滋肾通络方对局灶性脑缺血大鼠神经细胞保护作用的研究
|
摘要
目的:探讨滋肾通络方对局灶性脑缺血大鼠神经细胞的保护作用。方法:用线栓法制备大脑中动脉闭塞(MCAO)大鼠模型,随机分为模型组、西药组、中药低剂量组及中药高剂量组各10只,并设假手术组。利用颅脑CT、氨基酸自动分析仪、化学法、放射免疫分析法及电镜等手段,观察滋肾通络方对MCAO大鼠病灶大小、脑组织海马区中枢神经递质(谷氨酸(Glu)、天门冬氨酸(Asp)、甘氨酸(Gly))的含量、血清一氧化氮(NO)和血浆内皮素-1(ET-1)的水平及病理形态学的改变,并用逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)和免疫组织化学方法观察滋肾通络方对代谢性谷氨酸受体1α(mGluR1α)和脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)蛋白及基因表达的影响。结果:滋肾通络方治疗20天,可明显缩小MCAO大鼠颅脑CT显示的病灶范围大小,改善大鼠神经行为异常,减少海马区脑组织兴奋性氨基酸(Glu及Asp)的含量以及Gly的含量,升高血清NO、降低血浆ET-1水平,升高NO/ET-1的比值,显著减少mGluR1α的蛋白及其mRNA含量,增加BDNF的基因表达,并明显改善神经细胞的病理形态学变化。结论:滋肾通络方可显著减少缺血性脑卒中的神经损伤,这与其下调mGluR1α的表达,促进BDNF的合成,抑制兴奋性氨基酸的神经毒作用,改善血管内皮功能等作用有关。
Objective: To observe the protective action of Nourishing Kidney and Dredging Collaterals Recipe on nerve cells of focal cerebral ischemic rats. Methods: Established middle cerebral atery occlusion rats model with suture for experiment, and the rats were divided into model group, the group of Western medicine, the low-dose and high-dose groups of Chinese medicine and sham-operated group and 10rats each group. The lesion size, pathological changes, central neurotransmitter content(Glutamic acid、Aspartic acid、Glycine)of hippocampus area, NO and ET-1 concentration of blood were measured by Brain CT, electron microscopy, amino acid analytic machine, chemical method, radio immunoassay, respectively. and we also observed the influence of Nourishing Kidney and Dredging Collaterals Recipe on the protein expression and gene expression of mGluR1αand BDNF by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) and immunohisto-chemical method. Results: Nourishing Kidney and Dredging Collaterals Recipe could significantly reduce the lesion size on brain CT, improve the neurobehavioral abnormalities in rats, reduce the content of excitatory amino acids (Glu and Asp)and Gly of brain hippocampus, increase the ratio of the serum NO concentration and the plasma ET-1 levels, reduce the expression and mRNA concent of mGluR1α, increase the gene expression of BDNF as well as obviously improve the pathomorphology changes of nerve cells after 20 days treatment. Conclusion: Nourishing Kidney and Dredging Collaterals Recipe can significantly reduce the nerve injury of ischemic stroke. This protection mechanisms may be related to the down-regulation of mGluR1αexpression,promoting the synthesis of BDNF,and preventing the neurotoxicity effect of excitatory amino acids and improving the function of vascular endothelium.
Objective: To observe the protective action of Nourishing Kidney and Dredging Collaterals Recipe on nerve cells of focal cerebral ischemic rats. Methods: Established middle cerebral atery occlusion rats model with suture for experiment, and the rats were divided into model group, the group of Western medicine, the low-dose and high-dose groups of Chinese medicine and sham-operated group and 10rats each group. The lesion size, pathological changes, central neurotransmitter content(Glutamic acid、Aspartic acid、Glycine)of hippocampus area, NO and ET-1 concentration of blood were measured by Brain CT, electron microscopy, amino acid analytic machine, chemical method, radio immunoassay, respectively. and we also observed the influence of Nourishing Kidney and Dredging Collaterals Recipe on the protein expression and gene expression of mGluR1αand BDNF by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) and immunohisto-chemical method. Results: Nourishing Kidney and Dredging Collaterals Recipe could significantly reduce the lesion size on brain CT, improve the neurobehavioral abnormalities in rats, reduce the content of excitatory amino acids (Glu and Asp)and Gly of brain hippocampus, increase the ratio of the serum NO concentration and the plasma ET-1 levels, reduce the expression and mRNA concent of mGluR1α, increase the gene expression of BDNF as well as obviously improve the pathomorphology changes of nerve cells after 20 days treatment. Conclusion: Nourishing Kidney and Dredging Collaterals Recipe can significantly reduce the nerve injury of ischemic stroke. This protection mechanisms may be related to the down-regulation of mGluR1αexpression,promoting the synthesis of BDNF,and preventing the neurotoxicity effect of excitatory amino acids and improving the function of vascular endothelium.
引文
[1]杨期东.神经病学[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2004:118.
[2]蔡紫峰,杨卓.脑缺血损伤的研究进展[J].继续医学教育,2004,18(4):53.
[3]刘永海,赵莲花.神经干细胞移植治疗大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的实验研究[J].卒中与神经疾病,2006,13(6):328-331.
[4] Veizovic T,Beech JS,Streemer P,et al. Resolution of stroke deficits following contralateral grafts of conditionaly immortal neuroepithelial stem cells[J]. Stroke,2001.32(4):1012-1019.
[5] Levi-Montalcini R.The nerve growth factor 35 year later[J].Science, 1987,237,1154-1162.
[6]李鸿钧,马雁冰,孙茂盛.胶质细胞源性神经营养因子家族研究进展.国外医学临床生物化学与检验学分册,2002,23(2):115-117.
[7] Dietrich D, Bech H, Kral T, et al. Metabotropic glutamate receptors modulate synaptic transmission in the perforant path pharmacology and localization of two distinct receptors[J].Brain Res, 1997, 767:220-227.
[8] Duvoisin RM, Zhang C, Ramonell K, et al. A novel metabotropic glutamate receptor expressed in the retina and olfactory bulb[J].J Neurosci, 1995,15:3075-3083.
[9] Shashidaran P, Hnutley GW, Murray JW, et al. Immunohistochermical localization of the neuron-specific glutamate transporter EAACl, EAAT in rat brain and spinal cordrevealed by a novel monoclonal antibody[J]. Brain Res, 1997, 773: 139-148.
[10] Nicholls D, Atwell D. The release and uptake of excitatory amino acids[J]. Treads Pharmacol Sci,1990,11: 462-468.
[11] Takeshi M, KatayanmaY, Kawamata T, et al Mechanisms of excitatory amino acid release in contused brain tissue:effects of hypothermia and in situ administration of CO2+ on extracellular levels of glutamate[J]. Neurotrauma,1998,15(9): 655-664.
[12]高灿,纵艳艳,张光毅.谷氨酸损伤大鼠皮层神经元及抑制钙/钙调蛋白依赖性蛋白激酶活性[J].中国药理学与毒理学杂志,2000,14:202-206.
[13] Urush itan i M, N akamizo T, InoueR,et al N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor mediated mito-chondrialCa2+ overload in acute excitotoxicmotor neuron death a mechanism distinct from chronic neurotoxicity after Ca2+ influx[J]. Neursci Res,2001,63:377-387.
[14] Ankarcrona M, Dypbukt M,Bonfoco EB, et al Glutamate- induced neuronal death a succession of necrosis or apoptosis depending on mitochondrial function[J].Neuro,1995,15:961-973.
[15] Testa CM, Standaert DG. Landwehrmeyer GB,et al. Differential expression of mG1uR5 Metabotropic glutamate receptors mRNA by rat striatal neurons. J Comp Neurol,1995,354:241-252.
[16] Sommer C, Roth SU, Kuhn R, Kiessling M. Metabotropic glutamate receptor subtypes are differentially expressed after transient cerebral ischemia without, during and after tolerance induction in the gerbil hippocampus [J]. Brain Res 2000,872:172-180.
[17] Folbergrova J, Haugvicova R , Mares P. Attenuation of seizures induced by homocysteic acid in immature rats by metabotropic glutamate groupⅡand groupⅢreceptor agonists[J]. Brain Res 2001,908:120-129.
[18] Pin JP ,Duvoisin R. The metabotropic glutamate receptors : structure and functions[J] .Neuropharmacology,1995,34:1-26.
[19] Blaabjerg M,Kristensen BW,Bonde C , et al . The metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist 1S ,3R-ACPD stimulates and modulates NMDA receptor mediated excitotoxicity in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures[J]. Brain Res,2001,898:91-104.
[20] Caccamo D,Campisi A,Curro M, et al. Excitotoxic and post-ischemic neurodegeneration:Involvement of transglutaminases[J].Amino Acids. 2004,27(3-4):373-379
[21] Peter Lipton. Ischemic Cell Death in Brain Neurons[J]. Physiol. Rev, 1999,79:1431-1568.
[22] Tenneti L,D'Emilia DM, Troy CM, et al. Role of caspases in N-methyl -D-aspartate-induced apoptosis in cerebrocortical neurons[J].J Neurochem,1998,71(3):946-959.
[23] Paul T, Akins, Philip K, et al. Immediate Early Gene Expression in Response to Cerebral Ischemia,Friend or foe?[J]. Stroke, 1996, 27: 1682- 1687.
[24] Cho S, Park EM, KimY, et al.Early c-fos induction after cerebral ischimia: a possible neuroprotective role[J].J Cereb Blood Flow Metab,2001,21 (5):550-556.
[25] Andreasson KI, Kaufmann WE. Role of immediate early gene expression in cortical morphogenesis and plasticity [J]. Results Probl Cell Differ, 2002, 39:113-137.
[26] Wong HR, Ryan M, Wispe JR, et al. The heat shock response inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression by blocking I kappa-B degradation and NF-Kappa-B nuclear translocation[J]. bichem Biophys Res Commun, 1997, 231(2):257-263.
[27] Okubo A, Kinouchi H, Owada Y,et al. Simultaneouls induction of mitochondrial heat shock protein mRNAs in rat forebrain ischemia[J]. Brain Res Mol Brain Res,2000, 84(1-2):127-134.
[28] Bischorner R, Adjodah D, Schwab JM, et al. Long-term expression of heme oxygenase-1(HO-I,HSP32) following focal cerebral infarctions and traumatic brain injury in humans[J]. Acta Neuropathol(Berl),2000,100 (4):377-384.
[29] Carlson NG, Wieggel WA,Chen J, et al. Inflammatory cytokines IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha impart neuroprotection to an excito- toxinthrough distinctpathways[J]. J.Immunol,1999,163:3963-3968.
[30] Clark WM,et al.Time course of IL-6 expression in experimental CNS ischemia[J].Neurol Res,1999,21(3):287-292.
[31] Hirshberg DL, Yoles E, Belkin M, et al. Inflammation after axonal injury has conflicting consequences for recovery of function: rescue of sparedaxonsi simpaired but regeneration is supported[J]. J Neuroimmunol, 1994,50(1):9-16.
[32] Liebetran M,Martens H,Thomassen N,et al.Calpain inhibitor A-558693 in experimental focal cerebral ischemia in rats[J].Neurol Res,2005,27 (5):466-470.
[33] Neumar RW,Meng FH,Mills AM,et al.Calpain activity in rat brain after transient forbrain ischemia[J].Exp Neurol,2001,170(1):27-35.
[34]郝延磊,蒲传强,张凤英,等.实验性脑缺血模型脑组织微血管细胞间粘附分子-1表达的研究[J].中华神经科杂志,1998,31(2):105.
[35]吴珊,董为伟,董佑忠.局灶脑缺血再灌流后ICAM-1表达于白细胞浸润[J].中风与神经病杂志,2000,17(l):5-7.
[36] Iadecola C. Bright and dark sides of nitric oxide in ischemic brain injury[J]. J Trends Neurosci,1997,20(3)∶132-139.
[37] Dobrucki LW , Kalinowski L , Uracz W , et al. The protection role of nitric oxide in the brain ischemia[J].Physiol Pharmacol, 2000, 51 (4Pt1)∶695- 703.
[38] Brune B,Knethen A,Sandau KB.Transcription factorsp 53 and HIF-1αas targets of nitric oxide[J].Cell Signal,2001,13(8)∶525-533.
[39] Robertson GS, Crocker SJ , Nicholson DW , et al. Neuroprotection by the inhibition of apoptosis[J]. Brain Pathol,2000,10(2)∶283-292.
[40] Flamm ES, Demopoulos HB, Seligman ML, et al.Free radicals in cerebral ischemia[J].Stroke,1978,9:445-447.
[41] Pak H. Chan PhD. Role of Oxidants in Ischemic Brain Damage [J]. Stroke, 1996,27:1124-1129.
[42] Hermes A. Kontos. Oxygen Radicals in Cerebral Ischemia, The 2001 Willis Lecture[J].Stroke,2001,32:2712-2716.
[43] Sugawara T, Chan PH. Reactive oxygen radicals and pathogenesis ofneuronal death after cerebral ischemia[J].Antioxid Redox Signal, 2003, 5(5):597-607.
[44] Chan PH. Reactive oxyen radicals in signaling and damage in the ischemic brain[J]. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab,2001,21(1):2-14.
[45] D'Ambrosio AL, Pinsky DJ, Connolly ES. The role of the complement cascade in ischemia/reperfusion injury: implications for neuroprotection[J]. Mol Med.2001,7(6):367-82.
[46]张清华,崔元孝.补体在缺血性脑血管病中的作用机制研究进展[J].山东医药,2005,45(1):64-65.
[47] van Beek J,Elward K, Gasque P Activation of complement in the central nervous system: roles in neurodegeneration and neuroprotection[J]. Ann N Y Acad Sci.2003,992:56-71.
[48] Alexander G, Yakovlev, Alan I, et al. Mechanisms of Neural Cell Death:Implications for Development of Neuroprotective Treatment Strategies [J]. NeuroRx 2004,1:5-16
[49] Ferrer I, Planas AM. Signaling of cell death and cell survival following focal cerebral ischemia: life and death struggle in the penumbra[J]. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol,2003,62(4):329-39.
[50] Taku Sugawara, Miki Fujimura, Nobuo Noshita, et al. Neuronal Death/ Survival Signaling Pathways in Cerebral Ischemia[J]. Neurorx, 2004, 1(1): 17-25.
[51] Mittmann T,QüM,Zilles K,et al.Long term cellular dysfunction after focal cerebral isehemic:in vitro analyses[J].Neurosciene,1998,85(1):15-27.
[52] Neumann Haefelin T,Staiger FJ, Redecker C,et al.lmmuno-histoche mical evidence for dysregulation of the GABAergic system ipsilateral to photochemicnlly induced cortical infarcts in rats[J].Neuroscience,1998, 87(4):871-879.
[53] Redecker C,Wang W,Fritschy JM,et al.Widespread and long-lasting alteration in GABA(A)-recept or subtypes after focal cortical infarctsin rats:mediation by NMDA-dependent processes[J].J Cere Blood Flow Metab, 2002,22(2):1463-1475.
[54] Alicke B,Schwartz Bloom RD.Rapid down regulation of GABAA receptors in the gerbil hippocampus following transient cerebral ischemica[J].J Neurochem,1995,65:2808-2811.
[55] Sommer C,Fahrner A,Kiessling M.Postischemic neuroprotection in the ischemiar to lerant state gerbil hippocampus is associated with increased ligand binding to inhibitory GABA(A) receptors[J].Acta Neuropathol(Berl),2003,105(3):197-202.
[56] Li H,Siegel RE,Schwartz RD.Rapid decline of GABA-A receptor subunit mRNA expression in hippocampus following transient cerebral ischemia in the gerbil[J].Hippocampus,1993,3:527-537.
[57] Gabriel EM,Inglefield JR,Chadwick L E,et al.Ischemia injury and extracellular amino acid accumulation in hippocampal area CA1 are not dependent upon an intact septo-hippocampl pathway[J].Brain Res,1998,785: 279-286.
[58] Johnson JW,Ascher P.Glycine potentiates the NMDA response in cultured mouse brain neurons[J].Nature,1987,325(5):529-531.
[59] Ohtani K, Tanaka H, Yasuda H, et al. Blocking the glycine-binding site of NMDA receptors prevents the progression of ischemic pathology induced by bilateral carotid artery occlusion in spontaneously hypertensive rats[J]. Brain Res, 2000,871:311-318.
[60] Saransaari P, Oja SS. Characteristics of hippocampal glycine release in cell-damaging conditions in the adult and developing mouse[J]. Neurochem Res,2001,26:845-852.
[61] Davis SM,Lees KR,Albers GW,et al.Selfotel in Acute Ischemic Stroke: Possible Neurotoxic Effects of an NMDA Antagonist[J].Stroke,2000, 31(2): 347-354.
[62] Sacco RL,DeRose JT,Haley E,et al.Glycine Antagonist in Neuroprotec- tionfor Patients With Acute Stroke:GAIN Americas:A Randomized Controlled Ttial[J].JAMA.2001,285(13):1719-1728.
[63]叶瑞东,韩军良,赵钢.缺血性脑卒中急性期神经保护治疗的研究进展[J].第四军医大学学报,2008,29(20):1917-1920.
[64] Bond A , Oneill MJ , Hicks CA , et al . Neuroprotective effects of a systemically active groupⅡmetabotropic glutamate receptor agonist LY354740 in a gerbil model of global ischemia[J]. Neuroreport, 1998, 9(6) 1191-1193.
[65] Henrich-Noack P , Hatton CD , Reymann KG. The mGlu receptor ligand (s) -4C3HPG protects neurons after global ischaemia in gerbils[J]. Neuro Report 1998,9 :985-988.
[66] Shuaib A, Breker-KlassenMM. Inhibitory mechanisms in cerebral ischemia: a brief review[J]. Neurosci Biobehav Rev,1997, 21(2):219-226.
[67] DienerHC, CortensM, FordG, et al.Lubeluzole in acute ischemic stroke treatment A double-blind study with an 8-hour inclusion window comparing a 10-mg daily dose of lubeluzole with placebo[J]. Stroke, 2000, 31(11): 2543-2551.
[68] Lyden P.Shuaib A,Ng K,et al,Clomecthiazole Acute Stroke Study in Ischemic Stroke(CLASS-1):Final Results[J].Stroke,2002,33(1):122-128.
[69]国家药典委员会.中华人民共和国药典(二部)[M].北京:化学工业出版社, 2000,309-310.
[70] SpagnoliA , TognoniG. Cerebroactive drugs: clinical pharmaco logy and therapeutic role in cerebrovascular disorders[J]. Drugs,1983,26: 44-69.
[71] Muller WE,Eckert GP, Eckert A. Piracetam: novelty in a unique mode of action[J]. Pharmacopsychiat,1999,32(Suppl):2-9.
[72] MaulerF, Fahrig T, Horvath E,et al.Inhibition ofevoked glutamate release by the neuroprotective 5-HT(1A) receptor agonist BAY x 3702 in vitro and in vivo[J]. Brain Res, 2001, 888(1):150-157.
[73] Endres M,Fan G,Hirt L,et al.Ischemic brain damaga in mice afterfor Patients With Acute Stroke:GAIN Americas:A Randomized Controlled Ttial[J].JAMA.2001,285(13):1719-1728.
[63]叶瑞东,韩军良,赵钢.缺血性脑卒中急性期神经保护治疗的研究进展[J].第四军医大学学报,2008,29(20):1917-1920.
[64] Bond A , Oneill MJ , Hicks CA , et al . Neuroprotective effects of a systemically active groupⅡmetabotropic glutamate receptor agonist LY354740 in a gerbil model of global ischemia[J]. Neuroreport, 1998, 9(6) 1191-1193.
[65] Henrich-Noack P , Hatton CD , Reymann KG. The mGlu receptor ligand (s) -4C3HPG protects neurons after global ischaemia in gerbils[J]. Neuro Report 1998,9 :985-988.
[66] Shuaib A, Breker-KlassenMM. Inhibitory mechanisms in cerebral ischemia: a brief review[J]. Neurosci Biobehav Rev,1997, 21(2):219-226.
[67] DienerHC, CortensM, FordG, et al.Lubeluzole in acute ischemic stroke treatment A double-blind study with an 8-hour inclusion window comparing a 10-mg daily dose of lubeluzole with placebo[J]. Stroke, 2000, 31(11): 2543-2551.
[68] Lyden P.Shuaib A,Ng K,et al,Clomecthiazole Acute Stroke Study in Ischemic Stroke(CLASS-1):Final Results[J].Stroke,2002,33(1):122-128.
[69]国家药典委员会.中华人民共和国药典(二部)[M].北京:化学工业出版社, 2000,309-310.
[70] SpagnoliA , TognoniG. Cerebroactive drugs: clinical pharmaco logy and therapeutic role in cerebrovascular disorders[J]. Drugs,1983,26: 44-69.
[71] Muller WE,Eckert GP, Eckert A. Piracetam: novelty in a unique mode of action[J]. Pharmacopsychiat,1999,32(Suppl):2-9.
[72] MaulerF, Fahrig T, Horvath E,et al.Inhibition ofevoked glutamate release by the neuroprotective 5-HT(1A) receptor agonist BAY x 3702 in vitro and in vivo[J]. Brain Res, 2001, 888(1):150-157.
[73] Endres M,Fan G,Hirt L,et al.Ischemic brain damaga in mice afterfactormobilizes bone marrow stem cells in patientswith subacute ischemic stroke: the Stem cell Trial of recovery EnhanceMent after Stroke (STEMS) pilot randomized,controlled trial (ISRCTN16784092)[J].Stroke, 2006,37 (12):2979- 2983.
[84] Bath PM, Sprigg N. Colony stimulating factors(including erythro -poietin, granulocyte colony stimulating factor and analogues) for stroke[J]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2007,18(2):CD005207.
[85] Horn J,Limburg M.Calcium Antagonists for Ischemic Storke:A Sytematic Review[J].Stroke.2001,32(2):570-576.
[86] Hom J,de Haan RJ,Vermeulen M,et al.Very Early Nimodipine Use in Stroke(VENUS):A randomized,Double-Blind[J].Placebo-Controlled Trial Stroke,2001,32(2):461-465.
[87] Marshall J,Cummings R,Bowes LJ,et al,Functional and Histological Evidence for the Protective Effect of NXY-059 in a Primate Model of Stroke When Given 4 Hours After Occlusion[J].Stroke, 2003,34(9):2228-2233.
[88] Lees KR,Barer D,Ford GA,et al.Tolerability of NXY-059 at Higher Target Concentrations in Patients With Acute Stroke[J].Stroke,2003,34(2): 482-487.
[89] SamdaniAF, Dawson TM, Dawson VL. Nitric oxide synthase in models of focal ischemia[J].Stroke,1997,28(6):1283-1288.
[90] Nagayama M, Niwa K, Nagayama T,et al.The cyclooxygenase- 2inhibitor NS-398 ameliorates ischemic brain injury in wild-type mice but not in mice with deletion of the inducible nitric oxide synthase gene[J]. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab,1999,19(11):1213-1219.
[91] Tanaka M.Pharmacological and clinical profile of the free radical scavenger edaravone as a neuroprotective agent[J].Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi- Folia Pharmacologica Japonica.2002,119(5):301-308.
[92] The edaravone acute drain infarction study group(chair:EⅡchi Otomo, MD).Effect of a novel free radical scavenger,edravone(MCI-186),on acutebrain infarction randomized, placebo-controlled,double-blind study at multicenters[J].Cerebrovascular Disease.2003,15(3):222-229.
[93] Enlimomab Acute Stroke Ttial Investigators.Use of anti-ICAM-1 therapy in ischemic stroke: Results of the Enlimomab Acute Stroke Trial[J]. Neurology.2001,57(8):1428-1434.
[94] Funuya K.Takeda H,Azhar S,et al.Examination of Several Potential Mechanisms for the Negative Outcome in a Clinical Stroke Trial of Enlimomab.a Murine Anti-Human Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 Antibody:A Bedside- to-Bench Study[J].Stroke.2001,32(11):2665-2674.
[95]陈惠玲,罗祖明,何俐.抗白细胞药物在保护大鼠局灶性脑缺血中的时间窗研究[J].临床神经病学杂志,1999,12(2):17.
[96] Relton JK, Martin D, Thompson RC,et al.Peripheral adminis-tration of Interleukin-1 Receptor antagonist inhibits brain damage after focal cerebral ischemia in the rat[J]. Exp Neuro,1996,138(2):206-213.
[97] Loddick SA, RothwellNJ. Neuroprotective effects of human recombinant interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in focal cerebral ischaemia in the rat[J]. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab,1996,16(5):932-940.
[98]张晓琴,徐艳,赵发国.大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤的炎症机制及药物干预[J].中国神经免疫学和神经病学杂志,2001,8(2):5.
[99] Gillardon F, Kiprianova I, Sandkuhler J,et al.Inhibition of caspases prevents cell death of hippocampalCA1 neurons, but not impairment of hippocampal long-term potentiation following global ischemia[J]. Neuroscience, 1999,93(4):1219-1222.
[100] Krupinski J, Lopez E, Marti E,et al.Expression ofcaspases and their substrates in the rat model of focal cerebral ischemia[J]. Neurobiol Dis, 2000, 7(4):332-342.
[101] Dirnagl U, Iadecola C, MoskowitzMA. Pathobiology of ischaemic stroke an integrated view[J]. Trends Neurosci 1999, 22(9):391-397.
[102] Yi W,Shao HY.Ran L,et al.Estrogen attenuates nuclear factor-kappa Bactivation induced by transient cerebral ischemia[J].Brain Research, 2004,1008 (2):147-154.
[103] Liu R,Yang SH,Perez E.et al.Neuroprotective Effects of a Novel Non-Receptor-Binding Estrogen Analogue,In Vitro and In Vivo Analysis [J]. Stroke,2002,33(10):2485-2491.
[104]姚一,黄民权.谷氨酸受体过度激活拮抗剂神经节苷脂GM1[J].国外医学脑血管疾病分册,2001,9(1):36-37.
[105] Avrova NF , Shestak KI , Zakharova IO , et al . The use of antioxidants to prevent glutamate -induced derangement of calciumion metabolism in rat cerebral cortex synaptosomes[J].Neurosci Behav Physiol,2000,30 (5):535-541.
[106] Karpiak SE , Wakade CG, Tagliavia A , et al . Temporal changes in edema , Na+ ,K+ , and Ca2+ in focal cortical stroke : GMl ganglioside reduces ischemic injury[J]. J Neurosci Res,1991,30:512-520.
[107] Domanska-Janik K, Zalewska T. Effect of brain ischemia on protein kinase C[J]. J Neurochem, 1992,58:1432-1439.
[108] Davatos A,Castillo J,Alvarez SJ,et al.Oral Citicoline in Acute Ischemic Stroke:An Individual Patient Data Pooling Analysis of Clinical Trials[J].Stroke,2002,33(12):2850-2857.
[109] Rogalewski A, Schneider A, Ringelstein EB, et al. Toward a multi-modal neurop rotective treatment of stroke[J]. Stroke,2006,37(4):1129- 1136.
[110]王永炎主编,中医内科学[M].上海科学技术出版社,1997: 124-128.
[111]林松波,连祺周,梁晖,等.急性脑梗死患者血管内皮细胞活性因子的变化和活血化瘀对其影响的临床观察[J].中国中西医结合杂志,1998,18 (7):392-395.
[112]吴玉生,姜立平.补阳还五汤对早期脑梗死患者血浆内皮素、降钙素基因相关肽代谢失衡的临床研究[J].中国中西医结合杂志,1998,18(7):396-398.
[113]张继平,李长龄,郭欣欣,等.补阳还五汤对大鼠动脉血栓形成前后动脉血中血小板活化因子含量的影响[J].中国中西医结合杂志.1998,18(12):730-732.
[114]马云枝,周晓卿.利水通络方药治疗急性脑梗死120例临床观察[J].天津中医药,2004,21(1):24-25.
[115]张春燕,李亚明.培元活血通络法对缺血性中风神经功能缺损的治疗效果分析[J].现代康复,2001,5(7):117.
[116]杨亚平,李颖慧.滋阴通络法治疗缺血性中风55例分析[J].四川中医,2003, 21(3):48-49.
[117]李佑生,胡学军,伍大华,等.熄风通络法为主治疗急性脑梗死126例总结[J].湖南中医杂志,2002,18(3):2-3.
[118]朱敏,林新峰,左俊岭,等.通络法治疗中风急性期73例疗效观察[J].新中医,2003,35(8):38-39.
[119]周志申.通络法在治疗中风中的应用[J].河南中医,2004,24(2):56-57.
[120]贺文彬,张俊龙,陈乃宏.补肾方含药血清促进PC12细胞增殖及其拮抗谷氨酸神经毒作用的研究[J]中国中医基础医学杂志,2005,11(3):184-188.
[121]唐一鹏,孙承琳,洪庆涛.中药“健脑液”对培养神经细胞迟发性损伤的保护作用[J].北京中医药大学学报,1995, 18(2):26-29.
[122]谢宁,邹纯朴,高长玉,等.地黄饮子对海马神经元损伤即早基因c-jun和c-fos表达的影响[J].中国中医基础医学杂志,2004,10(6),27-29.
[123]何华,王桂香,钟士江,等.地黄饮子对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用[J].山东医药,2006,46(4),28-29.
[124]王利军,白丽敏,张忠,等.地黄饮子对脑缺血后大鼠海马BDNF的影响[J].北京中医药大学学报,2004,27(4),64-67.
[125]吴以岭主编.络病理论科学求证[M].北京:科学出版社,2007.33.
[126]赵玲,李雅莉,张丽,等.何首乌提取物对脑缺血致神经细胞凋亡的影响[J].中国药理通讯,2007,24(2):15.
[127]徐承水.何首乌醇提物对家兔红细胞膜磷脂成分及电泳率的影响[J].上海中医药大学学报,2000,14(3):57-58.
[128]李韬,张树球,李朝敢,等.元首口服液对家兔血清磷脂酰胆碱,胆固醇酰基转移酶活性的影响[J].右江民族医学院学报,1997,19(3):363-365.
[129]戴友平,唐国华,郭衍坤.何首乌提取液对犬心肌缺血再灌注损伤的预防作用实验研究[J].中国生化药物杂志,1998,19(2):79-81.
[130]吕金胜,孟德胜,向明凤,等.何首乌抗动物急性炎症的初步研究[J].中国药房,2001,12(12):712-714.
[131]姚谦明,蒋宇刚,何启.何首乌对脑细胞Bcl-2基因表达的影响[[J].现代临床医学生物工程学杂志,2002,8(2): 83-86.
[132]张志英,王绍坤,刘荣建,等.神经降压肽神经元的衰老变化及何首乌的抗衰老作用[J].中国老年学杂志,1997,17(4):227-228.
[133]王访,张有权.抗衰老中药的药理研究近况[J].时珍国医国药,2002,13(4):236-237.
[134]龙子江,李中南,宿秀兰,等.白芍活血化淤作用的现代药理实验研究[J].安徽中医学院学报,1984,(2):42-44.
[135]章家胜,王瑜,王永祥,等.白芍总甙耐缺氧作用的实验研究[J].中国药理学通报,1989,5(3):172-176.
[136]高崇凯,吴雁,王勇,等.白芍总苷粉针剂的抗炎镇痛作用[J].中国新药药理与临床药理,2002,13(3):163-165.
[137]周强,粟占国.白芍总苷的药理作用及其在自身免疫性疾病中的应用[J].中国新药与临床杂志,2003,22(11):687-691.
[138]陈刚,郭莉霞,邓小红,等.白芍总苷对巨噬细胞一氧化氮和诱导型一氧化氮合酶生成的影响及其机制研究[J].2008,24(4):345-347.
[139]梁君山,魏伟,周爱武,等.白细胞介素I的检侧及白芍总甙对其产生的影响[J].中国药理学通报,1989,5(6):354.
[140]梁旻若,刘倩娴,辛达愉,等.白芍药的抗炎免疫药理作用研究[J].新中医,1989,(3):51-53.
[141]王永祥,陈敏珠,徐叔云.白芍总甙的镇痛作用.中国药理学与毒理学杂志[J],1988,2(1):6-9.
[142]江苏新医学院.中药大辞典(上册)[M].上海:上海人民出版社,1975:1094.
[143]张雷,邓同乐,严伟民,等.山楂叶总黄酮对脑缺血的保护作用[J].上海中医药杂志,2004,38(8):55-57.
[144]黄沛力,曾绍晖.银杏叶、山楂叶对氧自由基的清除作用[J].中国中药杂志,1996,21(4):245.
[145]曾绍晖,颂晓虹,赵彪.山楂叶茶水提取物抗氧自由基作用的研究[J].首都医科大学学报,1996,21(14):245.
[146]姜开余,顾振纶,阮长耿.WH505对实验性血栓形成的影响及其他作用机制[J].中成药,2000,22(11):782.
[147]方文贤.医用中药药理学[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,1998:328.
[148]林秋实,陈吉棣.山楂及山楂黄酮预防大鼠脂质代谢紊乱的分子机制研究[J].营养学报,2000,22(2):131.
[149]高莹,肖颖.山楂及山楂黄酮提取物调节大鼠血脂的效果研究[J].中国食品卫生杂志,2002,14(3)∶14-16.
[150]王丽先.山楂治疗高血脂症31例临床观察[J].陕西中医学院学报,2000,23(3)∶34.
[151]董昆山.现代临床中药学[M].北京:中国中医药出版社,1998:328.
[152]沈映君.中药药理学[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2000:574.
[153] JIN M,WU W,CHEN W M,et al. Inhibition of safflor yellow against platelet activating factor binding to its receptor[J].Chin Pharm J,2001,36 (3): 167-169.
[154]臧宝霞,金鸣,司南,等.羟基红花黄色素A对血小板活化因子的拮抗作用[J].药学学报,2002,37(9):696-699.
[155]金鸣,高子淳,王继峰.羟基红花黄色素A抑制PAF诱发的家兔血小板活化的研究[J].北京中医药大学学报,2004,27(5):32-35.
[156]陈文梅,金鸣,吴伟,等.红花黄色素抑制血小板激活因子介导的血小板活化作用的研究[J].中国药学杂志,2000,35(11):741-744.
[157]陈希元,马军,阿不力克木.红花黄素对大鼠动脉血浆中6-Keto-PGF1a和TXB2含量的影响[J].中国药理学通报,1996,12(6):483.
[158]李江伟.红花黄色素对家兔血浆纤溶酶原激活剂及抑制剂水平的影响[J].中草药,1999,30(2):128-129.
[159]陆粱,胡书群,张光毅.黄色素抑制血管平滑肌细胞增殖与3种蛋白激酶的关系[J].药学学报,2000, 35(3):169-172.
[160]谷淑玲,胡书群,赵文君,等.红花黄色素对兔主动脉平滑肌细胞增殖的抑制作用[J].徐州医学院学报,1996,16(4):350-352.
[161]张前,牛欣,闫妍,等.羟基红花黄色素A对体外培养人脐静脉内皮细胞增殖的抑制作用[J].中国医药学报,2004,19(6):379-381.
[162]张前,牛欣,闫妍,等.羟基红花黄色素A抑制新生血管形成的机制研究[J].北京中医药大学学报,2004,27(3):25-29.
[163]金鸣,李金荣,吴伟.红花黄色素抗氧化作用的研究[J].中国中药杂志,2004, 29(5):447-449.
[164]欧芹,朴金花,张鹏霞,等.红花黄色素对衰老模型小鼠肝线粒体膜磷脂影响的实验研究[J].中医药学报,2004,32(1):48-50.
[165]陈文梅,金鸣,李金荣,等.红花黄色素对羟自由基损伤抗凝血酶Ⅲ的保护作用[J].心肺血管病杂志,1998,17(3):215-217.
[166] Toshihiro A,Hirotoshi O,Toshitake T,et al.Ery tho-hentriacon-tane -6,8-diol and 11 other alkance-6,8-diols from carthanus tinctotius[J]. Phytochemistry,1994,369(1):105.
[167]刘发,魏苑,杨新中,等.红花黄素对高血压大鼠的降压作用及对肾素-血管紧张素的影响[J].药学学报,1992,27(10):785-786.
[168]黄正良,崔祝梅,高其铭.红花黄色素降压作用及机理的初步分析[J].中成药研究,1986(7):27-29.
[169]齐文萱,郑云霞,魏适武,等.红花黄色素对家兔血脂及肝功能的影响[J].兰州医学院学报,1987(3):57-59.
[170]张琼,陈志扬,吴林彬,等.红花黄色素冻干粉针剂与红花黄色素滴注液治疗冠心病心绞痛(心血瘀阻症)的临床非劣性实验[J].中国循证医学杂志,2005, 5(4):276-285.
[171]屈志炜,吴俊芳,王洁.脑复康对大鼠局灶性脑缺血引起的脑水肿及神经功能变化的影响[J].中国临床神经外科杂志,2006,11(1):41-43.
[172]张育华.吡拉西坦对急性脑梗死患者神经功能缺损的疗效观察[J].中国医院药学杂志,2005,25(5):452-453.
[173] Kessler J, Thiel A,Karbe H,et al.Piracetam improves activated blood flowand facilitates rehabilitation of poststroke aphasic patients[J]. Stroke,2000,32:2112-2116.
[174] Zea Longa EL, Weinstein PR, Carlson S, et al. Reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion without craniotomy in the rats[J]. Stroke, 1989, 20: 84-91.
[175] Nishimura H,Naritomi H,Iwamoto Y et al.In vivo evaluation of antiplatelet agents in gerbil model of Carotid artery thrombosis [J]. Stroke,1996,27(6):1099-1104.
[176] Laidley D T,Colbourne F,Corbett D.Increased behavioral and histological variability arising from changes in cerebrovascular anatomy of the Mongolian gerbil[J].J Curr Neurovasc Res,2005,2(5):401-407.
[177]李大元,丁文惠,赵丽,等.简易快速的大鼠动脉血栓形成模型[J].中国介入心脏病学杂志,1996,4: 129-131.
[178] Wang L C,Furel N,Wang D Z et al.A reproducible model of middle cerebral infarcts compatible with long term survival in aged rats[J].J Stroke,1995,26:2087-2090.
[179]李红戈,张茂悦,童萼塘,等.光化学诱导人鼠脑皮质梗塞模型的研究[J].卒中与神经疾病,1996, 3(3):126.
[180]杨渊,郭端友,张苏明,等.光化学诱导老年大鼠局灶性脑梗塞模型的研究[J].中国老年学杂志,2001,21(1):35-38.
[181] Koizumi J,Yoshida Y,Nakazawa T et al.Experimental studies of ischemic brain edema:a new experimental model of cerebral embdish in rats in which recirculation can be introduced in the ischemic aren[J].Japan J Stroke,1986,8(4):1-9.
[182] Fuxe K,kurosawa N,Cintra A,et al. Involvement of local ischemia in endothelin-1 induced lesions of the neostriatum of the anaesthetized rat[J].Exp Brain Res,1992,88(1):131-139.
[183] Hockfield S, Mckay RD. G.Identification of major cell classes in the developing mammalian nervous system[J]. J Neurosci,1985,5:3310-3328.
[184] Feeney DM, Gonzalez A, Law WA. Amphetamine, haloperidol and experience interact to affect rate of recovery after motor cortex injury[J]. Science,1982,217(4562):855-857.
[185] HeissWD.Best measure of ischemic penumbra: Positron emission tomography [J].Stroke,2003,34:2534-2535.
[186] Kirino T. Delayed neuronal death in the gerbil hippocampus following ischemia[J]. Brain Res,1982,239:57-69.
[187]吴秀枝,曾庆杏,李承晏等主编.神经病理学彩色图谱[M].北京,人民卫生出版社.2002年.
[188] Bredesen DE. Neural apoptosis[J]. Ann Neurol, 1995, 38: 839-851
[189]赵刚,李树清.兴奋性氨基酸毒性与缺血性脑损伤[J].国外医学脑血管疾病分册,2004,12(6):426-429.
[190] Nicoletti F ,Bruno V ,Copani A , et al . Metabotropic glutamate receptors: a new target for the therapy of neurodegenerative disorders [J].Trends Neurosci,1996,19 :267-271.
[191] Opitz T ,Richter P ,Reymann KG. The metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist(-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine)protects hippocampal CA1 neurons of the rat from in vitro hypoxia/hypoglycemia[J]. Neurophar- macology,1994,33:715-717.
[192] Henrich-Noack P ,Hatton CD ,Reymann KG. The mGlu receptor ligand(s)- 4C3HPG protects neurons after global ischemia in gerbils[J]. Neuro- Report,1998,9:985-988.
[193]郝玉曼,罗祖明,周东,等.代谢型谷氨酸受体1α在大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤中的基因表达变化[J].中华老年心脑血管病杂志,2004,6(2):119-122.
[194] Marini AM ,Jiang X ,Wu X ,et al . Role of brain-derived neuro-trophic factor and NF-kappaB in neuronal plasticity and survival :From genes to phenotype[J]. Restor Neurol Neurosci. 2004,22(2):121-130.
[195] Zhu D ,Wu X ,Strauss KI ,el al. N-met hyl-D-aspartate and TrkB receptors protect neurons against glutamate excitotoxicity through an extrace-llular signal-regulated kinase pathway[J].Neurosci Res.2005,80(1): 104-113.
[196] Ying SX,Cheng JS.Effect of electro-acupunture on c-fos expression in gerbil hippcampus during transient global ischemia[J].Acupunct Electrother Res,1994,19:207-213.
[197] Barde YA,Edger D,Thoenen H.Puritication of a new neurotro- phicfactor from mammalian brain[J].EMBOJ,1982,1(5):549-553.
[198] Tsukahara T,Yonekawa Y,Tanaka K,et al.The role of brain derived neurotrophic fator in transient forebrain ischemia in the rat brain[J]. Neuro-surgery,1994,34:323-331.
[199] Pringle AK,Sundstrom LE,Wild GJ.Brain derived neurotrophic factor,but not neurophin-3,prevents ischemia induced neuronal cell death in orgenotypic rat hippocampus slice cultures[J].Neurosci Lett,1996,211: 203-206.
[200] Endres M, Fan G, Hirt L, Fuji M, Matsushita K, Liu X, Jaenisch R, Moskowitz MA.Ischemic brain damage in mice after secretive modifying BDNF or NT-4 gene expression[J].J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, 2000,20 (1):139-144.
[201]李英平,郭瑞芳,李育臣,等.局灶性脑缺血大鼠海马区不同部位BDNF的表达及其意义[J].中国老年学杂志. 2004,24(12):1180-1182.
[202] Schabitz WR,Schwab S,Spranger M, et al.Intraventricular brain- derived neurotrophic factor reduces infarct size after focal cerebral ischemia in rats[J].Cereb Blood Flow Metab,1997,17:500-506.
[203] Beck T,Lindholm D,Castren E,et al.BDNF protects against ischemic cell damage in hippocampus[J]. Cereb Blood Flow Metab,1994,14:689-692.
[204] Tremblay R , Hewitt K,Lesiuk H et al . Evidence that brain-derived neurotrophic factor neuroprotection is linked to its ability to reverse the NMDA-induced inactivation of protein kinase C in cortical neurons [J]. Neurochem. 1999,72(1):102-111.
[205] Beck T ,Lindholm D ,Castren E ,et al . Brain-derived neurotrophic factor protects against ischemic cell damage in rat hippocampus[J]. Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1994,14(4):689-692.
[206] Schabitz WR ,Sommer C ,Zoder W et al. Intravenous brain-derived neurotrophic factor reduces infarct size and counterregulates Bax and Bcl-2 expression after temporary focal cerebral ischemia[J]. Stroke. 2000,31 (9):2212-2217.
[207]徐冰,田国萍.脑源性神经营养因子在脑缺血损伤修复反应中的作用[J].中国医药导报. 2007,4(01X):23-25.
[208]陈香复.内皮素和一氧化氮与脑血管[J].国外医学脑血管疾病分册,1997,5:83.
[209] Iadecola C. Bright and dark sides of nitric oxide in ischem ic brain injury[J]. Trends Neuro sci,1997,20(3)∶132-139.
[210] Malinski T,bailey F,Zhang ZG,et al.Nitric oxide measured by a porphyrinic microsensor in rat brain after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion[J].J Cereb Blood flow Metab,1993,13:355-358.
[211]邓正华,王开正,邓剑,等.脑梗死患者血浆中NO、ET和D-二聚体含量变化及临床意义[J].四川医学,2004,25(1):97-98.
[1]王永炎主编,中医内科学.上海科学技术出版社,1997: 124-128.
[2]林松波,连祺周,梁晖,等.急性脑梗死患者血管内皮细胞活性因子的变化和活血化瘀对其影响的临床观察[J].中国中西医结合杂志,1998, 18(7):392-395.
[3]吴玉生,姜立平.补阳还五汤对早期脑梗死患者血浆内皮素、降钙素基因相关肽代谢失衡的临床研究[J].中国中西医结合杂志,1998.18(7):396-398.
[4]张继平,李长龄,郭欣欣,等.补阳还五汤对大鼠动脉血栓形成前后动脉血中血小板活化因子含量的影响[J].中国中西医结合杂志.1998, 18(12):730-732.
[5]郭改会,傅仁杰.170中老年老梗死证候特点分析[J].安徽中医学院学报.2002, 21(6):14-16.
[6]朱天明,孙宏.中西医结合治疗脑梗死的思路与方法[J].中医杂志.2004,45(5): 384-385.
[7]邓华明,邓良玉.心、脑、肾血管病与血浆内皮素的关系[J].中国中西医结合急救杂志,1998,5(4):188-189.
[8]尚明谦.脑梗塞患者BPC膜糖蛋白CD41、CD62P、CD63监测[J].中风与神经病杂志,1997,14(4):9-10.
[9] Fearon D T. Identication of the menbrane giycotein that is the C3b receptor of the human erythzocyte,polymorphonuclear leukocyte,Bleu kocyte,and monocyte J Exp Med,1980, 152: 20-21.
[10] Moncada S,Palmer R M J,Higgs E A.Nitric oxide: physiology, pathophy- siology and pharmacol Rev,1991,43:109-110.
[11]王永炎,孙塑伦,邓振明,等.辨证论治加复方活血注射液治疗中风急症的临床研究[J].北京中医学院学报.1988, 11(1):22-24.
[12]王耀光.张伯礼教授辨证治疗心脑血管疾病临床用药经验撷拾[J].中医药通报.2006, 5(2):10-13.
[13]冯桂贞,林安基.破瘀消水化痰开窍法治疗急性脑梗死54例疗效观察[J].中国中医急症,2003,8,12(4):311-312.
[14]迪丽努尔·沙比托夫,朱毅忠,买尔旦·米吉提,等.红花黄色素对小鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用[J].中国中医药信息杂志,2006,13(2):26-27.
[15]肖健,王坤,祝美珍,等.羟基红花黄色素A对大鼠急性脑缺血再灌注后白细胞介素-1β和白细胞介素-6表达的影响[J].广西医科大学学报,2007,24(6):898-899.
[16]张雷,邓同乐,严伟民,等.山楂叶总黄酮对脑缺血的保护作用[J].上海中医药杂志,2004,38(8):55-57.
[17]姜炎,牛延良,晁志文.川芎嗪对脑缺血再灌注后NF-КB的影响[J].中国误诊学杂志,2006,6(3):501-502.
[18]曲友直,高国栋,赵振伟,等.川芎嗪对局灶性脑缺血再灌注后Bcl-2和Fas-L表达的影响[J].中国临床康复,8(16):3082-3083.
[19]包仕尧,傅琦,张志琳,等.白细胞在实验性脑缺血中作用及中药川芎嗪和丹皮酚对其影响的研究[J].中国神经精神疾病杂志,1997,23(1):7-10.
[20]孙文芳,王朝晖,高金霞,等.丹皮酚对大鼠脑缺血再灌注后细胞间黏附分子-1表达的影响[J].中国临床康复,2004,8(19):3792-3793.
[21]商洪才,曹红波,汪洋,等.丹参酚酸A、B对大鼠局灶性脑缺血损伤保护效应比较[J].中药药理与临床,2007,23(3):15-17.
[22]吴雪丰,王秋娟,楼凤昌.银杏内酯对大鼠局灶性脑缺血的保护作用[J].中国药科大学学报.2001, 32(2):141-145.
[23]何蔚,朱遵平.三七总皂苷对大鼠脑梗死区ICAM-1表达和中性粒细胞浸润的影响[J].中药材,2005 ,28 (5) :304-306.
[24]赵玲,李雅莉,张丽,等.何首乌提取物对脑缺血致神经细胞凋亡的影响[J].中国药理通讯,2007,24(2):15.
[25]龙子江,李中南,宿秀兰,等.白芍活血化淤作用的现代药理实验研究[J].安徽中医学院学报,1984,(2):42-44.
[26]章家胜,王瑜,王永祥,等.白芍总甙耐缺氧作用的实验研究[J].中国药理学通报,1989,5(3):172-176.
[27]何小华,李承晏,余绍祖.黄芪的抗神经细胞缺氧损伤作用[J].中华神经杂志,1998, 31(4) : 204-206.
[28]权菊香,杜贵友.黄芪与红芪对脑缺血动物保护作用的研究[J].中国中药杂志,1998, 23(6) : 371-373.
[29]杨志敏,黄燕,刘茂才.复方北芪液对局灶性脑缺血大鼠脑组织保护作用的实验研究[J].中国中医急症,1999, 8(3):134-135.
[30]李刚,程兰英,徐亚平,等.人参总皂甙对大鼠脑缺血的保护机制的研究[J].中日友好医院学报,2005,19(3):164-166.
[31]陈东风,杜少辉,李伊为,等.龟板对大鼠局灶性脑缺血模型3种NOS亚型的作用[J].中药新药与临床药理,2002,13(5):278-279.
[32]刘敬霞,李建生,梁生旺.大黄苷及大黄苷元对大鼠脑缺血损伤保护作用的研究[J].中国中医急症,2005,14(2):158-160.
[33]李建生,刘敬霞,梁生旺.大黄苷及苷元对脑缺血损伤大鼠自由基代谢的影响[J].中国临床康复,2005,8(34):7748-7750.
[34]张小燕,张占军,王忠,等.栀子苷对局灶性脑缺血大鼠脑组织基因表达谱的影响[J].中国中西医结合杂志,2005,25(1):42-45.
[35]郭胜蓝,孙莉莎,欧阳石,等.虎杖苷对大鼠急性脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用[J].时珍国医国药,2005,16(5):414-417.
[36]邓云,徐秋萍,刘振权,等.知母皂苷化合物对脑缺血再灌注大鼠的保护作用[J].北京中医药大学学报,2005,28(2):33-35.
[37]王敏,邓常青.补阳还五汤抗脑缺血作用的研究概况与展望[J].湖南中医学院学报,2000,20(4) :71.
[38]刘柏炎,蔡光先,林琳,等.补阳还五汤对大鼠局灶性脑缺血后神经干细胞影响的初步研究[J].中国临床康复,2004,8(22):4532-4533.
[39]刘志龙,宋含平,邓常青,等.补阳还五汤对沙鼠脑缺血损伤细胞凋亡的影响及机理研究[J].广州中医药大学学报,2000,17(4):318-322.
[40]李铁军,邱彦,丙耀诚,等.基因芯片分析补阳还五汤对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠的保护作用机制[J].中国中药杂志,2004, 29(6):559-563.
[41]刘玉华,赖远征,张素平,等.活血化瘀类方剂对局灶性脑缺血损伤的作用比较[J].中国临床康复,2004,8(19):3831-3833.
[42]王蕴红,贾旭,严京.复圣散对神经细胞缺血再灌注样损伤的影响[J].中国病理生理杂志,2001, 17(7):665-668.
[43]王蕴红,马贵宝,王燕萍,等.复圣散抗脑缺血再灌注损伤的机理研究[J].北京中医药大学学报,2001, 24(4): 20-23.
[44]雷燕,黄启福,王永炎.复圣散对高脂大鼠脑缺血再灌后脑内NPY含量及其mRNA表达的影响[J].中国病理生理杂志,2001, 17(7):652-654.
[45]刘云海,方淑贤.疏血通注射液[J].医药导报,2002,21(6):378-379.
[46]周俊英,刘柳,罗祖明.地龙和水蛭复方制剂干预后大鼠脑缺血耐受和基质金属蛋白酶9的表达[J].中国临床康复,2006,10(11):45-47.
[47]张丽,杨开清.活血开窍方一脑醒喷鼻剂对缺血性中风患者血管内皮细胞功能的影响[J].第一军医大学学报,2005,25(7):901-902.
[48]李伟.软脉胶囊对脑缺血再灌注大鼠兴奋性和抑制性氨基酸的影响[J].中国中医急症,2001,10(6):348-349.
[49]倪荷芳,夏卫军,金妙文,等.天红通脉口服液对局灶性脑缺血大鼠的影响[J].中国中西医结合急救杂志, 2002, 9(5) : 279-281.
[50]王军,于震,周红霞,等.脑血通对局灶性脑缺血大鼠病理改变的影响[J].辽宁中医杂志, 2001, 28 (11) : 701～702.
[51]罗团连,陈国林,金益强,等.天龙熄风颗粒剂对大鼠实验性缺血性中风的保护作用[J].湖南医科大学学报,1996, 21 (3) : 239-242.
[52]施小梅,蔡定芳,戴巍,等.祛风通络方药对急性缺血性中风内皮素及其基因表达的影响[J].中国现代医学杂志, 2003, 13 (5) : 6-8.
[53]李翠屏,郑吉民,彭力宏,等.益气通络方对大鼠皮层神经元缺氧凋亡影响的血清药理学研究[J].中药药理与临床,2002, 18(5):39-41.
[54]翁超明.芳香开窍法对脑梗塞患者神经元保护作用的研究[J].北京中医药大学学报,2001, 24(6):58-76.
[55]于效力.中西医结合治疗急性脑梗塞48例[J].四川中医,2004,12(22):56.
[56]花斌.脉络宁注射液合纳络酮治疗急性脑梗死28例临床观察[J].安徽中医临床杂志,2000, 12(4):71-72.
[57]周端球.中西医结合治疗急性脑梗死60例临床观察[J].新中医, 2000, 32(2): 40-41.
[58]李燕梅,王新志,刘向哲,等.通腑化瘀法配合西医疗法治疗急性缺血性中风160例临床观察[J].中医杂志,2002,43(11):831-832.
[59]潘振彬,陈金雄,唐丽卿[J].中西医结合治疗中风病56例[J].中国中医急症, 2003, 12 (4):361.
[60]夏娣文,王玉龙.中西医结合治疗脑梗死偏瘫89例[J].中医杂志,2006, 47(3) : 168.
[61]王国菊,谢殿洪.中西医结合治疗脑梗死80例[J].实用中医学杂志,2002,18(1):33.
[2]蔡紫峰,杨卓.脑缺血损伤的研究进展[J].继续医学教育,2004,18(4):53.
[3]刘永海,赵莲花.神经干细胞移植治疗大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的实验研究[J].卒中与神经疾病,2006,13(6):328-331.
[4] Veizovic T,Beech JS,Streemer P,et al. Resolution of stroke deficits following contralateral grafts of conditionaly immortal neuroepithelial stem cells[J]. Stroke,2001.32(4):1012-1019.
[5] Levi-Montalcini R.The nerve growth factor 35 year later[J].Science, 1987,237,1154-1162.
[6]李鸿钧,马雁冰,孙茂盛.胶质细胞源性神经营养因子家族研究进展.国外医学临床生物化学与检验学分册,2002,23(2):115-117.
[7] Dietrich D, Bech H, Kral T, et al. Metabotropic glutamate receptors modulate synaptic transmission in the perforant path pharmacology and localization of two distinct receptors[J].Brain Res, 1997, 767:220-227.
[8] Duvoisin RM, Zhang C, Ramonell K, et al. A novel metabotropic glutamate receptor expressed in the retina and olfactory bulb[J].J Neurosci, 1995,15:3075-3083.
[9] Shashidaran P, Hnutley GW, Murray JW, et al. Immunohistochermical localization of the neuron-specific glutamate transporter EAACl, EAAT in rat brain and spinal cordrevealed by a novel monoclonal antibody[J]. Brain Res, 1997, 773: 139-148.
[10] Nicholls D, Atwell D. The release and uptake of excitatory amino acids[J]. Treads Pharmacol Sci,1990,11: 462-468.
[11] Takeshi M, KatayanmaY, Kawamata T, et al Mechanisms of excitatory amino acid release in contused brain tissue:effects of hypothermia and in situ administration of CO2+ on extracellular levels of glutamate[J]. Neurotrauma,1998,15(9): 655-664.
[12]高灿,纵艳艳,张光毅.谷氨酸损伤大鼠皮层神经元及抑制钙/钙调蛋白依赖性蛋白激酶活性[J].中国药理学与毒理学杂志,2000,14:202-206.
[13] Urush itan i M, N akamizo T, InoueR,et al N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor mediated mito-chondrialCa2+ overload in acute excitotoxicmotor neuron death a mechanism distinct from chronic neurotoxicity after Ca2+ influx[J]. Neursci Res,2001,63:377-387.
[14] Ankarcrona M, Dypbukt M,Bonfoco EB, et al Glutamate- induced neuronal death a succession of necrosis or apoptosis depending on mitochondrial function[J].Neuro,1995,15:961-973.
[15] Testa CM, Standaert DG. Landwehrmeyer GB,et al. Differential expression of mG1uR5 Metabotropic glutamate receptors mRNA by rat striatal neurons. J Comp Neurol,1995,354:241-252.
[16] Sommer C, Roth SU, Kuhn R, Kiessling M. Metabotropic glutamate receptor subtypes are differentially expressed after transient cerebral ischemia without, during and after tolerance induction in the gerbil hippocampus [J]. Brain Res 2000,872:172-180.
[17] Folbergrova J, Haugvicova R , Mares P. Attenuation of seizures induced by homocysteic acid in immature rats by metabotropic glutamate groupⅡand groupⅢreceptor agonists[J]. Brain Res 2001,908:120-129.
[18] Pin JP ,Duvoisin R. The metabotropic glutamate receptors : structure and functions[J] .Neuropharmacology,1995,34:1-26.
[19] Blaabjerg M,Kristensen BW,Bonde C , et al . The metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist 1S ,3R-ACPD stimulates and modulates NMDA receptor mediated excitotoxicity in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures[J]. Brain Res,2001,898:91-104.
[20] Caccamo D,Campisi A,Curro M, et al. Excitotoxic and post-ischemic neurodegeneration:Involvement of transglutaminases[J].Amino Acids. 2004,27(3-4):373-379
[21] Peter Lipton. Ischemic Cell Death in Brain Neurons[J]. Physiol. Rev, 1999,79:1431-1568.
[22] Tenneti L,D'Emilia DM, Troy CM, et al. Role of caspases in N-methyl -D-aspartate-induced apoptosis in cerebrocortical neurons[J].J Neurochem,1998,71(3):946-959.
[23] Paul T, Akins, Philip K, et al. Immediate Early Gene Expression in Response to Cerebral Ischemia,Friend or foe?[J]. Stroke, 1996, 27: 1682- 1687.
[24] Cho S, Park EM, KimY, et al.Early c-fos induction after cerebral ischimia: a possible neuroprotective role[J].J Cereb Blood Flow Metab,2001,21 (5):550-556.
[25] Andreasson KI, Kaufmann WE. Role of immediate early gene expression in cortical morphogenesis and plasticity [J]. Results Probl Cell Differ, 2002, 39:113-137.
[26] Wong HR, Ryan M, Wispe JR, et al. The heat shock response inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression by blocking I kappa-B degradation and NF-Kappa-B nuclear translocation[J]. bichem Biophys Res Commun, 1997, 231(2):257-263.
[27] Okubo A, Kinouchi H, Owada Y,et al. Simultaneouls induction of mitochondrial heat shock protein mRNAs in rat forebrain ischemia[J]. Brain Res Mol Brain Res,2000, 84(1-2):127-134.
[28] Bischorner R, Adjodah D, Schwab JM, et al. Long-term expression of heme oxygenase-1(HO-I,HSP32) following focal cerebral infarctions and traumatic brain injury in humans[J]. Acta Neuropathol(Berl),2000,100 (4):377-384.
[29] Carlson NG, Wieggel WA,Chen J, et al. Inflammatory cytokines IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha impart neuroprotection to an excito- toxinthrough distinctpathways[J]. J.Immunol,1999,163:3963-3968.
[30] Clark WM,et al.Time course of IL-6 expression in experimental CNS ischemia[J].Neurol Res,1999,21(3):287-292.
[31] Hirshberg DL, Yoles E, Belkin M, et al. Inflammation after axonal injury has conflicting consequences for recovery of function: rescue of sparedaxonsi simpaired but regeneration is supported[J]. J Neuroimmunol, 1994,50(1):9-16.
[32] Liebetran M,Martens H,Thomassen N,et al.Calpain inhibitor A-558693 in experimental focal cerebral ischemia in rats[J].Neurol Res,2005,27 (5):466-470.
[33] Neumar RW,Meng FH,Mills AM,et al.Calpain activity in rat brain after transient forbrain ischemia[J].Exp Neurol,2001,170(1):27-35.
[34]郝延磊,蒲传强,张凤英,等.实验性脑缺血模型脑组织微血管细胞间粘附分子-1表达的研究[J].中华神经科杂志,1998,31(2):105.
[35]吴珊,董为伟,董佑忠.局灶脑缺血再灌流后ICAM-1表达于白细胞浸润[J].中风与神经病杂志,2000,17(l):5-7.
[36] Iadecola C. Bright and dark sides of nitric oxide in ischemic brain injury[J]. J Trends Neurosci,1997,20(3)∶132-139.
[37] Dobrucki LW , Kalinowski L , Uracz W , et al. The protection role of nitric oxide in the brain ischemia[J].Physiol Pharmacol, 2000, 51 (4Pt1)∶695- 703.
[38] Brune B,Knethen A,Sandau KB.Transcription factorsp 53 and HIF-1αas targets of nitric oxide[J].Cell Signal,2001,13(8)∶525-533.
[39] Robertson GS, Crocker SJ , Nicholson DW , et al. Neuroprotection by the inhibition of apoptosis[J]. Brain Pathol,2000,10(2)∶283-292.
[40] Flamm ES, Demopoulos HB, Seligman ML, et al.Free radicals in cerebral ischemia[J].Stroke,1978,9:445-447.
[41] Pak H. Chan PhD. Role of Oxidants in Ischemic Brain Damage [J]. Stroke, 1996,27:1124-1129.
[42] Hermes A. Kontos. Oxygen Radicals in Cerebral Ischemia, The 2001 Willis Lecture[J].Stroke,2001,32:2712-2716.
[43] Sugawara T, Chan PH. Reactive oxygen radicals and pathogenesis ofneuronal death after cerebral ischemia[J].Antioxid Redox Signal, 2003, 5(5):597-607.
[44] Chan PH. Reactive oxyen radicals in signaling and damage in the ischemic brain[J]. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab,2001,21(1):2-14.
[45] D'Ambrosio AL, Pinsky DJ, Connolly ES. The role of the complement cascade in ischemia/reperfusion injury: implications for neuroprotection[J]. Mol Med.2001,7(6):367-82.
[46]张清华,崔元孝.补体在缺血性脑血管病中的作用机制研究进展[J].山东医药,2005,45(1):64-65.
[47] van Beek J,Elward K, Gasque P Activation of complement in the central nervous system: roles in neurodegeneration and neuroprotection[J]. Ann N Y Acad Sci.2003,992:56-71.
[48] Alexander G, Yakovlev, Alan I, et al. Mechanisms of Neural Cell Death:Implications for Development of Neuroprotective Treatment Strategies [J]. NeuroRx 2004,1:5-16
[49] Ferrer I, Planas AM. Signaling of cell death and cell survival following focal cerebral ischemia: life and death struggle in the penumbra[J]. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol,2003,62(4):329-39.
[50] Taku Sugawara, Miki Fujimura, Nobuo Noshita, et al. Neuronal Death/ Survival Signaling Pathways in Cerebral Ischemia[J]. Neurorx, 2004, 1(1): 17-25.
[51] Mittmann T,QüM,Zilles K,et al.Long term cellular dysfunction after focal cerebral isehemic:in vitro analyses[J].Neurosciene,1998,85(1):15-27.
[52] Neumann Haefelin T,Staiger FJ, Redecker C,et al.lmmuno-histoche mical evidence for dysregulation of the GABAergic system ipsilateral to photochemicnlly induced cortical infarcts in rats[J].Neuroscience,1998, 87(4):871-879.
[53] Redecker C,Wang W,Fritschy JM,et al.Widespread and long-lasting alteration in GABA(A)-recept or subtypes after focal cortical infarctsin rats:mediation by NMDA-dependent processes[J].J Cere Blood Flow Metab, 2002,22(2):1463-1475.
[54] Alicke B,Schwartz Bloom RD.Rapid down regulation of GABAA receptors in the gerbil hippocampus following transient cerebral ischemica[J].J Neurochem,1995,65:2808-2811.
[55] Sommer C,Fahrner A,Kiessling M.Postischemic neuroprotection in the ischemiar to lerant state gerbil hippocampus is associated with increased ligand binding to inhibitory GABA(A) receptors[J].Acta Neuropathol(Berl),2003,105(3):197-202.
[56] Li H,Siegel RE,Schwartz RD.Rapid decline of GABA-A receptor subunit mRNA expression in hippocampus following transient cerebral ischemia in the gerbil[J].Hippocampus,1993,3:527-537.
[57] Gabriel EM,Inglefield JR,Chadwick L E,et al.Ischemia injury and extracellular amino acid accumulation in hippocampal area CA1 are not dependent upon an intact septo-hippocampl pathway[J].Brain Res,1998,785: 279-286.
[58] Johnson JW,Ascher P.Glycine potentiates the NMDA response in cultured mouse brain neurons[J].Nature,1987,325(5):529-531.
[59] Ohtani K, Tanaka H, Yasuda H, et al. Blocking the glycine-binding site of NMDA receptors prevents the progression of ischemic pathology induced by bilateral carotid artery occlusion in spontaneously hypertensive rats[J]. Brain Res, 2000,871:311-318.
[60] Saransaari P, Oja SS. Characteristics of hippocampal glycine release in cell-damaging conditions in the adult and developing mouse[J]. Neurochem Res,2001,26:845-852.
[61] Davis SM,Lees KR,Albers GW,et al.Selfotel in Acute Ischemic Stroke: Possible Neurotoxic Effects of an NMDA Antagonist[J].Stroke,2000, 31(2): 347-354.
[62] Sacco RL,DeRose JT,Haley E,et al.Glycine Antagonist in Neuroprotec- tionfor Patients With Acute Stroke:GAIN Americas:A Randomized Controlled Ttial[J].JAMA.2001,285(13):1719-1728.
[63]叶瑞东,韩军良,赵钢.缺血性脑卒中急性期神经保护治疗的研究进展[J].第四军医大学学报,2008,29(20):1917-1920.
[64] Bond A , Oneill MJ , Hicks CA , et al . Neuroprotective effects of a systemically active groupⅡmetabotropic glutamate receptor agonist LY354740 in a gerbil model of global ischemia[J]. Neuroreport, 1998, 9(6) 1191-1193.
[65] Henrich-Noack P , Hatton CD , Reymann KG. The mGlu receptor ligand (s) -4C3HPG protects neurons after global ischaemia in gerbils[J]. Neuro Report 1998,9 :985-988.
[66] Shuaib A, Breker-KlassenMM. Inhibitory mechanisms in cerebral ischemia: a brief review[J]. Neurosci Biobehav Rev,1997, 21(2):219-226.
[67] DienerHC, CortensM, FordG, et al.Lubeluzole in acute ischemic stroke treatment A double-blind study with an 8-hour inclusion window comparing a 10-mg daily dose of lubeluzole with placebo[J]. Stroke, 2000, 31(11): 2543-2551.
[68] Lyden P.Shuaib A,Ng K,et al,Clomecthiazole Acute Stroke Study in Ischemic Stroke(CLASS-1):Final Results[J].Stroke,2002,33(1):122-128.
[69]国家药典委员会.中华人民共和国药典(二部)[M].北京:化学工业出版社, 2000,309-310.
[70] SpagnoliA , TognoniG. Cerebroactive drugs: clinical pharmaco logy and therapeutic role in cerebrovascular disorders[J]. Drugs,1983,26: 44-69.
[71] Muller WE,Eckert GP, Eckert A. Piracetam: novelty in a unique mode of action[J]. Pharmacopsychiat,1999,32(Suppl):2-9.
[72] MaulerF, Fahrig T, Horvath E,et al.Inhibition ofevoked glutamate release by the neuroprotective 5-HT(1A) receptor agonist BAY x 3702 in vitro and in vivo[J]. Brain Res, 2001, 888(1):150-157.
[73] Endres M,Fan G,Hirt L,et al.Ischemic brain damaga in mice afterfor Patients With Acute Stroke:GAIN Americas:A Randomized Controlled Ttial[J].JAMA.2001,285(13):1719-1728.
[63]叶瑞东,韩军良,赵钢.缺血性脑卒中急性期神经保护治疗的研究进展[J].第四军医大学学报,2008,29(20):1917-1920.
[64] Bond A , Oneill MJ , Hicks CA , et al . Neuroprotective effects of a systemically active groupⅡmetabotropic glutamate receptor agonist LY354740 in a gerbil model of global ischemia[J]. Neuroreport, 1998, 9(6) 1191-1193.
[65] Henrich-Noack P , Hatton CD , Reymann KG. The mGlu receptor ligand (s) -4C3HPG protects neurons after global ischaemia in gerbils[J]. Neuro Report 1998,9 :985-988.
[66] Shuaib A, Breker-KlassenMM. Inhibitory mechanisms in cerebral ischemia: a brief review[J]. Neurosci Biobehav Rev,1997, 21(2):219-226.
[67] DienerHC, CortensM, FordG, et al.Lubeluzole in acute ischemic stroke treatment A double-blind study with an 8-hour inclusion window comparing a 10-mg daily dose of lubeluzole with placebo[J]. Stroke, 2000, 31(11): 2543-2551.
[68] Lyden P.Shuaib A,Ng K,et al,Clomecthiazole Acute Stroke Study in Ischemic Stroke(CLASS-1):Final Results[J].Stroke,2002,33(1):122-128.
[69]国家药典委员会.中华人民共和国药典(二部)[M].北京:化学工业出版社, 2000,309-310.
[70] SpagnoliA , TognoniG. Cerebroactive drugs: clinical pharmaco logy and therapeutic role in cerebrovascular disorders[J]. Drugs,1983,26: 44-69.
[71] Muller WE,Eckert GP, Eckert A. Piracetam: novelty in a unique mode of action[J]. Pharmacopsychiat,1999,32(Suppl):2-9.
[72] MaulerF, Fahrig T, Horvath E,et al.Inhibition ofevoked glutamate release by the neuroprotective 5-HT(1A) receptor agonist BAY x 3702 in vitro and in vivo[J]. Brain Res, 2001, 888(1):150-157.
[73] Endres M,Fan G,Hirt L,et al.Ischemic brain damaga in mice afterfactormobilizes bone marrow stem cells in patientswith subacute ischemic stroke: the Stem cell Trial of recovery EnhanceMent after Stroke (STEMS) pilot randomized,controlled trial (ISRCTN16784092)[J].Stroke, 2006,37 (12):2979- 2983.
[84] Bath PM, Sprigg N. Colony stimulating factors(including erythro -poietin, granulocyte colony stimulating factor and analogues) for stroke[J]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2007,18(2):CD005207.
[85] Horn J,Limburg M.Calcium Antagonists for Ischemic Storke:A Sytematic Review[J].Stroke.2001,32(2):570-576.
[86] Hom J,de Haan RJ,Vermeulen M,et al.Very Early Nimodipine Use in Stroke(VENUS):A randomized,Double-Blind[J].Placebo-Controlled Trial Stroke,2001,32(2):461-465.
[87] Marshall J,Cummings R,Bowes LJ,et al,Functional and Histological Evidence for the Protective Effect of NXY-059 in a Primate Model of Stroke When Given 4 Hours After Occlusion[J].Stroke, 2003,34(9):2228-2233.
[88] Lees KR,Barer D,Ford GA,et al.Tolerability of NXY-059 at Higher Target Concentrations in Patients With Acute Stroke[J].Stroke,2003,34(2): 482-487.
[89] SamdaniAF, Dawson TM, Dawson VL. Nitric oxide synthase in models of focal ischemia[J].Stroke,1997,28(6):1283-1288.
[90] Nagayama M, Niwa K, Nagayama T,et al.The cyclooxygenase- 2inhibitor NS-398 ameliorates ischemic brain injury in wild-type mice but not in mice with deletion of the inducible nitric oxide synthase gene[J]. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab,1999,19(11):1213-1219.
[91] Tanaka M.Pharmacological and clinical profile of the free radical scavenger edaravone as a neuroprotective agent[J].Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi- Folia Pharmacologica Japonica.2002,119(5):301-308.
[92] The edaravone acute drain infarction study group(chair:EⅡchi Otomo, MD).Effect of a novel free radical scavenger,edravone(MCI-186),on acutebrain infarction randomized, placebo-controlled,double-blind study at multicenters[J].Cerebrovascular Disease.2003,15(3):222-229.
[93] Enlimomab Acute Stroke Ttial Investigators.Use of anti-ICAM-1 therapy in ischemic stroke: Results of the Enlimomab Acute Stroke Trial[J]. Neurology.2001,57(8):1428-1434.
[94] Funuya K.Takeda H,Azhar S,et al.Examination of Several Potential Mechanisms for the Negative Outcome in a Clinical Stroke Trial of Enlimomab.a Murine Anti-Human Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 Antibody:A Bedside- to-Bench Study[J].Stroke.2001,32(11):2665-2674.
[95]陈惠玲,罗祖明,何俐.抗白细胞药物在保护大鼠局灶性脑缺血中的时间窗研究[J].临床神经病学杂志,1999,12(2):17.
[96] Relton JK, Martin D, Thompson RC,et al.Peripheral adminis-tration of Interleukin-1 Receptor antagonist inhibits brain damage after focal cerebral ischemia in the rat[J]. Exp Neuro,1996,138(2):206-213.
[97] Loddick SA, RothwellNJ. Neuroprotective effects of human recombinant interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in focal cerebral ischaemia in the rat[J]. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab,1996,16(5):932-940.
[98]张晓琴,徐艳,赵发国.大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤的炎症机制及药物干预[J].中国神经免疫学和神经病学杂志,2001,8(2):5.
[99] Gillardon F, Kiprianova I, Sandkuhler J,et al.Inhibition of caspases prevents cell death of hippocampalCA1 neurons, but not impairment of hippocampal long-term potentiation following global ischemia[J]. Neuroscience, 1999,93(4):1219-1222.
[100] Krupinski J, Lopez E, Marti E,et al.Expression ofcaspases and their substrates in the rat model of focal cerebral ischemia[J]. Neurobiol Dis, 2000, 7(4):332-342.
[101] Dirnagl U, Iadecola C, MoskowitzMA. Pathobiology of ischaemic stroke an integrated view[J]. Trends Neurosci 1999, 22(9):391-397.
[102] Yi W,Shao HY.Ran L,et al.Estrogen attenuates nuclear factor-kappa Bactivation induced by transient cerebral ischemia[J].Brain Research, 2004,1008 (2):147-154.
[103] Liu R,Yang SH,Perez E.et al.Neuroprotective Effects of a Novel Non-Receptor-Binding Estrogen Analogue,In Vitro and In Vivo Analysis [J]. Stroke,2002,33(10):2485-2491.
[104]姚一,黄民权.谷氨酸受体过度激活拮抗剂神经节苷脂GM1[J].国外医学脑血管疾病分册,2001,9(1):36-37.
[105] Avrova NF , Shestak KI , Zakharova IO , et al . The use of antioxidants to prevent glutamate -induced derangement of calciumion metabolism in rat cerebral cortex synaptosomes[J].Neurosci Behav Physiol,2000,30 (5):535-541.
[106] Karpiak SE , Wakade CG, Tagliavia A , et al . Temporal changes in edema , Na+ ,K+ , and Ca2+ in focal cortical stroke : GMl ganglioside reduces ischemic injury[J]. J Neurosci Res,1991,30:512-520.
[107] Domanska-Janik K, Zalewska T. Effect of brain ischemia on protein kinase C[J]. J Neurochem, 1992,58:1432-1439.
[108] Davatos A,Castillo J,Alvarez SJ,et al.Oral Citicoline in Acute Ischemic Stroke:An Individual Patient Data Pooling Analysis of Clinical Trials[J].Stroke,2002,33(12):2850-2857.
[109] Rogalewski A, Schneider A, Ringelstein EB, et al. Toward a multi-modal neurop rotective treatment of stroke[J]. Stroke,2006,37(4):1129- 1136.
[110]王永炎主编,中医内科学[M].上海科学技术出版社,1997: 124-128.
[111]林松波,连祺周,梁晖,等.急性脑梗死患者血管内皮细胞活性因子的变化和活血化瘀对其影响的临床观察[J].中国中西医结合杂志,1998,18 (7):392-395.
[112]吴玉生,姜立平.补阳还五汤对早期脑梗死患者血浆内皮素、降钙素基因相关肽代谢失衡的临床研究[J].中国中西医结合杂志,1998,18(7):396-398.
[113]张继平,李长龄,郭欣欣,等.补阳还五汤对大鼠动脉血栓形成前后动脉血中血小板活化因子含量的影响[J].中国中西医结合杂志.1998,18(12):730-732.
[114]马云枝,周晓卿.利水通络方药治疗急性脑梗死120例临床观察[J].天津中医药,2004,21(1):24-25.
[115]张春燕,李亚明.培元活血通络法对缺血性中风神经功能缺损的治疗效果分析[J].现代康复,2001,5(7):117.
[116]杨亚平,李颖慧.滋阴通络法治疗缺血性中风55例分析[J].四川中医,2003, 21(3):48-49.
[117]李佑生,胡学军,伍大华,等.熄风通络法为主治疗急性脑梗死126例总结[J].湖南中医杂志,2002,18(3):2-3.
[118]朱敏,林新峰,左俊岭,等.通络法治疗中风急性期73例疗效观察[J].新中医,2003,35(8):38-39.
[119]周志申.通络法在治疗中风中的应用[J].河南中医,2004,24(2):56-57.
[120]贺文彬,张俊龙,陈乃宏.补肾方含药血清促进PC12细胞增殖及其拮抗谷氨酸神经毒作用的研究[J]中国中医基础医学杂志,2005,11(3):184-188.
[121]唐一鹏,孙承琳,洪庆涛.中药“健脑液”对培养神经细胞迟发性损伤的保护作用[J].北京中医药大学学报,1995, 18(2):26-29.
[122]谢宁,邹纯朴,高长玉,等.地黄饮子对海马神经元损伤即早基因c-jun和c-fos表达的影响[J].中国中医基础医学杂志,2004,10(6),27-29.
[123]何华,王桂香,钟士江,等.地黄饮子对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用[J].山东医药,2006,46(4),28-29.
[124]王利军,白丽敏,张忠,等.地黄饮子对脑缺血后大鼠海马BDNF的影响[J].北京中医药大学学报,2004,27(4),64-67.
[125]吴以岭主编.络病理论科学求证[M].北京:科学出版社,2007.33.
[126]赵玲,李雅莉,张丽,等.何首乌提取物对脑缺血致神经细胞凋亡的影响[J].中国药理通讯,2007,24(2):15.
[127]徐承水.何首乌醇提物对家兔红细胞膜磷脂成分及电泳率的影响[J].上海中医药大学学报,2000,14(3):57-58.
[128]李韬,张树球,李朝敢,等.元首口服液对家兔血清磷脂酰胆碱,胆固醇酰基转移酶活性的影响[J].右江民族医学院学报,1997,19(3):363-365.
[129]戴友平,唐国华,郭衍坤.何首乌提取液对犬心肌缺血再灌注损伤的预防作用实验研究[J].中国生化药物杂志,1998,19(2):79-81.
[130]吕金胜,孟德胜,向明凤,等.何首乌抗动物急性炎症的初步研究[J].中国药房,2001,12(12):712-714.
[131]姚谦明,蒋宇刚,何启.何首乌对脑细胞Bcl-2基因表达的影响[[J].现代临床医学生物工程学杂志,2002,8(2): 83-86.
[132]张志英,王绍坤,刘荣建,等.神经降压肽神经元的衰老变化及何首乌的抗衰老作用[J].中国老年学杂志,1997,17(4):227-228.
[133]王访,张有权.抗衰老中药的药理研究近况[J].时珍国医国药,2002,13(4):236-237.
[134]龙子江,李中南,宿秀兰,等.白芍活血化淤作用的现代药理实验研究[J].安徽中医学院学报,1984,(2):42-44.
[135]章家胜,王瑜,王永祥,等.白芍总甙耐缺氧作用的实验研究[J].中国药理学通报,1989,5(3):172-176.
[136]高崇凯,吴雁,王勇,等.白芍总苷粉针剂的抗炎镇痛作用[J].中国新药药理与临床药理,2002,13(3):163-165.
[137]周强,粟占国.白芍总苷的药理作用及其在自身免疫性疾病中的应用[J].中国新药与临床杂志,2003,22(11):687-691.
[138]陈刚,郭莉霞,邓小红,等.白芍总苷对巨噬细胞一氧化氮和诱导型一氧化氮合酶生成的影响及其机制研究[J].2008,24(4):345-347.
[139]梁君山,魏伟,周爱武,等.白细胞介素I的检侧及白芍总甙对其产生的影响[J].中国药理学通报,1989,5(6):354.
[140]梁旻若,刘倩娴,辛达愉,等.白芍药的抗炎免疫药理作用研究[J].新中医,1989,(3):51-53.
[141]王永祥,陈敏珠,徐叔云.白芍总甙的镇痛作用.中国药理学与毒理学杂志[J],1988,2(1):6-9.
[142]江苏新医学院.中药大辞典(上册)[M].上海:上海人民出版社,1975:1094.
[143]张雷,邓同乐,严伟民,等.山楂叶总黄酮对脑缺血的保护作用[J].上海中医药杂志,2004,38(8):55-57.
[144]黄沛力,曾绍晖.银杏叶、山楂叶对氧自由基的清除作用[J].中国中药杂志,1996,21(4):245.
[145]曾绍晖,颂晓虹,赵彪.山楂叶茶水提取物抗氧自由基作用的研究[J].首都医科大学学报,1996,21(14):245.
[146]姜开余,顾振纶,阮长耿.WH505对实验性血栓形成的影响及其他作用机制[J].中成药,2000,22(11):782.
[147]方文贤.医用中药药理学[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,1998:328.
[148]林秋实,陈吉棣.山楂及山楂黄酮预防大鼠脂质代谢紊乱的分子机制研究[J].营养学报,2000,22(2):131.
[149]高莹,肖颖.山楂及山楂黄酮提取物调节大鼠血脂的效果研究[J].中国食品卫生杂志,2002,14(3)∶14-16.
[150]王丽先.山楂治疗高血脂症31例临床观察[J].陕西中医学院学报,2000,23(3)∶34.
[151]董昆山.现代临床中药学[M].北京:中国中医药出版社,1998:328.
[152]沈映君.中药药理学[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2000:574.
[153] JIN M,WU W,CHEN W M,et al. Inhibition of safflor yellow against platelet activating factor binding to its receptor[J].Chin Pharm J,2001,36 (3): 167-169.
[154]臧宝霞,金鸣,司南,等.羟基红花黄色素A对血小板活化因子的拮抗作用[J].药学学报,2002,37(9):696-699.
[155]金鸣,高子淳,王继峰.羟基红花黄色素A抑制PAF诱发的家兔血小板活化的研究[J].北京中医药大学学报,2004,27(5):32-35.
[156]陈文梅,金鸣,吴伟,等.红花黄色素抑制血小板激活因子介导的血小板活化作用的研究[J].中国药学杂志,2000,35(11):741-744.
[157]陈希元,马军,阿不力克木.红花黄素对大鼠动脉血浆中6-Keto-PGF1a和TXB2含量的影响[J].中国药理学通报,1996,12(6):483.
[158]李江伟.红花黄色素对家兔血浆纤溶酶原激活剂及抑制剂水平的影响[J].中草药,1999,30(2):128-129.
[159]陆粱,胡书群,张光毅.黄色素抑制血管平滑肌细胞增殖与3种蛋白激酶的关系[J].药学学报,2000, 35(3):169-172.
[160]谷淑玲,胡书群,赵文君,等.红花黄色素对兔主动脉平滑肌细胞增殖的抑制作用[J].徐州医学院学报,1996,16(4):350-352.
[161]张前,牛欣,闫妍,等.羟基红花黄色素A对体外培养人脐静脉内皮细胞增殖的抑制作用[J].中国医药学报,2004,19(6):379-381.
[162]张前,牛欣,闫妍,等.羟基红花黄色素A抑制新生血管形成的机制研究[J].北京中医药大学学报,2004,27(3):25-29.
[163]金鸣,李金荣,吴伟.红花黄色素抗氧化作用的研究[J].中国中药杂志,2004, 29(5):447-449.
[164]欧芹,朴金花,张鹏霞,等.红花黄色素对衰老模型小鼠肝线粒体膜磷脂影响的实验研究[J].中医药学报,2004,32(1):48-50.
[165]陈文梅,金鸣,李金荣,等.红花黄色素对羟自由基损伤抗凝血酶Ⅲ的保护作用[J].心肺血管病杂志,1998,17(3):215-217.
[166] Toshihiro A,Hirotoshi O,Toshitake T,et al.Ery tho-hentriacon-tane -6,8-diol and 11 other alkance-6,8-diols from carthanus tinctotius[J]. Phytochemistry,1994,369(1):105.
[167]刘发,魏苑,杨新中,等.红花黄素对高血压大鼠的降压作用及对肾素-血管紧张素的影响[J].药学学报,1992,27(10):785-786.
[168]黄正良,崔祝梅,高其铭.红花黄色素降压作用及机理的初步分析[J].中成药研究,1986(7):27-29.
[169]齐文萱,郑云霞,魏适武,等.红花黄色素对家兔血脂及肝功能的影响[J].兰州医学院学报,1987(3):57-59.
[170]张琼,陈志扬,吴林彬,等.红花黄色素冻干粉针剂与红花黄色素滴注液治疗冠心病心绞痛(心血瘀阻症)的临床非劣性实验[J].中国循证医学杂志,2005, 5(4):276-285.
[171]屈志炜,吴俊芳,王洁.脑复康对大鼠局灶性脑缺血引起的脑水肿及神经功能变化的影响[J].中国临床神经外科杂志,2006,11(1):41-43.
[172]张育华.吡拉西坦对急性脑梗死患者神经功能缺损的疗效观察[J].中国医院药学杂志,2005,25(5):452-453.
[173] Kessler J, Thiel A,Karbe H,et al.Piracetam improves activated blood flowand facilitates rehabilitation of poststroke aphasic patients[J]. Stroke,2000,32:2112-2116.
[174] Zea Longa EL, Weinstein PR, Carlson S, et al. Reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion without craniotomy in the rats[J]. Stroke, 1989, 20: 84-91.
[175] Nishimura H,Naritomi H,Iwamoto Y et al.In vivo evaluation of antiplatelet agents in gerbil model of Carotid artery thrombosis [J]. Stroke,1996,27(6):1099-1104.
[176] Laidley D T,Colbourne F,Corbett D.Increased behavioral and histological variability arising from changes in cerebrovascular anatomy of the Mongolian gerbil[J].J Curr Neurovasc Res,2005,2(5):401-407.
[177]李大元,丁文惠,赵丽,等.简易快速的大鼠动脉血栓形成模型[J].中国介入心脏病学杂志,1996,4: 129-131.
[178] Wang L C,Furel N,Wang D Z et al.A reproducible model of middle cerebral infarcts compatible with long term survival in aged rats[J].J Stroke,1995,26:2087-2090.
[179]李红戈,张茂悦,童萼塘,等.光化学诱导人鼠脑皮质梗塞模型的研究[J].卒中与神经疾病,1996, 3(3):126.
[180]杨渊,郭端友,张苏明,等.光化学诱导老年大鼠局灶性脑梗塞模型的研究[J].中国老年学杂志,2001,21(1):35-38.
[181] Koizumi J,Yoshida Y,Nakazawa T et al.Experimental studies of ischemic brain edema:a new experimental model of cerebral embdish in rats in which recirculation can be introduced in the ischemic aren[J].Japan J Stroke,1986,8(4):1-9.
[182] Fuxe K,kurosawa N,Cintra A,et al. Involvement of local ischemia in endothelin-1 induced lesions of the neostriatum of the anaesthetized rat[J].Exp Brain Res,1992,88(1):131-139.
[183] Hockfield S, Mckay RD. G.Identification of major cell classes in the developing mammalian nervous system[J]. J Neurosci,1985,5:3310-3328.
[184] Feeney DM, Gonzalez A, Law WA. Amphetamine, haloperidol and experience interact to affect rate of recovery after motor cortex injury[J]. Science,1982,217(4562):855-857.
[185] HeissWD.Best measure of ischemic penumbra: Positron emission tomography [J].Stroke,2003,34:2534-2535.
[186] Kirino T. Delayed neuronal death in the gerbil hippocampus following ischemia[J]. Brain Res,1982,239:57-69.
[187]吴秀枝,曾庆杏,李承晏等主编.神经病理学彩色图谱[M].北京,人民卫生出版社.2002年.
[188] Bredesen DE. Neural apoptosis[J]. Ann Neurol, 1995, 38: 839-851
[189]赵刚,李树清.兴奋性氨基酸毒性与缺血性脑损伤[J].国外医学脑血管疾病分册,2004,12(6):426-429.
[190] Nicoletti F ,Bruno V ,Copani A , et al . Metabotropic glutamate receptors: a new target for the therapy of neurodegenerative disorders [J].Trends Neurosci,1996,19 :267-271.
[191] Opitz T ,Richter P ,Reymann KG. The metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist(-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine)protects hippocampal CA1 neurons of the rat from in vitro hypoxia/hypoglycemia[J]. Neurophar- macology,1994,33:715-717.
[192] Henrich-Noack P ,Hatton CD ,Reymann KG. The mGlu receptor ligand(s)- 4C3HPG protects neurons after global ischemia in gerbils[J]. Neuro- Report,1998,9:985-988.
[193]郝玉曼,罗祖明,周东,等.代谢型谷氨酸受体1α在大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤中的基因表达变化[J].中华老年心脑血管病杂志,2004,6(2):119-122.
[194] Marini AM ,Jiang X ,Wu X ,et al . Role of brain-derived neuro-trophic factor and NF-kappaB in neuronal plasticity and survival :From genes to phenotype[J]. Restor Neurol Neurosci. 2004,22(2):121-130.
[195] Zhu D ,Wu X ,Strauss KI ,el al. N-met hyl-D-aspartate and TrkB receptors protect neurons against glutamate excitotoxicity through an extrace-llular signal-regulated kinase pathway[J].Neurosci Res.2005,80(1): 104-113.
[196] Ying SX,Cheng JS.Effect of electro-acupunture on c-fos expression in gerbil hippcampus during transient global ischemia[J].Acupunct Electrother Res,1994,19:207-213.
[197] Barde YA,Edger D,Thoenen H.Puritication of a new neurotro- phicfactor from mammalian brain[J].EMBOJ,1982,1(5):549-553.
[198] Tsukahara T,Yonekawa Y,Tanaka K,et al.The role of brain derived neurotrophic fator in transient forebrain ischemia in the rat brain[J]. Neuro-surgery,1994,34:323-331.
[199] Pringle AK,Sundstrom LE,Wild GJ.Brain derived neurotrophic factor,but not neurophin-3,prevents ischemia induced neuronal cell death in orgenotypic rat hippocampus slice cultures[J].Neurosci Lett,1996,211: 203-206.
[200] Endres M, Fan G, Hirt L, Fuji M, Matsushita K, Liu X, Jaenisch R, Moskowitz MA.Ischemic brain damage in mice after secretive modifying BDNF or NT-4 gene expression[J].J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, 2000,20 (1):139-144.
[201]李英平,郭瑞芳,李育臣,等.局灶性脑缺血大鼠海马区不同部位BDNF的表达及其意义[J].中国老年学杂志. 2004,24(12):1180-1182.
[202] Schabitz WR,Schwab S,Spranger M, et al.Intraventricular brain- derived neurotrophic factor reduces infarct size after focal cerebral ischemia in rats[J].Cereb Blood Flow Metab,1997,17:500-506.
[203] Beck T,Lindholm D,Castren E,et al.BDNF protects against ischemic cell damage in hippocampus[J]. Cereb Blood Flow Metab,1994,14:689-692.
[204] Tremblay R , Hewitt K,Lesiuk H et al . Evidence that brain-derived neurotrophic factor neuroprotection is linked to its ability to reverse the NMDA-induced inactivation of protein kinase C in cortical neurons [J]. Neurochem. 1999,72(1):102-111.
[205] Beck T ,Lindholm D ,Castren E ,et al . Brain-derived neurotrophic factor protects against ischemic cell damage in rat hippocampus[J]. Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1994,14(4):689-692.
[206] Schabitz WR ,Sommer C ,Zoder W et al. Intravenous brain-derived neurotrophic factor reduces infarct size and counterregulates Bax and Bcl-2 expression after temporary focal cerebral ischemia[J]. Stroke. 2000,31 (9):2212-2217.
[207]徐冰,田国萍.脑源性神经营养因子在脑缺血损伤修复反应中的作用[J].中国医药导报. 2007,4(01X):23-25.
[208]陈香复.内皮素和一氧化氮与脑血管[J].国外医学脑血管疾病分册,1997,5:83.
[209] Iadecola C. Bright and dark sides of nitric oxide in ischem ic brain injury[J]. Trends Neuro sci,1997,20(3)∶132-139.
[210] Malinski T,bailey F,Zhang ZG,et al.Nitric oxide measured by a porphyrinic microsensor in rat brain after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion[J].J Cereb Blood flow Metab,1993,13:355-358.
[211]邓正华,王开正,邓剑,等.脑梗死患者血浆中NO、ET和D-二聚体含量变化及临床意义[J].四川医学,2004,25(1):97-98.
[1]王永炎主编,中医内科学.上海科学技术出版社,1997: 124-128.
[2]林松波,连祺周,梁晖,等.急性脑梗死患者血管内皮细胞活性因子的变化和活血化瘀对其影响的临床观察[J].中国中西医结合杂志,1998, 18(7):392-395.
[3]吴玉生,姜立平.补阳还五汤对早期脑梗死患者血浆内皮素、降钙素基因相关肽代谢失衡的临床研究[J].中国中西医结合杂志,1998.18(7):396-398.
[4]张继平,李长龄,郭欣欣,等.补阳还五汤对大鼠动脉血栓形成前后动脉血中血小板活化因子含量的影响[J].中国中西医结合杂志.1998, 18(12):730-732.
[5]郭改会,傅仁杰.170中老年老梗死证候特点分析[J].安徽中医学院学报.2002, 21(6):14-16.
[6]朱天明,孙宏.中西医结合治疗脑梗死的思路与方法[J].中医杂志.2004,45(5): 384-385.
[7]邓华明,邓良玉.心、脑、肾血管病与血浆内皮素的关系[J].中国中西医结合急救杂志,1998,5(4):188-189.
[8]尚明谦.脑梗塞患者BPC膜糖蛋白CD41、CD62P、CD63监测[J].中风与神经病杂志,1997,14(4):9-10.
[9] Fearon D T. Identication of the menbrane giycotein that is the C3b receptor of the human erythzocyte,polymorphonuclear leukocyte,Bleu kocyte,and monocyte J Exp Med,1980, 152: 20-21.
[10] Moncada S,Palmer R M J,Higgs E A.Nitric oxide: physiology, pathophy- siology and pharmacol Rev,1991,43:109-110.
[11]王永炎,孙塑伦,邓振明,等.辨证论治加复方活血注射液治疗中风急症的临床研究[J].北京中医学院学报.1988, 11(1):22-24.
[12]王耀光.张伯礼教授辨证治疗心脑血管疾病临床用药经验撷拾[J].中医药通报.2006, 5(2):10-13.
[13]冯桂贞,林安基.破瘀消水化痰开窍法治疗急性脑梗死54例疗效观察[J].中国中医急症,2003,8,12(4):311-312.
[14]迪丽努尔·沙比托夫,朱毅忠,买尔旦·米吉提,等.红花黄色素对小鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用[J].中国中医药信息杂志,2006,13(2):26-27.
[15]肖健,王坤,祝美珍,等.羟基红花黄色素A对大鼠急性脑缺血再灌注后白细胞介素-1β和白细胞介素-6表达的影响[J].广西医科大学学报,2007,24(6):898-899.
[16]张雷,邓同乐,严伟民,等.山楂叶总黄酮对脑缺血的保护作用[J].上海中医药杂志,2004,38(8):55-57.
[17]姜炎,牛延良,晁志文.川芎嗪对脑缺血再灌注后NF-КB的影响[J].中国误诊学杂志,2006,6(3):501-502.
[18]曲友直,高国栋,赵振伟,等.川芎嗪对局灶性脑缺血再灌注后Bcl-2和Fas-L表达的影响[J].中国临床康复,8(16):3082-3083.
[19]包仕尧,傅琦,张志琳,等.白细胞在实验性脑缺血中作用及中药川芎嗪和丹皮酚对其影响的研究[J].中国神经精神疾病杂志,1997,23(1):7-10.
[20]孙文芳,王朝晖,高金霞,等.丹皮酚对大鼠脑缺血再灌注后细胞间黏附分子-1表达的影响[J].中国临床康复,2004,8(19):3792-3793.
[21]商洪才,曹红波,汪洋,等.丹参酚酸A、B对大鼠局灶性脑缺血损伤保护效应比较[J].中药药理与临床,2007,23(3):15-17.
[22]吴雪丰,王秋娟,楼凤昌.银杏内酯对大鼠局灶性脑缺血的保护作用[J].中国药科大学学报.2001, 32(2):141-145.
[23]何蔚,朱遵平.三七总皂苷对大鼠脑梗死区ICAM-1表达和中性粒细胞浸润的影响[J].中药材,2005 ,28 (5) :304-306.
[24]赵玲,李雅莉,张丽,等.何首乌提取物对脑缺血致神经细胞凋亡的影响[J].中国药理通讯,2007,24(2):15.
[25]龙子江,李中南,宿秀兰,等.白芍活血化淤作用的现代药理实验研究[J].安徽中医学院学报,1984,(2):42-44.
[26]章家胜,王瑜,王永祥,等.白芍总甙耐缺氧作用的实验研究[J].中国药理学通报,1989,5(3):172-176.
[27]何小华,李承晏,余绍祖.黄芪的抗神经细胞缺氧损伤作用[J].中华神经杂志,1998, 31(4) : 204-206.
[28]权菊香,杜贵友.黄芪与红芪对脑缺血动物保护作用的研究[J].中国中药杂志,1998, 23(6) : 371-373.
[29]杨志敏,黄燕,刘茂才.复方北芪液对局灶性脑缺血大鼠脑组织保护作用的实验研究[J].中国中医急症,1999, 8(3):134-135.
[30]李刚,程兰英,徐亚平,等.人参总皂甙对大鼠脑缺血的保护机制的研究[J].中日友好医院学报,2005,19(3):164-166.
[31]陈东风,杜少辉,李伊为,等.龟板对大鼠局灶性脑缺血模型3种NOS亚型的作用[J].中药新药与临床药理,2002,13(5):278-279.
[32]刘敬霞,李建生,梁生旺.大黄苷及大黄苷元对大鼠脑缺血损伤保护作用的研究[J].中国中医急症,2005,14(2):158-160.
[33]李建生,刘敬霞,梁生旺.大黄苷及苷元对脑缺血损伤大鼠自由基代谢的影响[J].中国临床康复,2005,8(34):7748-7750.
[34]张小燕,张占军,王忠,等.栀子苷对局灶性脑缺血大鼠脑组织基因表达谱的影响[J].中国中西医结合杂志,2005,25(1):42-45.
[35]郭胜蓝,孙莉莎,欧阳石,等.虎杖苷对大鼠急性脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用[J].时珍国医国药,2005,16(5):414-417.
[36]邓云,徐秋萍,刘振权,等.知母皂苷化合物对脑缺血再灌注大鼠的保护作用[J].北京中医药大学学报,2005,28(2):33-35.
[37]王敏,邓常青.补阳还五汤抗脑缺血作用的研究概况与展望[J].湖南中医学院学报,2000,20(4) :71.
[38]刘柏炎,蔡光先,林琳,等.补阳还五汤对大鼠局灶性脑缺血后神经干细胞影响的初步研究[J].中国临床康复,2004,8(22):4532-4533.
[39]刘志龙,宋含平,邓常青,等.补阳还五汤对沙鼠脑缺血损伤细胞凋亡的影响及机理研究[J].广州中医药大学学报,2000,17(4):318-322.
[40]李铁军,邱彦,丙耀诚,等.基因芯片分析补阳还五汤对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠的保护作用机制[J].中国中药杂志,2004, 29(6):559-563.
[41]刘玉华,赖远征,张素平,等.活血化瘀类方剂对局灶性脑缺血损伤的作用比较[J].中国临床康复,2004,8(19):3831-3833.
[42]王蕴红,贾旭,严京.复圣散对神经细胞缺血再灌注样损伤的影响[J].中国病理生理杂志,2001, 17(7):665-668.
[43]王蕴红,马贵宝,王燕萍,等.复圣散抗脑缺血再灌注损伤的机理研究[J].北京中医药大学学报,2001, 24(4): 20-23.
[44]雷燕,黄启福,王永炎.复圣散对高脂大鼠脑缺血再灌后脑内NPY含量及其mRNA表达的影响[J].中国病理生理杂志,2001, 17(7):652-654.
[45]刘云海,方淑贤.疏血通注射液[J].医药导报,2002,21(6):378-379.
[46]周俊英,刘柳,罗祖明.地龙和水蛭复方制剂干预后大鼠脑缺血耐受和基质金属蛋白酶9的表达[J].中国临床康复,2006,10(11):45-47.
[47]张丽,杨开清.活血开窍方一脑醒喷鼻剂对缺血性中风患者血管内皮细胞功能的影响[J].第一军医大学学报,2005,25(7):901-902.
[48]李伟.软脉胶囊对脑缺血再灌注大鼠兴奋性和抑制性氨基酸的影响[J].中国中医急症,2001,10(6):348-349.
[49]倪荷芳,夏卫军,金妙文,等.天红通脉口服液对局灶性脑缺血大鼠的影响[J].中国中西医结合急救杂志, 2002, 9(5) : 279-281.
[50]王军,于震,周红霞,等.脑血通对局灶性脑缺血大鼠病理改变的影响[J].辽宁中医杂志, 2001, 28 (11) : 701～702.
[51]罗团连,陈国林,金益强,等.天龙熄风颗粒剂对大鼠实验性缺血性中风的保护作用[J].湖南医科大学学报,1996, 21 (3) : 239-242.
[52]施小梅,蔡定芳,戴巍,等.祛风通络方药对急性缺血性中风内皮素及其基因表达的影响[J].中国现代医学杂志, 2003, 13 (5) : 6-8.
[53]李翠屏,郑吉民,彭力宏,等.益气通络方对大鼠皮层神经元缺氧凋亡影响的血清药理学研究[J].中药药理与临床,2002, 18(5):39-41.
[54]翁超明.芳香开窍法对脑梗塞患者神经元保护作用的研究[J].北京中医药大学学报,2001, 24(6):58-76.
[55]于效力.中西医结合治疗急性脑梗塞48例[J].四川中医,2004,12(22):56.
[56]花斌.脉络宁注射液合纳络酮治疗急性脑梗死28例临床观察[J].安徽中医临床杂志,2000, 12(4):71-72.
[57]周端球.中西医结合治疗急性脑梗死60例临床观察[J].新中医, 2000, 32(2): 40-41.
[58]李燕梅,王新志,刘向哲,等.通腑化瘀法配合西医疗法治疗急性缺血性中风160例临床观察[J].中医杂志,2002,43(11):831-832.
[59]潘振彬,陈金雄,唐丽卿[J].中西医结合治疗中风病56例[J].中国中医急症, 2003, 12 (4):361.
[60]夏娣文,王玉龙.中西医结合治疗脑梗死偏瘫89例[J].中医杂志,2006, 47(3) : 168.
[61]王国菊,谢殿洪.中西医结合治疗脑梗死80例[J].实用中医学杂志,2002,18(1):33.