激光超声波检测金属表面缺陷的理论及实验研究
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摘要
本文从实验及有限元方法两方面展开对激光超声缺陷检测的研究,主要提出一些判断缺陷位置、尺寸等信息的方法。本文内容主要从如下几个方面展开分析讨论：
采用有限元方法模拟了激光线源激发铝板表面超声波的物理过程。进而分析了表面波与表面矩形缺陷的相互作用及存在缺陷时的各种超声模式；最后提取表面位移信号分析缺陷对激光超声的影响,并反演缺陷位置、尺寸等相关信息。
采用PVDF压电传感器接收超声信号及指向性优越的激光线源作为超声波激发源建立激光超声缺陷检测实验平台。应用该平台研究了接收器与激发源同侧及异侧时铝板内出现的各种超声模式以及由于缺陷的存在而导致表面超声信号的变化规律。
实验及模拟部分均分析了缺陷对表面超声信号的影响,主要从反射波及透射波两方面定量讨论了超声信号与缺陷的关系。提出了反射信号中双峰值瑞利波峰峰值、震荡区域时间间隔及透射信号中双峰值瑞利波峰峰值、时间展宽及掠面纵波峰峰值随缺陷深度的变化规律。并对不同缺陷深度的反射及透射波信号进行了频谱分析,总结出缺陷对反射及透射超声波信号的选频作用的结论。
本文的研究结果可为金属表面缺陷的定量检测研究提供实验依据。也为激光超声无损检测技术的发展提供理论依据。
In this paper, we mainly used experiments and finite element method (FEM) to research the laser ultrasonic flaw detection and provided some methods to investigate the location, size and some other information of the flaw. The main content of this work are listed as follows:
FEM was used to simulate the physical process of surface ultrasonic which excited by laser line source on aluminum plate. Further, some analysis was made on interactions between the surface ultrasonic and surface rectangular flaw, and the various ultrasonic model when the flaw existed; Finally, we extract the surface displacement signal to analyze the affect of laser ultrasonic produced by flaws, at the same time, inverse the flaw location, size and other relevant information.
We established the flaw detecting experimental platform which used the PVDF piezoelectric sensor to receive ultrasonic signal and the laser line source to excitated the laser ultrasonic. Application of the platform, we studied the various ultrasound modes and the relationship between ultrasonic and flaw under the receiver and the excitation source place the same or different side.
In this paper, both experiments and numerical simulations analyzed the influence of flaws to the surface ultrasonic signal. The relation between the ultrasonic signal and flaws was discussed from two respects:one is reflected wave, the other is transmission wave. We put forward some characters of reflection signal such as peak to peak value and time indifference of the Rayleigh wave of the double peak region. Some characters of transmissive wave were also given such as time broadening, peak to peak value of the double peak region. And we put forward same characters for the surface skimming longitudinal waves. Finally, we analysis spectrums of the reflective and transmissive wave with different flaw depth, we summarize the conclusion as follows the defects have frequency effect to the reflection and transmission of ultrasonic signal.
This research result will provide an experimental basis for laser ultrasonic detection of metal surface flaw, and theoretical basis for the technology of ultrasonic nondestructive testing.
采用有限元方法模拟了激光线源激发铝板表面超声波的物理过程。进而分析了表面波与表面矩形缺陷的相互作用及存在缺陷时的各种超声模式；最后提取表面位移信号分析缺陷对激光超声的影响,并反演缺陷位置、尺寸等相关信息。
采用PVDF压电传感器接收超声信号及指向性优越的激光线源作为超声波激发源建立激光超声缺陷检测实验平台。应用该平台研究了接收器与激发源同侧及异侧时铝板内出现的各种超声模式以及由于缺陷的存在而导致表面超声信号的变化规律。
实验及模拟部分均分析了缺陷对表面超声信号的影响,主要从反射波及透射波两方面定量讨论了超声信号与缺陷的关系。提出了反射信号中双峰值瑞利波峰峰值、震荡区域时间间隔及透射信号中双峰值瑞利波峰峰值、时间展宽及掠面纵波峰峰值随缺陷深度的变化规律。并对不同缺陷深度的反射及透射波信号进行了频谱分析,总结出缺陷对反射及透射超声波信号的选频作用的结论。
本文的研究结果可为金属表面缺陷的定量检测研究提供实验依据。也为激光超声无损检测技术的发展提供理论依据。
In this paper, we mainly used experiments and finite element method (FEM) to research the laser ultrasonic flaw detection and provided some methods to investigate the location, size and some other information of the flaw. The main content of this work are listed as follows:
FEM was used to simulate the physical process of surface ultrasonic which excited by laser line source on aluminum plate. Further, some analysis was made on interactions between the surface ultrasonic and surface rectangular flaw, and the various ultrasonic model when the flaw existed; Finally, we extract the surface displacement signal to analyze the affect of laser ultrasonic produced by flaws, at the same time, inverse the flaw location, size and other relevant information.
We established the flaw detecting experimental platform which used the PVDF piezoelectric sensor to receive ultrasonic signal and the laser line source to excitated the laser ultrasonic. Application of the platform, we studied the various ultrasound modes and the relationship between ultrasonic and flaw under the receiver and the excitation source place the same or different side.
In this paper, both experiments and numerical simulations analyzed the influence of flaws to the surface ultrasonic signal. The relation between the ultrasonic signal and flaws was discussed from two respects:one is reflected wave, the other is transmission wave. We put forward some characters of reflection signal such as peak to peak value and time indifference of the Rayleigh wave of the double peak region. Some characters of transmissive wave were also given such as time broadening, peak to peak value of the double peak region. And we put forward same characters for the surface skimming longitudinal waves. Finally, we analysis spectrums of the reflective and transmissive wave with different flaw depth, we summarize the conclusion as follows the defects have frequency effect to the reflection and transmission of ultrasonic signal.
This research result will provide an experimental basis for laser ultrasonic detection of metal surface flaw, and theoretical basis for the technology of ultrasonic nondestructive testing.
引文
[1]李喜孟.无损检测.北京：机械工业出版社,2001
[2]施克仁.无损检测新技术.北京：清华大学出版社,2007
[3]C.J.Helliei.无损检测与评价手册.北京：中国石化出版杜,2005
[4]张旭辉.超声无损检测技术的现状和发展趋势.机械制造.2002(7)：27-30
[5]L.W.Sehlne, S.J.Song. Ultrasonic Nondestructive Evaluation Systems:Models and Measurement. New York:Springer,2007
[6]中国机械工程学会无损检测学会.无损检测概论.北京：机械工业出版社,1993
[7]李晓春等.激光超声及其在无损检测中的应用.光电子技术.1997(7)：66-68
[8]R.M. White. Generation of elastic waves by transient surface heating. J.Appl.Phys.1963 (34):3559-3567
[9]A.Askar yan, A.M.Prolhorov, GF.C.Hanturcy, M.P.S.Hipulo. The effects of a laser beam in the liquid. S.Sov.Phys.JETP.1963(17):1463-1465
[10]曾宪林,徐良法.激光超声技术及其在无损检测中的应用.激光与红外.2002(4)：224-227
[11]陈清明,蔡虎,程祖海.激光超声技术及其在无损检测中的应用.激光与电子学进展.2005(42)：53-57
[12]施德恒,陈玉科,孙金锋.激光超声技术及其在无损检测中的应用概况.激光杂志.2004(25)：1-4
[13]苏琨,任大海,李建,尤政.基于激光超声的微裂纹检测技术的研究.光学技术.2002(28)：518-522
[14]M.G.Silk, Lidington. Potential of Scattered or Diffracted Ultrasound in Determination of Crack Depth. Non-Destructive Testing.1975 (8):146-151
[15]殷庆瑞,王通,钱梦碌.光声光热技术及其应用.北京：科学出版社,1991
[16]Viktorov. Rayleigh and Lamb waves-physical theory and applications. NewYokr: Plenum Press,1967
[17]Bondarenko, Yu.B.Drobot, Kruglov. Optical excitation and detection of nanosecond acoustic pulses in nondestructive testing. Sou J Nondestructive Testing.1976(12):655
[18]V.Domarkas, Khuri-Yakub, G.S.Kino. Length and depth resonances of surface cracks and Their use for crack size estimation. Appl.Phys.Lett.1978(33):557-559
[19]H.M.Ledbetter, J.C.Moulder, Laser-induced Rayleigh waves in aluminum. Acoustical Society of America.1979(46):840-842
[20]K.Portz, G.1.Stegeman, A.A.Maradudin. Rayleigh wave reflection at Plate edges. Journal of Applied physics.1981(38):856-858
[21]C.B.Scruby, R.J.Dewhurst, D.A.Hutchins, Palmer. Quantitative Studies of Thermally Generated Elastic Waves In Laser-irradiated metal. Journal of Applied physics.1980 (51):6210-6216
[22]L.R.F.Rose. Point-Source Representation for Laser-Generated Ultrasound. Acoustical Society of America.1984(75):723-732
[23]C.H.Yew, K.G.Chen, D.L.Wang. An experimental study of the interaction between surface waves and a surface breaking crack. Acoustical Society of America.1984(75): 189-196
[24]R.J.Dewhurst, A.D.W.McKie, S.B.Palmer. Further evidence for two-component surface acoustic wave reflections from surface breaking slots. Appl.Phys.Lett. 1986(49):1694-1695
[25]Varun Jeoti, Ashok.A Volume-Perturbation approach to the Problem of Rayleigh wave scattering at Rectangular Groove. Trans UFFC.1992(39):127-137
[26]Lei Wu, Jian-Chun Chen, Shu-Yi Zhang. Mechanisms of laser-generated ultrasound in Plates. J.Phys.D.1995(28):957-964
[27]T.Sanderson, C.Ume, J.Jarzynski. A model of temporal intensity modulation for laser generated ultrasound. Review of Progression Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation. 1997(16):601-607
[28]T.Sanderson,C.Ume, J.Jarzynski. Laser generated ultrasound:A thermoelastic Analysis of the source. Ultrasonics.1997(35):115-124
[29]尤政,胡庆英.用于表面缺陷检测的激光超声技术.宇航计测技术.1998(18)：43-48
[30]D.Royer, C.Chenu. Experimental and the theoretical wave-forms of Rayleigh waves generated by a thermo elastic laser line source. Ultrasonics.2000(38):891-895
[31]A.K.Kromine, P.A.Fomitchov, S.Krishnaswamy, Achernbach. Scanning laser source technique for detection of surface breaking and subsurface cracks. Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation.2000:335-342
[32]Weimin Gao, Christ Glorieux, Jan Thoen.Study of circumferential waves and their interaction with defects on cylindrical shells using line-source laser ultrasonic. Journal of Applied Physies.2002(91):6114-6119
[33]I.Arias, J.D.Achenbaeh. A theoretical model for the ultrasonic detection of surface breaking cracks with the scanning laser source technique. Review of Progression in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation.2003(20):281-288
[34]I.Arias, J.D.Achenbaeh. Thermo elastic generation of ultrasound by line-focused laser irradiation. International Journal of Solids and Struetures.2003(40):6917-6935
[35]L.J.Crnae, M.D.Gilehrist, J.J.H.Miller. Analysis of Rayleigh-Lamb wave scattering by crack in An elastic plate. Computational Mechanics.1997(19):533-537
[36]Younghoon Sohn, Sridhar Krishnaswamy. Interaction of a scanning Laser-generated ultrasonic line-source with a surface-breaking flaw. Acoustical Society of America. 2004(115):172-181
[37]Andre Moura,Alexey M.Lomonosov, Peter Hess. Depth evaluation of surface-breaking cracks using laser-generated transmitted Rayleigh waves. J.Appl.Phys.2008(103):4911
[38]石一飞,关建飞,沈中华.扫描激光激发瑞利波探测材料表面微缺陷.测试技术学报.2008(22)：44-48
[39]Mashaiko, Hirao, Hidekazu Fukuoka. Scattering of Rayleigh surface waves by edge cracks:Numerical simulation and experiment. Acoustical Society of America.1982(72): 602-606
[40]T.T.Wu, J.H.Gong. Application of Transient Elastic-Waves to the Non-destructive Evaluation of Plate Structure with Cavity or Inclusion. Acoustical Society of America. 1993(94):1453-1460
[41]Younho Cho, Joseph L.Rose. An elastohydrodynamic hybrid boundary element study of elastic guided wave interactions with a surface breaking defect. International Journal of Solids and Structures.2000(37):4103-4124
[42]W.T.Song, J.S.Popovics, Aldrin, S.P.Shah. Measurement of surface wave transmission Coefficient across surface-breaking cracks and notches in concrete. Acoustical Society of America.2003(23):717-725
[43]Xiaoliang Zhao, J.L.Rose. Boundary element modeling for defect characterization Potential in a wave guide. International Journal of Solids and Structures.2003(40): 2645-2658
[44]S.W.Liu, S.K.Datta. Scattering of Ultrasonic wave by Cracks in a Plate. Jounral of Applied Mechanics.1993(60):352-357
[45]Waled Hassan, William Veronesi. Finite element analysis of Rayleigh wave intonation with Finite-size surface-breaking cracks.Ulrtasonies.2003(41):41-52
[46]X.Jian, Y.Fan, R.S.Edwards, S.Dixon. Surface-breaking crack gauging with the use of laser-generated Rayleigh waves. J.Appl.Phys.2006(100):4907-4910
[47]倪辰荫,石一飞,沈中华.激光激发材料中近场声表面波的数值模拟.红外与激光工程.2007(36)：324-327
[48]Jianfei Guan, Zhonghua Shen. Numerical simulation of the reflected acoustic wave components in the near field of surface defects. J. Phys. D:Appl. Phys.2006(39): 1237-1243
[49]关建飞,沈中华.激光超声探测铝板表面微缺陷深度的数值研究.测试计量学报.2010(24)：15-21
[50]王泽鹏,张秀辉,胡仁喜.热力学有限元分析从入门到精通.北京：机械工业出版社,2010：25-30
[51]严刚,沈中华,陆建.利用PVDF检测激光声表面波的实验方法.测试技术学报.2007(21)：262-265
[2]施克仁.无损检测新技术.北京：清华大学出版社,2007
[3]C.J.Helliei.无损检测与评价手册.北京：中国石化出版杜,2005
[4]张旭辉.超声无损检测技术的现状和发展趋势.机械制造.2002(7)：27-30
[5]L.W.Sehlne, S.J.Song. Ultrasonic Nondestructive Evaluation Systems:Models and Measurement. New York:Springer,2007
[6]中国机械工程学会无损检测学会.无损检测概论.北京：机械工业出版社,1993
[7]李晓春等.激光超声及其在无损检测中的应用.光电子技术.1997(7)：66-68
[8]R.M. White. Generation of elastic waves by transient surface heating. J.Appl.Phys.1963 (34):3559-3567
[9]A.Askar yan, A.M.Prolhorov, GF.C.Hanturcy, M.P.S.Hipulo. The effects of a laser beam in the liquid. S.Sov.Phys.JETP.1963(17):1463-1465
[10]曾宪林,徐良法.激光超声技术及其在无损检测中的应用.激光与红外.2002(4)：224-227
[11]陈清明,蔡虎,程祖海.激光超声技术及其在无损检测中的应用.激光与电子学进展.2005(42)：53-57
[12]施德恒,陈玉科,孙金锋.激光超声技术及其在无损检测中的应用概况.激光杂志.2004(25)：1-4
[13]苏琨,任大海,李建,尤政.基于激光超声的微裂纹检测技术的研究.光学技术.2002(28)：518-522
[14]M.G.Silk, Lidington. Potential of Scattered or Diffracted Ultrasound in Determination of Crack Depth. Non-Destructive Testing.1975 (8):146-151
[15]殷庆瑞,王通,钱梦碌.光声光热技术及其应用.北京：科学出版社,1991
[16]Viktorov. Rayleigh and Lamb waves-physical theory and applications. NewYokr: Plenum Press,1967
[17]Bondarenko, Yu.B.Drobot, Kruglov. Optical excitation and detection of nanosecond acoustic pulses in nondestructive testing. Sou J Nondestructive Testing.1976(12):655
[18]V.Domarkas, Khuri-Yakub, G.S.Kino. Length and depth resonances of surface cracks and Their use for crack size estimation. Appl.Phys.Lett.1978(33):557-559
[19]H.M.Ledbetter, J.C.Moulder, Laser-induced Rayleigh waves in aluminum. Acoustical Society of America.1979(46):840-842
[20]K.Portz, G.1.Stegeman, A.A.Maradudin. Rayleigh wave reflection at Plate edges. Journal of Applied physics.1981(38):856-858
[21]C.B.Scruby, R.J.Dewhurst, D.A.Hutchins, Palmer. Quantitative Studies of Thermally Generated Elastic Waves In Laser-irradiated metal. Journal of Applied physics.1980 (51):6210-6216
[22]L.R.F.Rose. Point-Source Representation for Laser-Generated Ultrasound. Acoustical Society of America.1984(75):723-732
[23]C.H.Yew, K.G.Chen, D.L.Wang. An experimental study of the interaction between surface waves and a surface breaking crack. Acoustical Society of America.1984(75): 189-196
[24]R.J.Dewhurst, A.D.W.McKie, S.B.Palmer. Further evidence for two-component surface acoustic wave reflections from surface breaking slots. Appl.Phys.Lett. 1986(49):1694-1695
[25]Varun Jeoti, Ashok.A Volume-Perturbation approach to the Problem of Rayleigh wave scattering at Rectangular Groove. Trans UFFC.1992(39):127-137
[26]Lei Wu, Jian-Chun Chen, Shu-Yi Zhang. Mechanisms of laser-generated ultrasound in Plates. J.Phys.D.1995(28):957-964
[27]T.Sanderson, C.Ume, J.Jarzynski. A model of temporal intensity modulation for laser generated ultrasound. Review of Progression Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation. 1997(16):601-607
[28]T.Sanderson,C.Ume, J.Jarzynski. Laser generated ultrasound:A thermoelastic Analysis of the source. Ultrasonics.1997(35):115-124
[29]尤政,胡庆英.用于表面缺陷检测的激光超声技术.宇航计测技术.1998(18)：43-48
[30]D.Royer, C.Chenu. Experimental and the theoretical wave-forms of Rayleigh waves generated by a thermo elastic laser line source. Ultrasonics.2000(38):891-895
[31]A.K.Kromine, P.A.Fomitchov, S.Krishnaswamy, Achernbach. Scanning laser source technique for detection of surface breaking and subsurface cracks. Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation.2000:335-342
[32]Weimin Gao, Christ Glorieux, Jan Thoen.Study of circumferential waves and their interaction with defects on cylindrical shells using line-source laser ultrasonic. Journal of Applied Physies.2002(91):6114-6119
[33]I.Arias, J.D.Achenbaeh. A theoretical model for the ultrasonic detection of surface breaking cracks with the scanning laser source technique. Review of Progression in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation.2003(20):281-288
[34]I.Arias, J.D.Achenbaeh. Thermo elastic generation of ultrasound by line-focused laser irradiation. International Journal of Solids and Struetures.2003(40):6917-6935
[35]L.J.Crnae, M.D.Gilehrist, J.J.H.Miller. Analysis of Rayleigh-Lamb wave scattering by crack in An elastic plate. Computational Mechanics.1997(19):533-537
[36]Younghoon Sohn, Sridhar Krishnaswamy. Interaction of a scanning Laser-generated ultrasonic line-source with a surface-breaking flaw. Acoustical Society of America. 2004(115):172-181
[37]Andre Moura,Alexey M.Lomonosov, Peter Hess. Depth evaluation of surface-breaking cracks using laser-generated transmitted Rayleigh waves. J.Appl.Phys.2008(103):4911
[38]石一飞,关建飞,沈中华.扫描激光激发瑞利波探测材料表面微缺陷.测试技术学报.2008(22)：44-48
[39]Mashaiko, Hirao, Hidekazu Fukuoka. Scattering of Rayleigh surface waves by edge cracks:Numerical simulation and experiment. Acoustical Society of America.1982(72): 602-606
[40]T.T.Wu, J.H.Gong. Application of Transient Elastic-Waves to the Non-destructive Evaluation of Plate Structure with Cavity or Inclusion. Acoustical Society of America. 1993(94):1453-1460
[41]Younho Cho, Joseph L.Rose. An elastohydrodynamic hybrid boundary element study of elastic guided wave interactions with a surface breaking defect. International Journal of Solids and Structures.2000(37):4103-4124
[42]W.T.Song, J.S.Popovics, Aldrin, S.P.Shah. Measurement of surface wave transmission Coefficient across surface-breaking cracks and notches in concrete. Acoustical Society of America.2003(23):717-725
[43]Xiaoliang Zhao, J.L.Rose. Boundary element modeling for defect characterization Potential in a wave guide. International Journal of Solids and Structures.2003(40): 2645-2658
[44]S.W.Liu, S.K.Datta. Scattering of Ultrasonic wave by Cracks in a Plate. Jounral of Applied Mechanics.1993(60):352-357
[45]Waled Hassan, William Veronesi. Finite element analysis of Rayleigh wave intonation with Finite-size surface-breaking cracks.Ulrtasonies.2003(41):41-52
[46]X.Jian, Y.Fan, R.S.Edwards, S.Dixon. Surface-breaking crack gauging with the use of laser-generated Rayleigh waves. J.Appl.Phys.2006(100):4907-4910
[47]倪辰荫,石一飞,沈中华.激光激发材料中近场声表面波的数值模拟.红外与激光工程.2007(36)：324-327
[48]Jianfei Guan, Zhonghua Shen. Numerical simulation of the reflected acoustic wave components in the near field of surface defects. J. Phys. D:Appl. Phys.2006(39): 1237-1243
[49]关建飞,沈中华.激光超声探测铝板表面微缺陷深度的数值研究.测试计量学报.2010(24)：15-21
[50]王泽鹏,张秀辉,胡仁喜.热力学有限元分析从入门到精通.北京：机械工业出版社,2010：25-30
[51]严刚,沈中华,陆建.利用PVDF检测激光声表面波的实验方法.测试技术学报.2007(21)：262-265