韩日禁忌语对比研究
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摘要
“禁忌”(taboo),汤加语的意思是“对神圣或邪恶事物的避忌”,汉语译为“塔布”。在人们的日常生活中,由于社会习惯、信仰等原因,在某种特定场合,忌讳使用某种特定的语言或文字,我们把这样被禁忌的语言或文字称为禁忌语。禁忌语是一个较为复杂的问题,它既是普通的语言现象,也是普遍的文化现象。它属于文化语言学范畴内的一个跨多学科领域的课题,主要包括词汇学、词源学、语义学、修辞学,还涉及到历史学、民俗学等多个相关学科。这些特点一方面显示了研究的重要性,另一方面也给研究带来了极大地困难。
基于人类的普遍心理的作用下,为了表达禁忌的内容自然而然地产生了代替这些忌讳词的委婉表达。这是一种存在于所有人类语言的普遍现象。如像死亡,疾病等引发恐惧的现象,或像性、排泄等引发不洁感与羞耻心的现象,都是人类共同禁忌并想要委婉表达的内容。另一方面,禁忌语与一个特定社会的文化有着密切的关系。因此,由于宗教、社会环境及地理环境,生活方式的不同,禁忌语及替代语也存在着差异。韩国和日本由于地理和历史原因在相当长的时间互相受到彼此文化的影响,因此韩日禁忌语相似点颇多,但是两个国家毕竟文化及社会背景上存在差异,对忌讳的东西的委婉表达上必然存在不同之处。
本文从语言学、对比语言学,修辞学的相关理论及研究方法归纳和分析了日韩禁忌语。在总结前人的研究及文献的基础上明确了韩日禁忌语的概念,分析其产生原因和特点,从韩日禁忌语的类型及代用方式等层面上,全方位地对比分析了韩日禁忌语的共性和个性。
本文共由五个章节构成。第1章主要论述了研究目的、先行研究、研究对象及研究方法。
第2章阐明了韩日禁忌语的概念,产生原因及特点。禁忌语是在特定的语境中,由于宗教、道德、礼貌等原因,人们不愿说出使人感到敬畏、恐惧、不适、羞耻的词语和言语表达及替代这个禁忌语而使用的词语和言语表达。
禁忌语的产生原因主要分为心理因素和社会因素。心理因素包括避凶求福心理和避俗求雅心理。社会因素包括宗教信仰和语言礼貌。禁忌语具有普遍性,历史性,民族性,社会性,临时性,创造性等特点。
第3章主要对比分析了韩日禁忌语的类型。首先总结了学者们对禁忌语的分类标准,再根据这些标准将韩日禁忌语按照禁忌的内容分为敬畏的对象、死亡、疾病、性、排泄及生理现象、肢体缺陷、卑贱职业、犯罪及不道德的行为、老年、数字、其他等十一种类型。通过对比分析得出两国共同忌讳的内容有敬畏的对象、疾病、性、排泄及生理现象、肢体缺陷、卑贱职业、犯罪及不道德的行为、老年、数字等。韩国独有的禁忌语有采参人的话、关于名字的禁忌语,日语独有的禁忌语有齐宫的话、猎人的话、渔夫的话、商人的话、农民的话、婚礼、入学典礼、葬礼等特殊环境下的禁忌语。
第四章从韩日禁忌语的代用方式层面上进行了对比分析。主要从语音、词汇、修辞法的角度,归纳了韩日禁忌语的代用方式上存在的共性和个性。在语音方式上,韩国语禁忌语由删除语音、添加语音、添加缀字后再删除、变音、数字谐音等方式构成,日语禁忌语则只有变音和谐音构成。词汇方式上,两国禁忌语共同使用的代用方式有汉字词的替代、外来语的替代、抽象词的替代、同义词的替代等。韩国语禁忌语独有的代用方式有固有词的替代、日语禁忌语独有的方式有反义词的替代、词缀方式、古代语的替代、儿童用语的替代。在修辞法方式上,韩日禁忌语都使用了比喻、拟人、美化、省略等四种修辞方法。在拟人和省略上韩日禁忌语显现较大不同,韩国语中被拟人的动物或事物都是中性的,但是相比之下,日语中被拟人的动物具有明确的性别之分并且多使用亲族称呼。省略法上,韩国语是省略禁忌的部分而实现委婉表达,但是日语是双重省略,就是将禁忌的部分省略掉的基础上再进行省略。
In Tongans, the term "Taboo"("Tabu" in Chinese) means "the prohibition of an action based on the belief that such behavior is either too sacred and consecrated or too dangerous and accursed for ordinary individuals to undertake." In our daily life, due to social customs, beliefs and other reasons, some specific language or words were banned. These specific language or words are called Taboo. Taboo is a complicated issue, which is not only common linguistic phenomenon, but also the general cultural phenomenon. Taboo is a multi-disciplinary topic which including lexicology, etymology, semantics, rhetoric, history, folklore and other related disciplines. Although these features show the importance of research, it also brings great difficult to this study.
Under those humankind general psychological effects, for express the taboo words the substitutes are exist in the universal language of humanity. For example which are considered such as death, disease that induce fear and sexuality and excrement that is regarded as unclean are common taboo which is trying to replace with substitute. In contrary, taboo words have very close relationship with specific social culture. Because of the difference of every religion, societies, geographical environments and different lifestyles, the reflecting cultural phenomena taboo words and the replacing expressions also have the differences.
This dissertation based on general linguistics, comparative linguistics and rhetoric theory to compared Korean and Japanese two languages'taboo words. This thesis had comparative analysis of the full range of South Korea and Japan Taboos character and individuality, which is based on clearified concept of taboo words from South Korean and Japanese that based on summing up the previous researchs and documentations, Analysis of its causes and characteristics, types and alternatives level of South Korean and Japanese Taboo words.
This dissertation consists of five chapters. Chapter1introduces study purpose, pilot study, study object, study approach and the theoretical background of this study.
Chapter2is the occurrence reason and property of taboo word. The occurrence factor of taboo word can be divided into psychological factor and social factor. The psychological factor of occurrence of taboo word is that the mentality of avoiding unfortunate and pursuing happiness from fear, and the other one is that the mentality of using elegant expression instead of unpleasant expression. The social factor can be religious faith and the language manner. In addition, taboo word has the nature of wide-ranging, regionality, contemporaneity, hierarchy, ethnicity, and temporality.
Chapter3explored the types of the taboo words in Korean and Japanese. First, this chapter explored the academic point of view and according to the object, and divide the types of the taboo words into nine parts, which in relation to the object of fearsome, death, disease, sex, physiological excretion, physical deformity, vocation, crime, immoral behavior, agedness and so on. Then this paper tries to explore object of taboo words in Korean and Japanese and what kind of appearance it shows from the expression. This paper also explores the types which in common in Korean and Japanese with a wide scope, it is about the object of external diameter, death, disease, sex, physiological excretion, physical deformity, vocation, crime, immoral behavior, agedness and so on. The ginseng-digger's jargon and the names used in taboo words are only exist in Korean, and which taboo words exist only in Japanese are jargons of itsuki, hunters, fishers, merchants, peasants, weddings, entrance ceremonies, funerals, visiting hospitals which be used on special occasions.
Chapter4discussed the replacing mode of Korean and Japanese tabooed words. In terms of phoneme, vocabulary, rhetoric, there are both the difference and similarity between two languages. The Korean tabooed words are composed with sound remove, sound add, spelling add and remove, sound changes, homophonic of numbers. There is no phoneme corresponding mode in Japanese tabooed words but sound changes and homophonic patterns. Two languages both have replacements of Chinese ideograph, foreign language, abstract language, synonym, ancient language etc. Native language only existed in Korean; antonym replacement, affix mode, archaism and baby talk replacement only existed in Japanese. The tabooed words both in Korean and Japanese are composed of rhetoric methods with metaphor, personification, ellipsis and beautification. The biggest difference between Korean and Japanese substitute patterns is personification and ellipsis. Anthropomorphic animals and things often show a neutral meaning in Korean, in contrary, but the gender distinction clear performed in Japanese. Two languages are also different in ellipsis that taboo words will be omitted or euphemistic expressed in Korean, but Japanese will omit unnecessary parts of the taboo words and further omit euphemistic expression.
基于人类的普遍心理的作用下,为了表达禁忌的内容自然而然地产生了代替这些忌讳词的委婉表达。这是一种存在于所有人类语言的普遍现象。如像死亡,疾病等引发恐惧的现象,或像性、排泄等引发不洁感与羞耻心的现象,都是人类共同禁忌并想要委婉表达的内容。另一方面,禁忌语与一个特定社会的文化有着密切的关系。因此,由于宗教、社会环境及地理环境,生活方式的不同,禁忌语及替代语也存在着差异。韩国和日本由于地理和历史原因在相当长的时间互相受到彼此文化的影响,因此韩日禁忌语相似点颇多,但是两个国家毕竟文化及社会背景上存在差异,对忌讳的东西的委婉表达上必然存在不同之处。
本文从语言学、对比语言学,修辞学的相关理论及研究方法归纳和分析了日韩禁忌语。在总结前人的研究及文献的基础上明确了韩日禁忌语的概念,分析其产生原因和特点,从韩日禁忌语的类型及代用方式等层面上,全方位地对比分析了韩日禁忌语的共性和个性。
本文共由五个章节构成。第1章主要论述了研究目的、先行研究、研究对象及研究方法。
第2章阐明了韩日禁忌语的概念,产生原因及特点。禁忌语是在特定的语境中,由于宗教、道德、礼貌等原因,人们不愿说出使人感到敬畏、恐惧、不适、羞耻的词语和言语表达及替代这个禁忌语而使用的词语和言语表达。
禁忌语的产生原因主要分为心理因素和社会因素。心理因素包括避凶求福心理和避俗求雅心理。社会因素包括宗教信仰和语言礼貌。禁忌语具有普遍性,历史性,民族性,社会性,临时性,创造性等特点。
第3章主要对比分析了韩日禁忌语的类型。首先总结了学者们对禁忌语的分类标准,再根据这些标准将韩日禁忌语按照禁忌的内容分为敬畏的对象、死亡、疾病、性、排泄及生理现象、肢体缺陷、卑贱职业、犯罪及不道德的行为、老年、数字、其他等十一种类型。通过对比分析得出两国共同忌讳的内容有敬畏的对象、疾病、性、排泄及生理现象、肢体缺陷、卑贱职业、犯罪及不道德的行为、老年、数字等。韩国独有的禁忌语有采参人的话、关于名字的禁忌语,日语独有的禁忌语有齐宫的话、猎人的话、渔夫的话、商人的话、农民的话、婚礼、入学典礼、葬礼等特殊环境下的禁忌语。
第四章从韩日禁忌语的代用方式层面上进行了对比分析。主要从语音、词汇、修辞法的角度,归纳了韩日禁忌语的代用方式上存在的共性和个性。在语音方式上,韩国语禁忌语由删除语音、添加语音、添加缀字后再删除、变音、数字谐音等方式构成,日语禁忌语则只有变音和谐音构成。词汇方式上,两国禁忌语共同使用的代用方式有汉字词的替代、外来语的替代、抽象词的替代、同义词的替代等。韩国语禁忌语独有的代用方式有固有词的替代、日语禁忌语独有的方式有反义词的替代、词缀方式、古代语的替代、儿童用语的替代。在修辞法方式上,韩日禁忌语都使用了比喻、拟人、美化、省略等四种修辞方法。在拟人和省略上韩日禁忌语显现较大不同,韩国语中被拟人的动物或事物都是中性的,但是相比之下,日语中被拟人的动物具有明确的性别之分并且多使用亲族称呼。省略法上,韩国语是省略禁忌的部分而实现委婉表达,但是日语是双重省略,就是将禁忌的部分省略掉的基础上再进行省略。
In Tongans, the term "Taboo"("Tabu" in Chinese) means "the prohibition of an action based on the belief that such behavior is either too sacred and consecrated or too dangerous and accursed for ordinary individuals to undertake." In our daily life, due to social customs, beliefs and other reasons, some specific language or words were banned. These specific language or words are called Taboo. Taboo is a complicated issue, which is not only common linguistic phenomenon, but also the general cultural phenomenon. Taboo is a multi-disciplinary topic which including lexicology, etymology, semantics, rhetoric, history, folklore and other related disciplines. Although these features show the importance of research, it also brings great difficult to this study.
Under those humankind general psychological effects, for express the taboo words the substitutes are exist in the universal language of humanity. For example which are considered such as death, disease that induce fear and sexuality and excrement that is regarded as unclean are common taboo which is trying to replace with substitute. In contrary, taboo words have very close relationship with specific social culture. Because of the difference of every religion, societies, geographical environments and different lifestyles, the reflecting cultural phenomena taboo words and the replacing expressions also have the differences.
This dissertation based on general linguistics, comparative linguistics and rhetoric theory to compared Korean and Japanese two languages'taboo words. This thesis had comparative analysis of the full range of South Korea and Japan Taboos character and individuality, which is based on clearified concept of taboo words from South Korean and Japanese that based on summing up the previous researchs and documentations, Analysis of its causes and characteristics, types and alternatives level of South Korean and Japanese Taboo words.
This dissertation consists of five chapters. Chapter1introduces study purpose, pilot study, study object, study approach and the theoretical background of this study.
Chapter2is the occurrence reason and property of taboo word. The occurrence factor of taboo word can be divided into psychological factor and social factor. The psychological factor of occurrence of taboo word is that the mentality of avoiding unfortunate and pursuing happiness from fear, and the other one is that the mentality of using elegant expression instead of unpleasant expression. The social factor can be religious faith and the language manner. In addition, taboo word has the nature of wide-ranging, regionality, contemporaneity, hierarchy, ethnicity, and temporality.
Chapter3explored the types of the taboo words in Korean and Japanese. First, this chapter explored the academic point of view and according to the object, and divide the types of the taboo words into nine parts, which in relation to the object of fearsome, death, disease, sex, physiological excretion, physical deformity, vocation, crime, immoral behavior, agedness and so on. Then this paper tries to explore object of taboo words in Korean and Japanese and what kind of appearance it shows from the expression. This paper also explores the types which in common in Korean and Japanese with a wide scope, it is about the object of external diameter, death, disease, sex, physiological excretion, physical deformity, vocation, crime, immoral behavior, agedness and so on. The ginseng-digger's jargon and the names used in taboo words are only exist in Korean, and which taboo words exist only in Japanese are jargons of itsuki, hunters, fishers, merchants, peasants, weddings, entrance ceremonies, funerals, visiting hospitals which be used on special occasions.
Chapter4discussed the replacing mode of Korean and Japanese tabooed words. In terms of phoneme, vocabulary, rhetoric, there are both the difference and similarity between two languages. The Korean tabooed words are composed with sound remove, sound add, spelling add and remove, sound changes, homophonic of numbers. There is no phoneme corresponding mode in Japanese tabooed words but sound changes and homophonic patterns. Two languages both have replacements of Chinese ideograph, foreign language, abstract language, synonym, ancient language etc. Native language only existed in Korean; antonym replacement, affix mode, archaism and baby talk replacement only existed in Japanese. The tabooed words both in Korean and Japanese are composed of rhetoric methods with metaphor, personification, ellipsis and beautification. The biggest difference between Korean and Japanese substitute patterns is personification and ellipsis. Anthropomorphic animals and things often show a neutral meaning in Korean, in contrary, but the gender distinction clear performed in Japanese. Two languages are also different in ellipsis that taboo words will be omitted or euphemistic expressed in Korean, but Japanese will omit unnecessary parts of the taboo words and further omit euphemistic expression.
引文
6 张永奋(2009), “汉意委婉语对比研究”,华东师范大学博士学位论文,18(?)
65 楳垣(1973),《日本の忌み言葉》,民俗文芸双书,159(?)
66 楳垣(1973),《日本の忌み言葉》,民俗文芸双书,157(?)
[5]金容霎 《斡·日民族(?) 原型》 (?) 1992
[6]权宇 《古代中朝日文化比较研究》 延边大学出版社 2002
[7]金涣 《斡国と日本の比较文化输》 明石书店 1994
[8]柳田国男 《禁忌习俗语彙》 昭和五十年
[24]陈燕生 《日语词汇学》 旅游教育出版社 2003
[25]王亮 委婉语的认知研究黑龙江大学硕士学位论文2007
[16]刘小珊“日语委婉语的文化语用学思考”日语学习与研究1999年第2期
[17]李莉薇“关于日语禁忌语的现状及其成因的考察”日语学习与研究第二期,2010
[18]李喜芬“英汉委婉语比较分析”民族教育研究1994
[19]林艳,何涛鹏“日、英、汉语中委婉语的语用功能及表达方式”赣南师范学院学报第五期,2004
[20]文孝根 “斡国(?) 禁忌语” 人文科学,Vol.8 1962
[21]文孝根 “韩国(?) 禁忌语(续)” 人文科学,Vol.9 1963
[22]朴培英 “英语(?) 韩国语(?) 婉曲藉法(?) 对照研究” 藉文研究21992
[26]庞婷婷“日语中的禁忌语和委婉词”吉林省教育学院学报2009年第4期
[27]徐瑛“关于日中韩三国禁忌语的考察” 日本语言文化研究2010
[28]徐瑛“从认知语言学考察日中韩死亡禁忌语”日本语言文化研究2011
[31]沈在箕 “言语(?) 禁忌：韩国传来禁忌谈(?) 中心(?)”北岳291978
[33]岸英司“论日本人的生死观”铁道师院学报第14卷第6期1997
[35]冉明志“概念整合理论对死亡委婉语的阐述”攀枝花学院学报第25卷第4期2008
[41]王丽“漫谈日语禁忌语的存在及其作用”论坛集萃第8期,2011
[42]王颖“禁忌、禁忌语研究现状考察”群文天地第11期,2011
[43]王维贞,徐萍飞“日语中的禁忌语及其最新发展”浙江工业大学学报第四卷第1期2005
[45]田九胜“英汉委婉语的语用翻译”天津外国语学院学报第10卷第5期 2003
[50]朱棠“日本礼仪中“生”的忌讳语探究”当代教育理论与实践第二卷第一期2010
[51]朱棠“日本礼仪中“婚嫁”的忌讳语探究”学术探索2012年1月
[52]陈玉泉“日语中委婉语的语用方式概述”引进与咨询2003年第6期
[57]胡元群“隐喻理论视角下的英汉“死亡”委婉语研究”内蒙古农业大学学报第2期,2008
65 楳垣(1973),《日本の忌み言葉》,民俗文芸双书,159(?)
66 楳垣(1973),《日本の忌み言葉》,民俗文芸双书,157(?)
[5]金容霎 《斡·日民族(?) 原型》 (?) 1992
[6]权宇 《古代中朝日文化比较研究》 延边大学出版社 2002
[7]金涣 《斡国と日本の比较文化输》 明石书店 1994
[8]柳田国男 《禁忌习俗语彙》 昭和五十年
[24]陈燕生 《日语词汇学》 旅游教育出版社 2003
[25]王亮 委婉语的认知研究黑龙江大学硕士学位论文2007
[16]刘小珊“日语委婉语的文化语用学思考”日语学习与研究1999年第2期
[17]李莉薇“关于日语禁忌语的现状及其成因的考察”日语学习与研究第二期,2010
[18]李喜芬“英汉委婉语比较分析”民族教育研究1994
[19]林艳,何涛鹏“日、英、汉语中委婉语的语用功能及表达方式”赣南师范学院学报第五期,2004
[20]文孝根 “斡国(?) 禁忌语” 人文科学,Vol.8 1962
[21]文孝根 “韩国(?) 禁忌语(续)” 人文科学,Vol.9 1963
[22]朴培英 “英语(?) 韩国语(?) 婉曲藉法(?) 对照研究” 藉文研究21992
[26]庞婷婷“日语中的禁忌语和委婉词”吉林省教育学院学报2009年第4期
[27]徐瑛“关于日中韩三国禁忌语的考察” 日本语言文化研究2010
[28]徐瑛“从认知语言学考察日中韩死亡禁忌语”日本语言文化研究2011
[31]沈在箕 “言语(?) 禁忌：韩国传来禁忌谈(?) 中心(?)”北岳291978
[33]岸英司“论日本人的生死观”铁道师院学报第14卷第6期1997
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