西安建筑科技大学申请博士学位论文．2002
49 Lew H.S., Kunnath S.K. Evaluation of Nonlinear Static Procedures for Seismic Design of Buildings. Proc. of 33rd Joint Meeting of the UJNR Panel on Wind and Seismic Effects. 2000
50 Thibaut L. Advanced Pushover Analysis of RC Multi-story Buildings. (Msc Dissertation) Civil Engineering Department, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine. 2000
2 Bertero V.V. State-of-the-art Report on Design Criteria Proc. 11th World Conf. Earthquake Engineering. Mexico, Paper No.2005, 1996
3 Otani S. Recent Developments in Seismic Criteria of Japan. Proc. 11th World Conf. Earthquake Engineering. Mexico, Paper No.2124, 1996
4 Hamburger R.O. Implementing Performance Based Seismic Design in Structural Engineering Practice. Proc. 11th World Conf. Earthquake Engineering. Mexico, Paper No. 2121, 1996
5 罗奇峰、张晓哲．震害经验总结与结构抗震理论的进步．住宅与房地产，1999(11)
6 Moehle J.P. Displacement-based Design of RC Structures. 10WCEE, Mexico, 1992: 1576～1574
7 Priestly M.J. Displacement-based Design. Report No.SSRP-94/16, Structure Systems Research, 1994
8 Whittaker H. Displacement Estimates for Performance Based Seismic Design. Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, 1998,124(8): 905～912
9 Nagao T., Mukai H., Nishikawa D. Case Studies on Performance Based Seismic Design Using Capacity Spectrum Method. 12WCEE, CD—ROM, Paper No.0694
10 Medhekar M.S., Kennedy D.J.L. Displacement-based Seismic Design of Buildings-Theory. Engineering Structures. 2000, 22: 201～209
11 Medhekar M.S., Kennedy D.J.L. Displacement-based Seismic Design of Buildings-Application. Engineering Structures. 2000, 22: 210～221
12 小谷俊介(叶列平译)．日本基于性能结构抗震设计方法的发展．建筑结构．2000，30(6)：3～9
13 SEAOC-VISION2000. Performance Based Seismic Engineering of Buildings. April3, 1995
14 王玉梅．在我国抗震设计规范中引入结构性能设计理论的初步研究．同济大学硕士学位论文，1999，上海
15 谢晓健、蒋永生、梁书亭等．基于结构功能设计原理的发展综述．东南大学学报，2000，30(4)
16 李应斌、刘伯权、史庆轩．基于结构性能的抗震设计理论研究与展望．地震工程与工程振动，2001，21(4)
17 黄群贤、林建华．建筑结构基于功能的抗震设计．工业建筑．2003，33(4)：53～55
18 周云、安宇、梁兴文．基于性态的抗震设计理论和方法的研究与发展．世界地震工程．2001，17(2)：1～7
19 汪梦甫、周锡元．基于性能的建筑结构抗震设计．建筑结构．2003，33(3)：59～61
20 罗奇峰、王玉梅．从近几年震害总结中提出的结构性能设计理论．工程抗震，2001(2)：3～7
21 钱镓茹、方鄂华．基于位移延性的剪力墙设计研究．第十五届全国高层建筑结构学术交流会议论文集．1998：293～297
22 吕西林、郭子雄．建筑结构在罕遇地震下弹塑性变形验算的讨论．工程抗震，1999(1)：15～20
23 王光远、吕大刚．基于最优设防烈度和损伤性能的抗震结构优化设计．哈尔滨建筑大学学报．1999，32(10)：1～5
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