知识型员工工作压力与工作绩效关系研究
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摘要
工作压力是当今员工职场生活所面临的问题之一。已有研究表明,工作压力过大可能引发各种恶性后果,如抑郁症、社交冷漠症、过劳死等。最近几年来不乏报道出白领阶层中英年早逝的现象。这些现象为我们敲响了警钟,应如何应对和缓解工作压力带来的负面影响,是企业和员工都十分关心的重要问题。
本文分析了企业知识型员工的工作压力状况,并深入分析了工作压力的结构。在此基础上,分析工作压力与工作绩效的关系。已有研究表明,工作压力与工作绩效的关系受到了众多变量的调节,因此本文引入了两个重要的调节变量——自我效能和应对策略,并着重对知识型员工的工作压力、工作绩效、自我效能、应对策略关系进行了研究。具体来说,本文以工作压力源为自变量,以自我效能、应对策略为调节变量,以工作绩效为结果变量,构建了有关知识型员工的工作压力与工作绩效的理论模型,分析知识型员工工作压力与工作绩效的作用机制。
本研究的创新之处主要体现在以下几个方面：
(1)在文献分析和定性访谈的基础上,开发和检验了企业知识型员工的工作压力量表。先使用预测问卷,进行了探索性因素分析、信度分析、效度分析等方法,检验了量表的有效性和可靠性,形成了正式的企业知识型员工工作压力调查问卷。分析结果表明,量表具有较好的心理学测量特征,为相关的工作压力研究提供科学的测量工具。
(2)以前的文献中工作压力与工作绩效的关系存在众多有冲突的研究,其原因在于对工作压力结构的分析存在分歧。而本文认为必须把工作压力对工作绩效的影响分解到工作压力的不同维度,才具有理论意义和实践意义。对工作压力与工作绩效之间的关系研究,分解到不同的工作压力维度上,界定了不同工作压力源的绩效属性。
(3)本研究从自我效能和应对策略的角度出发来分析工作压力对工作绩效的影响,主要研究了两个个体差异变量——自我效能和应对策略在工作压力与工作绩效的关系中所起的作用。分析了具有不同工作自我效能感的个体,不同应对策略的个体对工作压力与工作绩效关系的影响问题。正式调查问卷的分析结果表明：工作压力在不同的人口统计学变量上存在着显著的差异；工作压力的不同维度与工作绩效的关系存在着差异；员工的工作自我效能与应对策略在工作压力与工作绩效的关系中起到了调节作用。
本研究的管理启示：
1、提出并验证了知识型员工的工作压力6维度结构,建立了知识型员工的的工作压力量表,为后续的工作压力领域相关研究提供理论支持。
2、对工作压力的人口统计学变量的分析表明,不同人口统计学特征的员工其工作压力存在差异。这为企业进行科学的工作压力诊断、工作压力分析、工作压力管理、工作压力干预提供了理论依据和具体的操作性建议。
3、员工工作自我效能和应对策略在工作压力与工作绩效之间起到了调节作用,这为企业和员工个人的工作压力管理和干预提供了理论基础。
4、本文就研究结论进行了总结,对企业的工作压力管理提出了具体的对策与建议,最后提出了研究中的不足之处,并就未来的研究进行了研究展望。
The influence of increasing work stress has become one of the important problems for employees and enterprises. High work stress can bring a lot of negative effects on employees'physiological, psychological and behavioral consequences. Such as depression, social indifference disease and death from overwork. There are some phenomena that some white-collar employees died young. All of these phenomena shocked us and alarm us to cope and management the negative effect of the work stress. It is important for enterprises and employees to pay attention to the negative effects of work stress and contain healthy mind and passionate enthusiasm for work.
The paper analyzed the state of knowledge employees'work stress in the enterprises and the structure of the work stress. The relationship of work stress and work performance is moderated by a lot of buffer variable. So the paper introduced two important moderated variables which are self-efficacy and coping strategies. The paper constructed a theoretical model by putting stressors as independent variables, self-efficacy&coping strategies as moderated variables and work'performance as outcome variables and analyzed the mechanism of work stress and work performance. Based on the literature, the paper put forward some research hypothesis and collected data through questionnaire. Then the paper conducted empirical research in order to draw some conclusions. The paper also put forward some advice for enterprises and employees. The main innovations of this research are as follows:
1、Based on the literature the paper collected the items of knowledge employees'work stress and analyzed the structure of it. The paper developed a scale of work stress and then tested its reliability and validity. The questionnaire shows good psychometric properties. The six dimension of work stress had been tested and insure the validity of questionnaire.
2、The previous conflicting results between work stress and work performance were based on the difference of work stress structure. The paper put forward that different stressor has different performance property. It indicated that the relations between work stressor and work performance must focus on different dimensions of work stress.
3、Then the paper discussed function of self-efficacy and coping strategies. The paper provided a new perspective for work stress analysis and enriched the research. It helped the enterprises and employees to manage work stress. The result showed that there were significant difference for work stressors in different demographic variables and the relationship between work stressors and work performance are different significantly. The self-efficacy and coping strategies had moderating effect on the relationship between work stress and work performance.
The practical implications for organizational management as follows:
1、The paper put forward the six dimensions of work stress and construct work stress scale and provide theoretical support for future research.
2、There were significant difference for work stress in different demographic variables. It provides theoretical foundation and specific advice for work stress management.
3、The moderating effects of self-efficacy and coping strategies are helpful for enterprises and employees to manage work stress.
4、The paper put forward some advice for enterprises and employees and the shortcomings of the research and analyzed the future research.
本文分析了企业知识型员工的工作压力状况,并深入分析了工作压力的结构。在此基础上,分析工作压力与工作绩效的关系。已有研究表明,工作压力与工作绩效的关系受到了众多变量的调节,因此本文引入了两个重要的调节变量——自我效能和应对策略,并着重对知识型员工的工作压力、工作绩效、自我效能、应对策略关系进行了研究。具体来说,本文以工作压力源为自变量,以自我效能、应对策略为调节变量,以工作绩效为结果变量,构建了有关知识型员工的工作压力与工作绩效的理论模型,分析知识型员工工作压力与工作绩效的作用机制。
本研究的创新之处主要体现在以下几个方面：
(1)在文献分析和定性访谈的基础上,开发和检验了企业知识型员工的工作压力量表。先使用预测问卷,进行了探索性因素分析、信度分析、效度分析等方法,检验了量表的有效性和可靠性,形成了正式的企业知识型员工工作压力调查问卷。分析结果表明,量表具有较好的心理学测量特征,为相关的工作压力研究提供科学的测量工具。
(2)以前的文献中工作压力与工作绩效的关系存在众多有冲突的研究,其原因在于对工作压力结构的分析存在分歧。而本文认为必须把工作压力对工作绩效的影响分解到工作压力的不同维度,才具有理论意义和实践意义。对工作压力与工作绩效之间的关系研究,分解到不同的工作压力维度上,界定了不同工作压力源的绩效属性。
(3)本研究从自我效能和应对策略的角度出发来分析工作压力对工作绩效的影响,主要研究了两个个体差异变量——自我效能和应对策略在工作压力与工作绩效的关系中所起的作用。分析了具有不同工作自我效能感的个体,不同应对策略的个体对工作压力与工作绩效关系的影响问题。正式调查问卷的分析结果表明：工作压力在不同的人口统计学变量上存在着显著的差异；工作压力的不同维度与工作绩效的关系存在着差异；员工的工作自我效能与应对策略在工作压力与工作绩效的关系中起到了调节作用。
本研究的管理启示：
1、提出并验证了知识型员工的工作压力6维度结构,建立了知识型员工的的工作压力量表,为后续的工作压力领域相关研究提供理论支持。
2、对工作压力的人口统计学变量的分析表明,不同人口统计学特征的员工其工作压力存在差异。这为企业进行科学的工作压力诊断、工作压力分析、工作压力管理、工作压力干预提供了理论依据和具体的操作性建议。
3、员工工作自我效能和应对策略在工作压力与工作绩效之间起到了调节作用,这为企业和员工个人的工作压力管理和干预提供了理论基础。
4、本文就研究结论进行了总结,对企业的工作压力管理提出了具体的对策与建议,最后提出了研究中的不足之处,并就未来的研究进行了研究展望。
The influence of increasing work stress has become one of the important problems for employees and enterprises. High work stress can bring a lot of negative effects on employees'physiological, psychological and behavioral consequences. Such as depression, social indifference disease and death from overwork. There are some phenomena that some white-collar employees died young. All of these phenomena shocked us and alarm us to cope and management the negative effect of the work stress. It is important for enterprises and employees to pay attention to the negative effects of work stress and contain healthy mind and passionate enthusiasm for work.
The paper analyzed the state of knowledge employees'work stress in the enterprises and the structure of the work stress. The relationship of work stress and work performance is moderated by a lot of buffer variable. So the paper introduced two important moderated variables which are self-efficacy and coping strategies. The paper constructed a theoretical model by putting stressors as independent variables, self-efficacy&coping strategies as moderated variables and work'performance as outcome variables and analyzed the mechanism of work stress and work performance. Based on the literature, the paper put forward some research hypothesis and collected data through questionnaire. Then the paper conducted empirical research in order to draw some conclusions. The paper also put forward some advice for enterprises and employees. The main innovations of this research are as follows:
1、Based on the literature the paper collected the items of knowledge employees'work stress and analyzed the structure of it. The paper developed a scale of work stress and then tested its reliability and validity. The questionnaire shows good psychometric properties. The six dimension of work stress had been tested and insure the validity of questionnaire.
2、The previous conflicting results between work stress and work performance were based on the difference of work stress structure. The paper put forward that different stressor has different performance property. It indicated that the relations between work stressor and work performance must focus on different dimensions of work stress.
3、Then the paper discussed function of self-efficacy and coping strategies. The paper provided a new perspective for work stress analysis and enriched the research. It helped the enterprises and employees to manage work stress. The result showed that there were significant difference for work stressors in different demographic variables and the relationship between work stressors and work performance are different significantly. The self-efficacy and coping strategies had moderating effect on the relationship between work stress and work performance.
The practical implications for organizational management as follows:
1、The paper put forward the six dimensions of work stress and construct work stress scale and provide theoretical support for future research.
2、There were significant difference for work stress in different demographic variables. It provides theoretical foundation and specific advice for work stress management.
3、The moderating effects of self-efficacy and coping strategies are helpful for enterprises and employees to manage work stress.
4、The paper put forward some advice for enterprises and employees and the shortcomings of the research and analyzed the future research.
引文
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