软权力与冷战后美国对拉美的外交政策
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摘要
1990年约瑟夫·奈提出“软权力”概念。近年来,这一概念在国际关系理论和政策界都广为使用。但是人们对于软权力的定义、来源和要素有着不同的看法。本文首先从权力理论入手,就软权力的来源阐明观点,并从历史的角度分析美国在拉美地区软权力的基础。
尽管“软权力”仍是一个相对较新的概念,但美国外交政策中软权力策略的使用由来已久。从历史上看,美国通过观念、制度和政策三个方面构建了在拉美地区的软权力。相应地,软权力策略构成了美国对拉美外交政策的必要部分,如金元外交、睦邻政策和“争取进步同盟”等美国对拉美的政策和措施都体现了软权力策略的因素。冷战结束后,布什政府和克林顿政府对美国的拉美政策做出了一些重大调整,如推广民主、贸易自由化和加强与国际机构的合作等。通过这些政策转变,软权力的重要性也得以强化。本论文试图从权力策略的角度分析冷战后美国对拉美的外交政策,确定软权力在美国外交政策中的重要性,并总结美国在拉美地区软权力策略对于中国的启示。
In recent years, soft power, a term coined by Joseph Nye in 1990, is becoming more and more popular in China as well as the rest of the world. Although people frequently talked about it, they tend to interpret it quiet differently. Moreover, the sources or elements of soft power remain debated. This thesis sets to explore the power theories, identify the sources of soft power, and analyze the sources of US soft power in Latin America from a historical perspective.
Though soft power is a comparatively new concept, the soft power strategy has been used in the practice of US foreign policy a long time ago. Historically, the United States built up its soft power in Latin America through three sources: ideas, institutions, and policies. Correspondingly, soft power strategy constituted an indispensable part of the US foreign policy toward Latin America. Such policies and initiatives as Dollar Diplomacy, Good Neighbor Policy, and Alliance for Progress are examples of the application of soft power strategy in the history. In the post-Cold War era, the first Bush administration and the Clinton administration made significant changes to their foreign policies toward Latin America, such as democracy promotion, trade liberalization, and enhanced collaboration with international institutions. Through these policy shifts, the role of soft power was intensified. This thesis attempts to analyze the US foreign policy toward Latin America in the post-Cold War era from the perspective of power strategies, identify the role of soft power in US foreign policy, and sum up the implications of US soft power strategy in Latin America for China.
尽管“软权力”仍是一个相对较新的概念,但美国外交政策中软权力策略的使用由来已久。从历史上看,美国通过观念、制度和政策三个方面构建了在拉美地区的软权力。相应地,软权力策略构成了美国对拉美外交政策的必要部分,如金元外交、睦邻政策和“争取进步同盟”等美国对拉美的政策和措施都体现了软权力策略的因素。冷战结束后,布什政府和克林顿政府对美国的拉美政策做出了一些重大调整,如推广民主、贸易自由化和加强与国际机构的合作等。通过这些政策转变,软权力的重要性也得以强化。本论文试图从权力策略的角度分析冷战后美国对拉美的外交政策,确定软权力在美国外交政策中的重要性,并总结美国在拉美地区软权力策略对于中国的启示。
In recent years, soft power, a term coined by Joseph Nye in 1990, is becoming more and more popular in China as well as the rest of the world. Although people frequently talked about it, they tend to interpret it quiet differently. Moreover, the sources or elements of soft power remain debated. This thesis sets to explore the power theories, identify the sources of soft power, and analyze the sources of US soft power in Latin America from a historical perspective.
Though soft power is a comparatively new concept, the soft power strategy has been used in the practice of US foreign policy a long time ago. Historically, the United States built up its soft power in Latin America through three sources: ideas, institutions, and policies. Correspondingly, soft power strategy constituted an indispensable part of the US foreign policy toward Latin America. Such policies and initiatives as Dollar Diplomacy, Good Neighbor Policy, and Alliance for Progress are examples of the application of soft power strategy in the history. In the post-Cold War era, the first Bush administration and the Clinton administration made significant changes to their foreign policies toward Latin America, such as democracy promotion, trade liberalization, and enhanced collaboration with international institutions. Through these policy shifts, the role of soft power was intensified. This thesis attempts to analyze the US foreign policy toward Latin America in the post-Cold War era from the perspective of power strategies, identify the role of soft power in US foreign policy, and sum up the implications of US soft power strategy in Latin America for China.
引文
Armitage, R.L. & J.S. Nye,“CSIS Commission on Smart Power– A Smarter, More Secure America”, CSIS– Bipartisan Commission on Smart Power
Auerswald, Philip E., Christian Duttweiler, and John Garofano, ed.. Clinton’s Foreign Policy: A Documentary Record. New York: Kluwer Law International, 2003.
Baldwin, David,“Power and International Relations”in Handbook of International Relations, eds. Walter Carlsnaes, Thomas Risse, and Beth A. Simmons. London: Sage, 2002.
Becker, Gary S.“What Latin America Owes to the“Chicago Boys”, Hoover Digest, No.4, 1997.
Bell, Roderick, David Edwards and Harrison Wagner, eds, Political Power: A Reader in Theory and Research, New York: Free Press, 1969.
Cameron, Fraser, United States Foreign Policy After the Cold War, Routledge, 2nd ed., 2005.
Carr, Edward Hallett, The Twenty Years’Crisis 1919-1939: An Introduction to the Study of International Relations, London: Macmillan, 1939.
Contreras, Joseph, In the Shadow of the Giant: the Americanization of Modern Mexico, New Brunswick, N.J: Rutgers University Press, 2009.
Cooper, Robert,“Hard Power, Soft Power and the goals of Diplomacy”in American Power in the 21st Century, ed. David Held, Mathias Koenig-Archibugi. Oxford: Polity, 2004.
Christopher, Warren, In the Stream of History: Shaping Foreign Policy for A New Era. California: Stanford University Press, 1998.
Clinton, Bill, State of the Union Address, January 25, 1994.
Clinton, Hillary Rodham, Statement before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, January 13, 2009.
Davidow, Jeffrey, Remarks to the Inter-American Development Bank, Forum on the Americas Monthly Luncheon, Washington, D.C., November 12, 1996.
Dent, David W., ed. US-Latin American Policymaking: A reference Handbook, Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 1995.
Enhancing Security at Home and Abroad, A National Security Strategy for A New Century.
Ferguson, Niall, Think Again: Power, Foreign Policy, No. 134 (January/February 2003)
Gilpin, Robert, War and Change in World Politics, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1981.
Haney, Patrick Jude, Walt Vanderbush, The Cuban Embargo: the Domestic Politics of An American Foreign Policy, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2005.
Kenny, Anthony, Will, Freedom and Power. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1975.
Kissinger, Henry, Does America Need A Foreign Policy? New York: Simon & Schuster, 2002.
Lake, Anthony,“From Containment to Enlargement”. Speech at Johns Hopkins University.
Loveman, Brian, ed. Addicted to Failure: US Security Policy in Latin America and the Andean Region, New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2006.
Lukes, Steven, Power and the Battle for Hearts and Minds, Millennium-Journal of International Studies, 33, no. 3 (2005).
Lukes, Steven, Power: A Radical View. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2nd ed., 2005.
Mearsheimer, John, The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. New York: Norton, 2001.
Melissen, Jan,“The New Public Diplomacy: Between Theory and Practice”, in Melissen ed. The New Public Diplomacy: Soft Power in International Relations, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.
Morgenthau, Hans, Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace.New York: Alfred Knopf, 5th ed., 1978.
Muravchik, Joshua, Exporting Democracy: Fulfilling America’s Destiny, Washington, D.C.: AEI Press, 1992.
North American Congress on Latin America (NACLA), US Military Training Programs.
Nye, Joseph S. Jr., The Changing Nature of World Power, Political Science Quarterly, Volume 105, Issue 2 (Summer, 1990)
Nye, Joseph S. Jr., The Decline of America’s Soft Power, Foreign Affairs May/June 2004.
Nye, Joseph S. Jr., Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics, New York: Public Affairs, 2004.
Palmer, David Scott, US Relations with Latin America During the Clinton Years: Opportunities Lost or Opportunities Squandered, Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2006.
Pells, Richard, Not Like Us Not Like Us: How Europeans Have Loved, Hated, and Transformed American Culture Since World War II, New York: Basic Books, 1997.
Regan, Ronald,“Remarks at a White House Ceremony Inaugurating the National Endowment for Democracy”, December 16, 1983.
Rosenberg, Emily S., Spreading the American Dream: American Economic and Cultural Expansion, 1890 - 1945, New York: Hill& Wang, 1982.
Smith, Joseph, The United States and Latin America: A History of American Diplomacy, 1776-2000, New York: Routledge, 2005.
US Department of State Dispatch, May 3, 1993.
Walt, Stephen M.“The Enduring Relevance of the Realist Tradition”in Political Science: The State of the Discipline, ed. Ira Katznelson and Helen V. Milner. New York: W.W. Norton, 2002.
Waltz, Kenneth N.,“Reflection on Theory of International Politics: A response toMy Critics”in Neorealism and Its Critics, ed. Robert Keohane. New York: Columbia University Press, 1986.
Waltz, Kenneth N., Theory of International Politics, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1979.
Weber, Max, The Theory of Social and Economic Organization, New York: The Free Press, 1947.
White House, National Security Strategy of the United States, March 1990. White House, A National Security Strategy of Engagement and Enlargement, February 1995.
方长平:《中美软实力比较及其对中国的启示》,载《世界经济与政治》2007年第7期。
韩志立:《新自由国际主义与美国大战略的思想转向》,载《国际政治研究》2007年第4期。
门洪华:《中国软实力评估报告(上)》,载《国际观察》2007年第2期。
秦亚青/编著《观念、制度与政策—欧盟软权力研究》,北京:世界知识出版社,2008。
Auerswald, Philip E., Christian Duttweiler, and John Garofano, ed.. Clinton’s Foreign Policy: A Documentary Record. New York: Kluwer Law International, 2003.
Baldwin, David,“Power and International Relations”in Handbook of International Relations, eds. Walter Carlsnaes, Thomas Risse, and Beth A. Simmons. London: Sage, 2002.
Becker, Gary S.“What Latin America Owes to the“Chicago Boys”, Hoover Digest, No.4, 1997.
Bell, Roderick, David Edwards and Harrison Wagner, eds, Political Power: A Reader in Theory and Research, New York: Free Press, 1969.
Cameron, Fraser, United States Foreign Policy After the Cold War, Routledge, 2nd ed., 2005.
Carr, Edward Hallett, The Twenty Years’Crisis 1919-1939: An Introduction to the Study of International Relations, London: Macmillan, 1939.
Contreras, Joseph, In the Shadow of the Giant: the Americanization of Modern Mexico, New Brunswick, N.J: Rutgers University Press, 2009.
Cooper, Robert,“Hard Power, Soft Power and the goals of Diplomacy”in American Power in the 21st Century, ed. David Held, Mathias Koenig-Archibugi. Oxford: Polity, 2004.
Christopher, Warren, In the Stream of History: Shaping Foreign Policy for A New Era. California: Stanford University Press, 1998.
Clinton, Bill, State of the Union Address, January 25, 1994.
Clinton, Hillary Rodham, Statement before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, January 13, 2009.
Davidow, Jeffrey, Remarks to the Inter-American Development Bank, Forum on the Americas Monthly Luncheon, Washington, D.C., November 12, 1996.
Dent, David W., ed. US-Latin American Policymaking: A reference Handbook, Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 1995.
Enhancing Security at Home and Abroad, A National Security Strategy for A New Century.
Ferguson, Niall, Think Again: Power, Foreign Policy, No. 134 (January/February 2003)
Gilpin, Robert, War and Change in World Politics, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1981.
Haney, Patrick Jude, Walt Vanderbush, The Cuban Embargo: the Domestic Politics of An American Foreign Policy, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2005.
Kenny, Anthony, Will, Freedom and Power. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1975.
Kissinger, Henry, Does America Need A Foreign Policy? New York: Simon & Schuster, 2002.
Lake, Anthony,“From Containment to Enlargement”. Speech at Johns Hopkins University.
Loveman, Brian, ed. Addicted to Failure: US Security Policy in Latin America and the Andean Region, New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2006.
Lukes, Steven, Power and the Battle for Hearts and Minds, Millennium-Journal of International Studies, 33, no. 3 (2005).
Lukes, Steven, Power: A Radical View. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2nd ed., 2005.
Mearsheimer, John, The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. New York: Norton, 2001.
Melissen, Jan,“The New Public Diplomacy: Between Theory and Practice”, in Melissen ed. The New Public Diplomacy: Soft Power in International Relations, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.
Morgenthau, Hans, Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace.New York: Alfred Knopf, 5th ed., 1978.
Muravchik, Joshua, Exporting Democracy: Fulfilling America’s Destiny, Washington, D.C.: AEI Press, 1992.
North American Congress on Latin America (NACLA), US Military Training Programs.
Nye, Joseph S. Jr., The Changing Nature of World Power, Political Science Quarterly, Volume 105, Issue 2 (Summer, 1990)
Nye, Joseph S. Jr., The Decline of America’s Soft Power, Foreign Affairs May/June 2004.
Nye, Joseph S. Jr., Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics, New York: Public Affairs, 2004.
Palmer, David Scott, US Relations with Latin America During the Clinton Years: Opportunities Lost or Opportunities Squandered, Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2006.
Pells, Richard, Not Like Us Not Like Us: How Europeans Have Loved, Hated, and Transformed American Culture Since World War II, New York: Basic Books, 1997.
Regan, Ronald,“Remarks at a White House Ceremony Inaugurating the National Endowment for Democracy”, December 16, 1983.
Rosenberg, Emily S., Spreading the American Dream: American Economic and Cultural Expansion, 1890 - 1945, New York: Hill& Wang, 1982.
Smith, Joseph, The United States and Latin America: A History of American Diplomacy, 1776-2000, New York: Routledge, 2005.
US Department of State Dispatch, May 3, 1993.
Walt, Stephen M.“The Enduring Relevance of the Realist Tradition”in Political Science: The State of the Discipline, ed. Ira Katznelson and Helen V. Milner. New York: W.W. Norton, 2002.
Waltz, Kenneth N.,“Reflection on Theory of International Politics: A response toMy Critics”in Neorealism and Its Critics, ed. Robert Keohane. New York: Columbia University Press, 1986.
Waltz, Kenneth N., Theory of International Politics, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1979.
Weber, Max, The Theory of Social and Economic Organization, New York: The Free Press, 1947.
White House, National Security Strategy of the United States, March 1990. White House, A National Security Strategy of Engagement and Enlargement, February 1995.
方长平:《中美软实力比较及其对中国的启示》,载《世界经济与政治》2007年第7期。
韩志立:《新自由国际主义与美国大战略的思想转向》,载《国际政治研究》2007年第4期。
门洪华:《中国软实力评估报告(上)》,载《国际观察》2007年第2期。
秦亚青/编著《观念、制度与政策—欧盟软权力研究》,北京:世界知识出版社,2008。