初论混凝土建筑形式生成的建造逻辑
摘要
混凝土是我国最广泛采用的一种人造材料，当今多被作为结构之
用，而清水混凝土或者说装饰性混凝土的使用还处在摸索阶段。作为建
筑师，过去我们一直关心建筑的形式和功能以及两者之间的关系，对建
筑形式的生成和建筑材料、技术的逻辑关系却缺少必要的关注。因此本
文选择这种大众化的“低技”材料作为研究对象。研究的中心是混凝土
建筑形式生成过程中的技术问题。
按纵向和横向、历时和共时的思路，论文分成上下两篇。
上篇主要以混凝土材料建造的历史为线索，叙述混凝土材料和技术
的发展历程，研究混凝土建筑在形式表现方面的多种可能性。由此我们
能更多地理解材料技术的充分把握和合理运用对于混凝土建筑形式生
成的必要性。
下篇主要从技术的角度论述混凝土建筑形式生成的建造逻辑。目的
在于加强我们对形式和材料、技术间相互关系的理解，从而更多的从建
造的角度来审视设计问题。该篇采用逐步深入的研究方式，首先探讨了
混凝土材料在力学、知觉两方面的性能和达到这些性能的工艺加工手
段，进而论述基于力学属性的结构对混凝土建筑设计的影响，最后阐述
作为材料交接技术处理的构造对建筑形式生成的影响。
在结语中，本文谈及了笔者对我国混凝土建筑乃至建筑设计的一些
思考，以期强化从材料和建造的角度出发来研究建筑本体存在的思想。
全文共约六万字，图190余幅。
Though concrete was one of the most comprehensive engineering material, it is more used in structure today, and that plain concrete or decorative concrete is in the phase of exploring yet. Acting as architect, we were more concerned about the connection between form and function but less between form and technique. So the paper choose the popular and "common tech" material as research object. The motif of the paper is the technical problem on creating concrete architectural form.
The dissertation divides into two parts.
Part one comprises two chapters. Chapter one reviews the history of using concrete in technique and chapter two researches the form's multi-possibility of concrete architecture mostly. It will make us clear it is essential to comprehend the meaning of technique profoundly and using it with reason for creating form.
Aiming at surveying design problem further from construction, Part two discuss the constructing logic of the form of concrete architecture in chief. The chapter three expatiates on the performance of concrete in mechanics and sense and the technical method for it. The structural (or mechanic) and the constructional (or material jointing) influence in designing concrete architecture are discussed in separate chapter four-five.
Finally the author summarizes some thought on Chinese concrete architecture and architectural design, expects to enhance the research on the essence of architecture at point of constructing.
The whole dissertation contains about 60 thousand words and 190 illustrations,
用，而清水混凝土或者说装饰性混凝土的使用还处在摸索阶段。作为建
筑师，过去我们一直关心建筑的形式和功能以及两者之间的关系，对建
筑形式的生成和建筑材料、技术的逻辑关系却缺少必要的关注。因此本
文选择这种大众化的“低技”材料作为研究对象。研究的中心是混凝土
建筑形式生成过程中的技术问题。
按纵向和横向、历时和共时的思路，论文分成上下两篇。
上篇主要以混凝土材料建造的历史为线索，叙述混凝土材料和技术
的发展历程，研究混凝土建筑在形式表现方面的多种可能性。由此我们
能更多地理解材料技术的充分把握和合理运用对于混凝土建筑形式生
成的必要性。
下篇主要从技术的角度论述混凝土建筑形式生成的建造逻辑。目的
在于加强我们对形式和材料、技术间相互关系的理解，从而更多的从建
造的角度来审视设计问题。该篇采用逐步深入的研究方式，首先探讨了
混凝土材料在力学、知觉两方面的性能和达到这些性能的工艺加工手
段，进而论述基于力学属性的结构对混凝土建筑设计的影响，最后阐述
作为材料交接技术处理的构造对建筑形式生成的影响。
在结语中，本文谈及了笔者对我国混凝土建筑乃至建筑设计的一些
思考，以期强化从材料和建造的角度出发来研究建筑本体存在的思想。
全文共约六万字，图190余幅。
Though concrete was one of the most comprehensive engineering material, it is more used in structure today, and that plain concrete or decorative concrete is in the phase of exploring yet. Acting as architect, we were more concerned about the connection between form and function but less between form and technique. So the paper choose the popular and "common tech" material as research object. The motif of the paper is the technical problem on creating concrete architectural form.
The dissertation divides into two parts.
Part one comprises two chapters. Chapter one reviews the history of using concrete in technique and chapter two researches the form's multi-possibility of concrete architecture mostly. It will make us clear it is essential to comprehend the meaning of technique profoundly and using it with reason for creating form.
Aiming at surveying design problem further from construction, Part two discuss the constructing logic of the form of concrete architecture in chief. The chapter three expatiates on the performance of concrete in mechanics and sense and the technical method for it. The structural (or mechanic) and the constructional (or material jointing) influence in designing concrete architecture are discussed in separate chapter four-five.
Finally the author summarizes some thought on Chinese concrete architecture and architectural design, expects to enhance the research on the essence of architecture at point of constructing.
The whole dissertation contains about 60 thousand words and 190 illustrations,
引文
注1：Gerhard Auer，The Grey Art，《DETAlL》，1997． 8，P1294
注2：“a kind of powderfrom natural causes produces astonishing results from the neighbourhood of Vesuvius．This substance mixed with lime and small stones not only lends strength to buildings but when piers of it are constructed in the sea they set hard under water”(转自)Frank Newby，《Historic Concrete》， Thomas Telford，P8
注3：Frank Newby，《Historic Concrete》，Thomas Telford，P8
注4：童隽，建筑科技沿革(J)，《建筑师》，1982． 3，第10期，P156-P157
注5：“The Roman concrete dome...permitted，for the first time，an architecture of large unencumbered interior spaces that could be experienced only from within”(转自)Rowland Mainstone，《Developments in Structural Form》， MIT Press：London，1975
注6： Frank Newby，《Historic Concrete》，Thomas Telford，P10
注7、 8、 9：Frank Newby，《Historic Concrete》，Thomas Telford，P13
注10： Collins，P．，《The Vision of a New Architecture》，Faber & Faber,London， 1958，P27-P28
注11：“Concrete walls need no facing materials such as stone etc．The hollow part of the mould in which the concrete is poured should have the form to be given to the mass whether the walls be plain or with projections such as comices， string．courses...or any kind of ornament．”(转自)Frank Newby，《The innovative uses of concrete by enginners and architectes》，Thomas Telford， P13
注12：“The reign of stone in building construction seems to have come to an end. Cement．concrete and iron are destined to replace it...building cheap vaults of unusual spans for great public spaces...will not be a servile imitation of Roman works but will far surpass them in daring．elegance and economy”(转自) Frank Newby，《Historic Concrete》，Thomas Telford，P14
注13：Ceeil D. elliott, 《Technics and Architecture》，The MIT Press，London，1992， P168
注14：“so that in this low position the strips may act with more power as tension rods．”(转自)Ceeil D．Elliott，《Technics and Architecture》，The MIT Press， London，1992，P168
注15：Ceeil D．Elliott, 《Technics and Architecture》，The MIT Press，London，1992， P169
注16：“ended the 'period of discovery' and Dul the theory of reinforced concrete construction on a rational basis”(转自)Ceeil D．Elliott，《Technics and Architecture》，The MIT Press，London，1992，P172
注17：Frank Newby，《The innovative uses of concrete by enginners and architectes》，Thomas Telford，P17
注18：Frank Newby，《Historic Concrete》，Thomas Telford，P18
注19：Frank Newby，《Historic Concrete》，Thomas Telford，P29-P30
注20：“The process of visualizing or conceiving a structure is an art it is motivated by an inner experience，by intuition.” (转自)Torroja，《Philosophy of Structures》，Unniversity of California Press，1967
注21：刘先觉，当代国外建筑技术的进展，《世界建筑》，1981，第三期， P76
注22：Frank Newby，《Historic Concrete》，Thomas Telford，P34
注23：肖世荣，钢筋混凝土诗人--皮埃尔·鲁基·奈尔维，《世界建筑》， 1981，第五期
注24：Frank Newby，《Historic Concrete》，Thomas Telford，P56
注2：“a kind of powderfrom natural causes produces astonishing results from the neighbourhood of Vesuvius．This substance mixed with lime and small stones not only lends strength to buildings but when piers of it are constructed in the sea they set hard under water”(转自)Frank Newby，《Historic Concrete》， Thomas Telford，P8
注3：Frank Newby，《Historic Concrete》，Thomas Telford，P8
注4：童隽，建筑科技沿革(J)，《建筑师》，1982． 3，第10期，P156-P157
注5：“The Roman concrete dome...permitted，for the first time，an architecture of large unencumbered interior spaces that could be experienced only from within”(转自)Rowland Mainstone，《Developments in Structural Form》， MIT Press：London，1975
注6： Frank Newby，《Historic Concrete》，Thomas Telford，P10
注7、 8、 9：Frank Newby，《Historic Concrete》，Thomas Telford，P13
注10： Collins，P．，《The Vision of a New Architecture》，Faber & Faber,London， 1958，P27-P28
注11：“Concrete walls need no facing materials such as stone etc．The hollow part of the mould in which the concrete is poured should have the form to be given to the mass whether the walls be plain or with projections such as comices， string．courses...or any kind of ornament．”(转自)Frank Newby，《The innovative uses of concrete by enginners and architectes》，Thomas Telford， P13
注12：“The reign of stone in building construction seems to have come to an end. Cement．concrete and iron are destined to replace it...building cheap vaults of unusual spans for great public spaces...will not be a servile imitation of Roman works but will far surpass them in daring．elegance and economy”(转自) Frank Newby，《Historic Concrete》，Thomas Telford，P14
注13：Ceeil D. elliott, 《Technics and Architecture》，The MIT Press，London，1992， P168
注14：“so that in this low position the strips may act with more power as tension rods．”(转自)Ceeil D．Elliott，《Technics and Architecture》，The MIT Press， London，1992，P168
注15：Ceeil D．Elliott, 《Technics and Architecture》，The MIT Press，London，1992， P169
注16：“ended the 'period of discovery' and Dul the theory of reinforced concrete construction on a rational basis”(转自)Ceeil D．Elliott，《Technics and Architecture》，The MIT Press，London，1992，P172
注17：Frank Newby，《The innovative uses of concrete by enginners and architectes》，Thomas Telford，P17
注18：Frank Newby，《Historic Concrete》，Thomas Telford，P18
注19：Frank Newby，《Historic Concrete》，Thomas Telford，P29-P30
注20：“The process of visualizing or conceiving a structure is an art it is motivated by an inner experience，by intuition.” (转自)Torroja，《Philosophy of Structures》，Unniversity of California Press，1967
注21：刘先觉，当代国外建筑技术的进展，《世界建筑》，1981，第三期， P76
注22：Frank Newby，《Historic Concrete》，Thomas Telford，P34
注23：肖世荣，钢筋混凝土诗人--皮埃尔·鲁基·奈尔维，《世界建筑》， 1981，第五期
注24：Frank Newby，《Historic Concrete》，Thomas Telford，P56