多面阵数字航摄仪拼接关键技术研究
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摘要
航空摄影测量是基础测绘和国土资源调查数据源获取的主要手段之一,数码相机应用是目前摄影测量研究领域的热点。受单个CCD(Charge-Coupled Device)面阵尺寸较小的局限,单个数码相机影像的地面覆盖率低于传统胶片,采用单个数码相机的航空摄影增加了飞行费用和后期图像处理工作量。因此,采用多个相机拼接技术,增大数码影像的像幅,成为目前研究的热点。论文详细研究了四个相机的相机倾角和相机间距的设计过程,通过检校和计算,获得精确的拼接参数。利用严密的拼接算法,将多幅单相机倾斜影像镶嵌,获取大幅面数码影像。论文的主要研究内容及结论如下:
(1)推导并计算了两拼、四拼相机中相机倾角导致的图像变形规律。结果表明:由于像片倾斜导致地面分辨率(Ground SampledDistance,简称GSD)随之变化;角度越大,GSD变化程度越明显;相机只在一个方向倾斜,图像呈较规则的梯形,在两个方向上倾斜,像片中各处的GSD都不相等。
(2)分析了像片重叠度与虚拟有效像幅之间的关系,通过计算离散点的虚拟有效像幅,拟合了像片重叠度与虚拟有效像幅之间变化规律曲线。
(3)进行了拼接参数优化设计研究,采用与SWDC相同的子相机参数得出了最佳拼接方案,结果表明设计相机与SWDC各项技术参数近似,说明了设计思路的正确性,然后又以35mm相机为例进行设计,各项技术参数均优于现有常规胶片相机及大面阵数码航摄仪DMC和SWDC。
(4)对影像拼接技术进行了详细的研究分析,得出了大幅面虚拟影像拼接的技术流程。
The aerial photogrammetry is one of the important surveying and mapping methods. The research of digital camera and its application in the photogrammetry is important study area. Because the ground coverage of single digital camera is smaller than film camera, the flight costs and post-processing workload have been increased. The multi-format digital camera can obtain large format digital aerial photos. Therefore, the paper analyzed and designed reasonable angles and distances for four cameras mosaic. The precise mosaic parameters were gotten by calibration and calculation. Then the tilt images were mosaiced to a large format digital imaging using stringent algorithm. The main research contents and conclusions are as follows.
(1) The image deformation resulting from camera tilt angle was derived from Two-format Digital Aerial Camera image or Four-format Digital Aerial Camera image. The image slope resulte in the Ground Sampled Distance (GSD) is different in the image; The larger angle is, the more obvious GSD changes; while the camera tilts in one direction, the image appears a trapezoidal rule, tilting in two direction makes every CCD's GSD being different from each other.
(2) The relationship between image overlap and effective virtual image was analyzed. The change curve was obtained by calculating samples of effective virtual image, which show the relation of image overlap and effective virtual image.
(3) The study designed optimal parameters for image mosaic. Using the same parameters of single camera in SWDC, the author got similar designed technical parameters as SWDC. Furtherly, optimal parameters of image mosaic for 35mm camera were designed which were better than conventional film cameras and large format digital aerial camera such as DMC and SWDC.
(4) Finally, images mosaic technology was analyzed and the detailed process was introduced.
(1)推导并计算了两拼、四拼相机中相机倾角导致的图像变形规律。结果表明:由于像片倾斜导致地面分辨率(Ground SampledDistance,简称GSD)随之变化;角度越大,GSD变化程度越明显;相机只在一个方向倾斜,图像呈较规则的梯形,在两个方向上倾斜,像片中各处的GSD都不相等。
(2)分析了像片重叠度与虚拟有效像幅之间的关系,通过计算离散点的虚拟有效像幅,拟合了像片重叠度与虚拟有效像幅之间变化规律曲线。
(3)进行了拼接参数优化设计研究,采用与SWDC相同的子相机参数得出了最佳拼接方案,结果表明设计相机与SWDC各项技术参数近似,说明了设计思路的正确性,然后又以35mm相机为例进行设计,各项技术参数均优于现有常规胶片相机及大面阵数码航摄仪DMC和SWDC。
(4)对影像拼接技术进行了详细的研究分析,得出了大幅面虚拟影像拼接的技术流程。
The aerial photogrammetry is one of the important surveying and mapping methods. The research of digital camera and its application in the photogrammetry is important study area. Because the ground coverage of single digital camera is smaller than film camera, the flight costs and post-processing workload have been increased. The multi-format digital camera can obtain large format digital aerial photos. Therefore, the paper analyzed and designed reasonable angles and distances for four cameras mosaic. The precise mosaic parameters were gotten by calibration and calculation. Then the tilt images were mosaiced to a large format digital imaging using stringent algorithm. The main research contents and conclusions are as follows.
(1) The image deformation resulting from camera tilt angle was derived from Two-format Digital Aerial Camera image or Four-format Digital Aerial Camera image. The image slope resulte in the Ground Sampled Distance (GSD) is different in the image; The larger angle is, the more obvious GSD changes; while the camera tilts in one direction, the image appears a trapezoidal rule, tilting in two direction makes every CCD's GSD being different from each other.
(2) The relationship between image overlap and effective virtual image was analyzed. The change curve was obtained by calculating samples of effective virtual image, which show the relation of image overlap and effective virtual image.
(3) The study designed optimal parameters for image mosaic. Using the same parameters of single camera in SWDC, the author got similar designed technical parameters as SWDC. Furtherly, optimal parameters of image mosaic for 35mm camera were designed which were better than conventional film cameras and large format digital aerial camera such as DMC and SWDC.
(4) Finally, images mosaic technology was analyzed and the detailed process was introduced.
引文
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[4]王留召.小型数字航空摄影测量系统:[D].昆明:昆明理工大学,2006
[5]Fricker P.,Sandau R.,Walker A.S.,1999:Digital photogrammetric cameras:possibilities and problems[J],Photogrammetric Week99,Wichmann Verlag,Heidelberg,71-82.
[6]肖建华,余咏胜,高光星.航空遥感技术在城市经济和社会发展中的应用[J].地理空间信息,2007,5(6):1-3
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[8]王慧,吴云东,张永生.面阵CCD数字航测像机影像几何拼接误差模型[J].测绘学院学报,2003,20(4):257-262
[9]姚一静.大幅面航空数码相机拼接技术的研究:[D].北京:中国测绘科学研究院,2007
[10]Heier H.,2001.:Deploying DMC in today's workflow[J],in:Eds Fritsch D.,Spiller R.(Eds.),Photogrammetric Week 2001,Wichmann,Heidelberg,pp.35-45.
[11]Diener S.,Kiefner M.,Dorstel C.,2000.Radiometric Normalisation and Colour Composite Generation of the DMC[J],IAPRS Vol.ⅩⅩⅩⅢ,Amsterdam 2000
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[13]Madani,M.,Dorstel,C.,Zeitler,W.,Tang,L.,2001.Z/I Imaging New Automatic Aerial Triangulation System 2001.ASPRS Annual Conference,ST.Louis,MO,April 22-26.
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[16]韩磊,蒋旭惠.几款数字航摄相机的应用与比较[J].城市勘测,2006,5:21-26
[17]Leberl,F.et al.(2003):The UltraCam Large Format Aerial Digital Camera System[J].Proceedings of the American Society For Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing,5-9 May,2003,Anchorage,Alaska
[18]M.Kropfla,E.Kruckb,,M.Gruber.Geometric calibration of the digital large format aerial camera UltraCamD.Commission I,WG Ⅰ/2.
[19]王慧.面阵CCD航测相机成像模型与处理技术:[D].郑州:中国人民解放军信息大学,2006
[20]我国研制出具有自主知识产权的数字航空摄影仪.中国科技产业,2007,6,64
[21]苏小霞、李英成等.数字航摄仪航空摄影测量效率分析[J].城市勘测,2006,1(3):19-23
[22]刘扬.影响航空摄影质量的几个关键因素.影像技术[J],2001,1:46-48
[23]杨柳.基于非量测数码相机的摄影经纬仪的方案论证:[D].西安:西安科技大学,2006
[24]吴作飞.UAV机载数码相机程控装置研制:[D].北京:中国测绘科学研究院,2007
[25]Madani,M.,Dorstel C.,Heipke C.,Jacobsen K.(2004):DMC practical experience and accuracy assessment[J].In:ISPRS Proceedings 2004 Istanbul.
[26]C.S.Fraser.Some thoughts on the emergence of digital close-range photogrammetry[J].The Photogrammetric Record,1998
[27]邹勇平,宋辉.航摄相机陀螺座架的原理、使用及维护[J].测绘科技装备,2004,6(2):44-47
[28]刘宝贞.我国航空通讯导航系统的发展和展望[J].航空电子技术,1998,01
[29]Kremer,J.(2001):CCNS and AEROcontrol:Products for efficient photogrammetric data collection[J],in Fritsch/Spiller(eds.):Photogrammetric Week 2001,Wichmann Verlag,Heidelberg,Germany,pp.85-92.
[30]叶建华,谢邦华,王洪涛.DMC影像质量分析[J].图形学与辅助设计,2007,8,107-108
[31]林宗坚,宣文玲,孙杰.由小面阵CCD组合构成宽角航空相机[J].测绘科学,2005,30(1):94-98
[32]林辉.航空像片上任意点比例尺的测算[J].遥感技术与应用,2003,18(3):149-152
[33]袁路晴,黄杰,兰艳青.超轻型飞机搭载SWDC系列数字航摄仪的航空摄影测 量一体化作业思路[J].铁道勘察,2007(6):59-62
[34]曹銮.数字航空摄影有关技术的分析探讨[J].四川测绘,2007,30(6):245-247
[35]Thomas M.Lillesand,Ralph W.Kiefer.遥感与图像解译(彭望,余先川周涛等)[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2003年:106-114
[36]林宗坚,殷礼明,葛之江.环月遥感立体影像构建的几种模式比较[J].航天器工程,2007,16(1):69-73
[37]陈学飞.面阵CCD成像系统外围电路设计:[D].北京:中国测绘科学研究院,2007
[38]杨丽凤.面阵CCD高精度测量应用技术:[D].太原:太原理工大学,2002
[39]朱肇光等.摄影测量学[M].测绘出版社,1984:56-58
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