驻波热声发动机振荡机理的理论与实验研究
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摘要
作为一种新型的热功转换装置,热声发动机无运动部件且采用惰性气体作为工质,具有结构简单、环境友好等优点。热声发动机采用热能驱动,能够利用工业废热和太阳能等低品位热源,在天然气液化、电子器件冷却、气体分离等领域具有广泛的应用前景,近年来受到国内外研究者的广泛关注。深入理解热声发动机的振荡机理,对于降低热声发动机的起振温度和提高发动机的热声转换效率具有重要的意义。由于热声振荡现象中涉及复杂的交变流动与传热以及非线性声学等难题,热声振荡机理一直没有得到完整、准确解释。本文针对驻波热声发动机的振荡机理开展了理论和实验研究工作,主要包括：
1.基于热声网络理论的驻波热声发动机频域模拟。为了更好地理解热声振荡机理,本文采用热声网络理论在频域内研究了驻波热声发动机的起振条件。从线性热声理论的控制微分方程出发,推导出存在温度梯度的板叠传输矩阵的表达式。根据热声网络理论,实现了对驻波热声发动机起振条件的预测。计算结果与Arnott的实验结果基本吻合。起振频率的最大偏差小于1.4%,起振温差的最大偏差约为17.9%,证明了该模型可用来计算起振频率和起振温差。计算了自行设计的驻波热声发动机在不同谐振管长度下的起振温差和频率随充气压力变化。起振温差的计算结果在定性上与实验相吻合,起振频率的计算值与实验结果之间的偏差为2.3-4.9%。对该台驻波热声发动机而言,最低起振温差下的板叠间距约为热渗透深度的2.6倍。该计算结果对驻波热声发动机中板叠间距的选择具有一定的参考意义。
2.基于热力学分析法的驻波热声发动机起振特性时域模拟。为了实现对热声发动机振荡过程时域模拟,本文通过将驻波热声发动机各部件进行比拟转化,对各部件进行热力学和动力学分析,建立了驻波热声发动机时域模型。在热声发动机的时域模拟中,交变流动下阻力项和换热项的计算公式是不可或缺的。然而,由于实验数据不足,以前的热声发动机模型大多采用稳定流公式进行计算。本模型中提出了一种基于线性热声理论的计算方法,为交变流动数值模拟中的阻力项和换热项的计算提供了参考。本文对不同谐振管长度和充气压力下的起振温差进行了计算。计算结果表明最佳的板叠间距应为气体热渗透深度的2.6-2.7倍,对于热声发动机的设计和性能改进有一定的指导意义。计算的起振温差变化趋势与实验结果相符合,谐振管长度越长,则起振温差和起振频率与实验结果的偏差越小。3.1m长谐振管条件下计算的起振温差与实验结果的平均偏差为4.5%,最大偏差为15.2%。相应条件下起振频率偏差为3.9%。
3.驻波热声发动机的二维计算流体力学(CFD)模拟。为了深入了解起振过程中各物理量在驻波热声发动机内部各位置的分布和变化,本文采用商业CFD软件FLUENT对自行设计的驻波热声发动机进行了数值模拟,建立了二维中心对称的CFD模型。针对热声发动机中各部件尺度差别较大的问题,提出用非正则网格划分技术对模型进行了分区域网格划分,显著减少了模型中的网格数量,提高了计算效率。在定加热温度和定加热量两种条件下实现了驻波热声发动机压力增长过程的模拟和分析,并首次通过CFD方法研究了板叠温度分布对热声发动机性能的影响。结果表明板叠中部温度较高的情况下,其起振温差较低且饱和压力振幅较高,对于降低热声发动机的起振温度和提高热声发动机效率具有一定的指导意义。
4.驻波热声发动机起振和消振特性的实验研究。为了更加深入地理解热声发动机的起振特性,本文在自行设计的热声发动机实验台上进行了起振温度测量、加热过程中的频率转换、起振消振过程的红外观察等实验。通过对不同谐振管长度和不同充气压力下的起振温度和起振频率进行测量,分别对前述的基于热声网络理论和基于热力学分析法的数值模拟结果进行了验证和对比。对驻波热声发动机的频率转换特性进行了研究,首次提出用品质因子的数值作为热声发动机频率转换的判据。品质因子的计算结果与实验结果符合较好,初步证明了这种方法在判断热声发动机的频率转换时的可行性。采用红外热像仪对驻波热声发动机的板叠进行温度观测,获得了起消振过程中板叠温度分布的红外图像,并对板叠的轴向温度分布和径向温度分布进行了定量分析。通过分析不同板叠安装角度下的板叠温度分布,发现自然对流会使起振前板叠的径向温度分布不均匀,且温度分布的不均匀程度主要受充气压力的影响。系统起振后,自然对流造成的径向温度分布不均匀逐渐消失。
As a novel heat-work conversion device, the thermoacoustic engine has advantages of simple structure and environmental friendliness because it has no moving parts and uses inert working gas. The engine due to utilizing industrial waste heat and solar energe becomes more and more attractive to the field of natural gas liquefaction, electronic cooling, and gas separation etc. in recent years. The study on oscillation mechanism of a thermoacoustic engine is of importance for lowering the onset temperature and improving the thermal efficiency of the engine. Because of the complex oscillation flow and heat exchange, and the nonlinear acoustics involved in the thermoacoustic effects, the oscillation mechanism of thermoacoustic effects has not be fully understood. The following theoretical and experimental studies are carried out to reveal the oscillation mechanism of a standing wave thermoacoustic engine:
1. Simulation of a standing wave thermoacoustic engine in frequency domain based on thermoacoustic network theory. The onset conditions of a standing wave thermoacoustic engine are studied in frequency domain based on thermoacoustic network theory for further understanding of the oscillation mechanism of thermoacoustic effects. Using the control differential equations of linear thermoacoustic theory, the transfer arrays of the stack with temperature gradient are derived. Based on thermoacoustic network theory, a standing wave thermoacoustic engine is simulated. The calculation results agree well with previous experiments by Arnott, which validate the model for calculating onset frequencies and temperatures. The maximum deviation for frequency is less than1.4%, while for onset temperature difference is about17.9%. The onset temperature differences and frequencies of a self-designed standing wave thermoacoustic engine are calculated for different resonator lengths and charge pressures. The calculated onset temperature differences agree well with the experimental results qualitatively. The deviations between the calculated onset frequencies and the experimental results are2.3-4.9%. For the self-designed standing wave thermoacoustic engine in this thesis, the stack spacing is about2.7times the thermal penetration depth to reach the lowest onset temperature difference. The simulation results are constructive for optimizing the stack spacing in the standing wave thermoacoustic engine.
2. Simulation of the onset characteristics in a standing wave thermoacoustic engine in time domain based on thermodynamic analysis. In order to simulate the oscillation process of a standing wave thermoacoustic engine in time domain, a simplified physical model for the standing wave thermoacoustic engine is developed by means of converting the components analogously. The governing differential equations are deduced based on the thermodynamic and fluid dynamic analysis of the various components. The transient frictional coefficients and heat transfer coefficients, which are indispensable for the simulation in time domain, are insufficient in literatures, so most of the previous simulations have to use the formulas for steady flow. In this study, a new method based on linear thermoacoustic theory is proposed, which provides an alternative solution for calculating the pressure drop and heat transfer terms in oscillation flow. The effects of charge pressure on onset temperature with different resonator lengths are obtained. The calculated onset temperatures are in good agreement with the experiments in tendency. The results show that a longer resonator leads to smaller deviations of onset temperatures and frequencies because the effects of the compliance are less remarkable for the longer resonator. When the resonator length is3.1m, the average deviation between calculated onset temperature differences and experiments is4.5%, while the maximum deviation is15.2%. And the frequencies are about3.9%deviating from the experimental results in the same condition. The calculations indicated that the optimal stack spacing was about2.6-2.7times the thermal penetration depth, which is of significant importance for the design and optimization of the standing wave thermoacoustic engine.
3. Two-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation of a standing wave thermoacoustic engine. A self-designed standing wave thermoacoustic engine is numerically simulated using the commercial CFD program FLUENT to understand the distributions and variations of each parameters during onset process. A two-dimension axial symmetric model is developed. Considering the dimension magnitude differences for different parts in the standing wave thermoacoustic engine, the non-conformal grid technology is introduced in the model to decrease the mesh number and improve the calculation efficiency. The pressure evolution processes under the conditions of constant heating temperature and constant heating power are obtained and analyzed, respectively. The effects of temperature distribution in the stack on the performance of the thermoacoustic engine are investigated by using of CFD program. Results show that a higher middle temperature in the stack leads to a lower onset temperature and a higher saturated pressure amplitude, which is of significance for lowering the onset temperature and improving the performance of the thermoacoustic engine.
4. Experimental investigation on oscillation characteristics of a standing wave thermoacoustic engine. The onset temperature, the frequency transition characteristics, and the infrared observation on the onset and damping process are experimental investigated on the self-designed standing wave thermoacoustic engine to obtain further understanding on the oscillation characteristics. The onset temperatures and frequencies for different charge pressures and resonator lengths were measured and compared with the above simulation models based on the thermoacoustic network theory and thermodynamic analysis. The frequency transition characteristics were experimentally studied in the standing wave thermoacoustic engine. The magnitude of quality factor is first proposed to be the criterion for frequency transition. Calculations of quality factor agree well with the experiments, which indicate the feasibility of using the quality factor as the criterion of frequency transition in the engine. To study the energy flow in the stack, the stack of the self-designed standing wave thermoacoustic engine was observed using an infrared camera. The axial and radial temperature distributions during the onset and damping processes are quantitatively analyzed. The uneven temperature distribution in radial direction of the stack due to the natural convection is first observed after analyzing the infrared images for different installation angles of the stack. The results indicate that the temperature unevenness in axial direction mainly depends on the charge pressure, and the uneven temperature distribution due to natural convection will gradually disappear after the onset.
1.基于热声网络理论的驻波热声发动机频域模拟。为了更好地理解热声振荡机理,本文采用热声网络理论在频域内研究了驻波热声发动机的起振条件。从线性热声理论的控制微分方程出发,推导出存在温度梯度的板叠传输矩阵的表达式。根据热声网络理论,实现了对驻波热声发动机起振条件的预测。计算结果与Arnott的实验结果基本吻合。起振频率的最大偏差小于1.4%,起振温差的最大偏差约为17.9%,证明了该模型可用来计算起振频率和起振温差。计算了自行设计的驻波热声发动机在不同谐振管长度下的起振温差和频率随充气压力变化。起振温差的计算结果在定性上与实验相吻合,起振频率的计算值与实验结果之间的偏差为2.3-4.9%。对该台驻波热声发动机而言,最低起振温差下的板叠间距约为热渗透深度的2.6倍。该计算结果对驻波热声发动机中板叠间距的选择具有一定的参考意义。
2.基于热力学分析法的驻波热声发动机起振特性时域模拟。为了实现对热声发动机振荡过程时域模拟,本文通过将驻波热声发动机各部件进行比拟转化,对各部件进行热力学和动力学分析,建立了驻波热声发动机时域模型。在热声发动机的时域模拟中,交变流动下阻力项和换热项的计算公式是不可或缺的。然而,由于实验数据不足,以前的热声发动机模型大多采用稳定流公式进行计算。本模型中提出了一种基于线性热声理论的计算方法,为交变流动数值模拟中的阻力项和换热项的计算提供了参考。本文对不同谐振管长度和充气压力下的起振温差进行了计算。计算结果表明最佳的板叠间距应为气体热渗透深度的2.6-2.7倍,对于热声发动机的设计和性能改进有一定的指导意义。计算的起振温差变化趋势与实验结果相符合,谐振管长度越长,则起振温差和起振频率与实验结果的偏差越小。3.1m长谐振管条件下计算的起振温差与实验结果的平均偏差为4.5%,最大偏差为15.2%。相应条件下起振频率偏差为3.9%。
3.驻波热声发动机的二维计算流体力学(CFD)模拟。为了深入了解起振过程中各物理量在驻波热声发动机内部各位置的分布和变化,本文采用商业CFD软件FLUENT对自行设计的驻波热声发动机进行了数值模拟,建立了二维中心对称的CFD模型。针对热声发动机中各部件尺度差别较大的问题,提出用非正则网格划分技术对模型进行了分区域网格划分,显著减少了模型中的网格数量,提高了计算效率。在定加热温度和定加热量两种条件下实现了驻波热声发动机压力增长过程的模拟和分析,并首次通过CFD方法研究了板叠温度分布对热声发动机性能的影响。结果表明板叠中部温度较高的情况下,其起振温差较低且饱和压力振幅较高,对于降低热声发动机的起振温度和提高热声发动机效率具有一定的指导意义。
4.驻波热声发动机起振和消振特性的实验研究。为了更加深入地理解热声发动机的起振特性,本文在自行设计的热声发动机实验台上进行了起振温度测量、加热过程中的频率转换、起振消振过程的红外观察等实验。通过对不同谐振管长度和不同充气压力下的起振温度和起振频率进行测量,分别对前述的基于热声网络理论和基于热力学分析法的数值模拟结果进行了验证和对比。对驻波热声发动机的频率转换特性进行了研究,首次提出用品质因子的数值作为热声发动机频率转换的判据。品质因子的计算结果与实验结果符合较好,初步证明了这种方法在判断热声发动机的频率转换时的可行性。采用红外热像仪对驻波热声发动机的板叠进行温度观测,获得了起消振过程中板叠温度分布的红外图像,并对板叠的轴向温度分布和径向温度分布进行了定量分析。通过分析不同板叠安装角度下的板叠温度分布,发现自然对流会使起振前板叠的径向温度分布不均匀,且温度分布的不均匀程度主要受充气压力的影响。系统起振后,自然对流造成的径向温度分布不均匀逐渐消失。
As a novel heat-work conversion device, the thermoacoustic engine has advantages of simple structure and environmental friendliness because it has no moving parts and uses inert working gas. The engine due to utilizing industrial waste heat and solar energe becomes more and more attractive to the field of natural gas liquefaction, electronic cooling, and gas separation etc. in recent years. The study on oscillation mechanism of a thermoacoustic engine is of importance for lowering the onset temperature and improving the thermal efficiency of the engine. Because of the complex oscillation flow and heat exchange, and the nonlinear acoustics involved in the thermoacoustic effects, the oscillation mechanism of thermoacoustic effects has not be fully understood. The following theoretical and experimental studies are carried out to reveal the oscillation mechanism of a standing wave thermoacoustic engine:
1. Simulation of a standing wave thermoacoustic engine in frequency domain based on thermoacoustic network theory. The onset conditions of a standing wave thermoacoustic engine are studied in frequency domain based on thermoacoustic network theory for further understanding of the oscillation mechanism of thermoacoustic effects. Using the control differential equations of linear thermoacoustic theory, the transfer arrays of the stack with temperature gradient are derived. Based on thermoacoustic network theory, a standing wave thermoacoustic engine is simulated. The calculation results agree well with previous experiments by Arnott, which validate the model for calculating onset frequencies and temperatures. The maximum deviation for frequency is less than1.4%, while for onset temperature difference is about17.9%. The onset temperature differences and frequencies of a self-designed standing wave thermoacoustic engine are calculated for different resonator lengths and charge pressures. The calculated onset temperature differences agree well with the experimental results qualitatively. The deviations between the calculated onset frequencies and the experimental results are2.3-4.9%. For the self-designed standing wave thermoacoustic engine in this thesis, the stack spacing is about2.7times the thermal penetration depth to reach the lowest onset temperature difference. The simulation results are constructive for optimizing the stack spacing in the standing wave thermoacoustic engine.
2. Simulation of the onset characteristics in a standing wave thermoacoustic engine in time domain based on thermodynamic analysis. In order to simulate the oscillation process of a standing wave thermoacoustic engine in time domain, a simplified physical model for the standing wave thermoacoustic engine is developed by means of converting the components analogously. The governing differential equations are deduced based on the thermodynamic and fluid dynamic analysis of the various components. The transient frictional coefficients and heat transfer coefficients, which are indispensable for the simulation in time domain, are insufficient in literatures, so most of the previous simulations have to use the formulas for steady flow. In this study, a new method based on linear thermoacoustic theory is proposed, which provides an alternative solution for calculating the pressure drop and heat transfer terms in oscillation flow. The effects of charge pressure on onset temperature with different resonator lengths are obtained. The calculated onset temperatures are in good agreement with the experiments in tendency. The results show that a longer resonator leads to smaller deviations of onset temperatures and frequencies because the effects of the compliance are less remarkable for the longer resonator. When the resonator length is3.1m, the average deviation between calculated onset temperature differences and experiments is4.5%, while the maximum deviation is15.2%. And the frequencies are about3.9%deviating from the experimental results in the same condition. The calculations indicated that the optimal stack spacing was about2.6-2.7times the thermal penetration depth, which is of significant importance for the design and optimization of the standing wave thermoacoustic engine.
3. Two-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation of a standing wave thermoacoustic engine. A self-designed standing wave thermoacoustic engine is numerically simulated using the commercial CFD program FLUENT to understand the distributions and variations of each parameters during onset process. A two-dimension axial symmetric model is developed. Considering the dimension magnitude differences for different parts in the standing wave thermoacoustic engine, the non-conformal grid technology is introduced in the model to decrease the mesh number and improve the calculation efficiency. The pressure evolution processes under the conditions of constant heating temperature and constant heating power are obtained and analyzed, respectively. The effects of temperature distribution in the stack on the performance of the thermoacoustic engine are investigated by using of CFD program. Results show that a higher middle temperature in the stack leads to a lower onset temperature and a higher saturated pressure amplitude, which is of significance for lowering the onset temperature and improving the performance of the thermoacoustic engine.
4. Experimental investigation on oscillation characteristics of a standing wave thermoacoustic engine. The onset temperature, the frequency transition characteristics, and the infrared observation on the onset and damping process are experimental investigated on the self-designed standing wave thermoacoustic engine to obtain further understanding on the oscillation characteristics. The onset temperatures and frequencies for different charge pressures and resonator lengths were measured and compared with the above simulation models based on the thermoacoustic network theory and thermodynamic analysis. The frequency transition characteristics were experimentally studied in the standing wave thermoacoustic engine. The magnitude of quality factor is first proposed to be the criterion for frequency transition. Calculations of quality factor agree well with the experiments, which indicate the feasibility of using the quality factor as the criterion of frequency transition in the engine. To study the energy flow in the stack, the stack of the self-designed standing wave thermoacoustic engine was observed using an infrared camera. The axial and radial temperature distributions during the onset and damping processes are quantitatively analyzed. The uneven temperature distribution in radial direction of the stack due to the natural convection is first observed after analyzing the infrared images for different installation angles of the stack. The results indicate that the temperature unevenness in axial direction mainly depends on the charge pressure, and the uneven temperature distribution due to natural convection will gradually disappear after the onset.
引文
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