中国对外贸易与生态环境协调度研究
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摘要
近年来,随着经济全球化的发展和国际分工的细化,我国出口贸易规模不断扩大,贸易顺差也一直维持在较高水平,从表面上看,我国仍处在比较有利的贸易地位。但是我国商品生产一直采用高投入、高能耗、高污染、粗放型的生产模式,很多生态环境成本尚未内部化,大规模生产加工低廉出口商品有可能对我国的环境造成不可逆转的损失,形成对外贸易和生态环境的发展失衡。为对两者的协调性进行分析,本文构建了对外贸易和生态环境协调度指标,从全球价值链的角度,全面、客观地分析了我国对外贸易与生态环境的协调性,并在此基础上提出相应的对策和建议。
本文遵循“文献回顾-理论拓展-实证分析-政策建议”的写作框架展开论文的写作。首先,在明确选题目的和意义、界定基本概念的基础上,从国际贸易与生态环境的关系、全球价值链的研究、协调度分析三个方面,对国内外的研究现状进行总结、评述。其次,把生态要素引入国际贸易理论中,对雷布任斯基定理进行拓展,分析劳动、资本的变化对生态密集型产品出口的影响。把生态要素引入全球价值链的利益分配机制,研究不同驱动力下环境成本与贸易利益的协调性。再次,设计对外贸易与生态环境协调度计算的指标体系,在此基础上计算我国各行业的对外贸易综合发展指数、生态环境综合评价指数和两者的协调度,并用实证数据分析论证拓展的雷布任斯基定理。最后,从全球价值链的角度分析我国对外贸易与生态环境的协调性,并对不同价值链驱动类型的行业协调情况进行了对比分析,分析我国在全球价值链上的地位和贸易利益,对价值链上贸易利益与环境成本的协调进行了实证分析。
在文献回顾、理论解释和实证分析的基础上,论文得出以下结论：技术密集型行业和劳动密集型行业的协调度远大于生态要素密集型行业的协调度；在生产者驱动型全球价值链上,各行业的协调程度差距大,贸易结构不稳定；在购买者驱动型全球价值链上,各行业协调度处于初级和中级协调阶段,历年的发展稳定,生态环境的发展水平高于对外贸易的发展水平。因此,为促进我国对外贸易与生态环境协调发展,论文结尾部分提出了相应的路径选择。
With the globalization of economy and deepness of global labor division in resent years, China's export volume has increased rapidly, and trade surplus is also in a high level. It seems that China is in a comparatively favorable trade status all over the world. However, production of goods in China still takes the "high input, high depletion, high pollution" industry pattern, and most of the ecological environment costs are not included in the price. Therefore, it may have distractive harm for our ecological environment to produce low-price export goods in a large scale, which can bring about unbalance development of foreign trade and ecology system. In order to analyze the coordination condition of the two, this paper frames index which can evaluates the coordination degree of foreign trade and ecological environment, studies the harmonious development of our foreign trade and ecosystem comprehensively and objectively on the basis of global value chain, and proposes measures and suggestions based on the analysis.
This paper follows the frame of "the theoretical review-the theoretical expand-the empirical analysis-measures" to launch the research. First, on the basis of clearing objectives and defining essential concepts, this paper concludes and comments the domestic and foreign research from the aspects of relations of trade and ecological environment, global value chain and coordination degree. Second, this paper introduces the ecological factors into the Rybczynski theorem to analyze the influence of changes of labor and capital on export volume of the ecological factor-intense products. Then it is introduced into the profit distribution mechanism of global value chain to analyze the relationship of ecological environment cost and trade benefit under different driving mechanisms. Third, the paper constructs index which can calculate the coordination degree of foreign trade and ecological environment, and calculates the complex development indexes and the coordination degree of these two systems. Then this paper analyzes and argues the Rybczynski theorem with empirical analysis. Forth, the last part studies the coordination of foreign trade and ecological environment from the angle of global value chain. This paper analyzes the coordination degree of different industries under different driving mechanisms, summarizes China's position and trade benefits in the whole global value chain, and analyzes the concordance of ecological environment cost and trade benefit with empirical data.
Finally, this paper turns out that the coordination degree is different for different factor-intense industries. In the manufacture driving global value chain, the gap of coordination degree for different industries is larger; the coordination degree of industries in the consumer driving global value chain is in junior and middle level, and the level of development of ecological environment is higher than that of foreign trade. Therefore, the last part of this paper proposes measures to coordinate foreign trade and ecological environment.
本文遵循“文献回顾-理论拓展-实证分析-政策建议”的写作框架展开论文的写作。首先,在明确选题目的和意义、界定基本概念的基础上,从国际贸易与生态环境的关系、全球价值链的研究、协调度分析三个方面,对国内外的研究现状进行总结、评述。其次,把生态要素引入国际贸易理论中,对雷布任斯基定理进行拓展,分析劳动、资本的变化对生态密集型产品出口的影响。把生态要素引入全球价值链的利益分配机制,研究不同驱动力下环境成本与贸易利益的协调性。再次,设计对外贸易与生态环境协调度计算的指标体系,在此基础上计算我国各行业的对外贸易综合发展指数、生态环境综合评价指数和两者的协调度,并用实证数据分析论证拓展的雷布任斯基定理。最后,从全球价值链的角度分析我国对外贸易与生态环境的协调性,并对不同价值链驱动类型的行业协调情况进行了对比分析,分析我国在全球价值链上的地位和贸易利益,对价值链上贸易利益与环境成本的协调进行了实证分析。
在文献回顾、理论解释和实证分析的基础上,论文得出以下结论：技术密集型行业和劳动密集型行业的协调度远大于生态要素密集型行业的协调度；在生产者驱动型全球价值链上,各行业的协调程度差距大,贸易结构不稳定；在购买者驱动型全球价值链上,各行业协调度处于初级和中级协调阶段,历年的发展稳定,生态环境的发展水平高于对外贸易的发展水平。因此,为促进我国对外贸易与生态环境协调发展,论文结尾部分提出了相应的路径选择。
With the globalization of economy and deepness of global labor division in resent years, China's export volume has increased rapidly, and trade surplus is also in a high level. It seems that China is in a comparatively favorable trade status all over the world. However, production of goods in China still takes the "high input, high depletion, high pollution" industry pattern, and most of the ecological environment costs are not included in the price. Therefore, it may have distractive harm for our ecological environment to produce low-price export goods in a large scale, which can bring about unbalance development of foreign trade and ecology system. In order to analyze the coordination condition of the two, this paper frames index which can evaluates the coordination degree of foreign trade and ecological environment, studies the harmonious development of our foreign trade and ecosystem comprehensively and objectively on the basis of global value chain, and proposes measures and suggestions based on the analysis.
This paper follows the frame of "the theoretical review-the theoretical expand-the empirical analysis-measures" to launch the research. First, on the basis of clearing objectives and defining essential concepts, this paper concludes and comments the domestic and foreign research from the aspects of relations of trade and ecological environment, global value chain and coordination degree. Second, this paper introduces the ecological factors into the Rybczynski theorem to analyze the influence of changes of labor and capital on export volume of the ecological factor-intense products. Then it is introduced into the profit distribution mechanism of global value chain to analyze the relationship of ecological environment cost and trade benefit under different driving mechanisms. Third, the paper constructs index which can calculate the coordination degree of foreign trade and ecological environment, and calculates the complex development indexes and the coordination degree of these two systems. Then this paper analyzes and argues the Rybczynski theorem with empirical analysis. Forth, the last part studies the coordination of foreign trade and ecological environment from the angle of global value chain. This paper analyzes the coordination degree of different industries under different driving mechanisms, summarizes China's position and trade benefits in the whole global value chain, and analyzes the concordance of ecological environment cost and trade benefit with empirical data.
Finally, this paper turns out that the coordination degree is different for different factor-intense industries. In the manufacture driving global value chain, the gap of coordination degree for different industries is larger; the coordination degree of industries in the consumer driving global value chain is in junior and middle level, and the level of development of ecological environment is higher than that of foreign trade. Therefore, the last part of this paper proposes measures to coordinate foreign trade and ecological environment.
引文
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[2]Carol McAusland, Trade, politics, and the environment:Tailpipe vs. smokestack [J]. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,2008, Vol.55:pp. 52-71.
[3]Cemal Atici, Carbon Emissions in Central and Eastern Europe:Environmental Kuznets Curve and Implications for Sustainable Development [J]. Sustainable Development,2008, Vol.372:pp.10-16.
[4]Chi-Chur Chao, Eden S.H. Yu, Trade liberalization, foreign ownership, and the environment in a small open economy [J]. International Review of Economics and Finance,2007, Vol.16:pp.471-477.
[5]Douglas A. Schuler, The NAFTA and The Environment:trade, diplomacy, and limited protection [J]. The International Trade Journal,1996, Vol.X:pp.353-378.
[6]Glen P. Peters, Edgar G. Hertwich, Pollution embodied in trade:The Norwegian case [J]. Global Environmental Change,2006, Vol.16:pp.379-387.
[7]H. David Robison, Industrial pollution abatement:the impact on balance of trade [J]. Canadian Journal of Economics,1988, Vol.88:pp.187-199.
[8]Joachim Schleich, Environmental quality with endogenous domestic and trade policies [J]. European Journal of Political Economy,1999, Vol.15:pp.53-71.
[9]John Beghin and Michel Potier, Effects of Trade Liberalisation on the Environment in the Manufacturing Sector [J]. The World Economy,1997, Vol.20:pp.435-456.
[10]Jeffrey R. Vincent, Testing for environmental Kuznets curves within a developing country [J]. Environment and Development Economics,1997, Vol.2:pp.417-431.
[11]Jeroen C.J.M. van den Bergh & Harmen Verbruggen, Spatial sustainability, trade and indicators:an evaluation of the'ecological footprint' [J]. Ecological
Economics,1999, Vol.29:pp.61-72.
[12]Kevin P. Gallagher, International trade and air pollution:Estimating the economic costs of air emissions from waterborne commerce vessels in the United States [J].Journal of Environmental Management,2005, Vol.77:pp.99-103.
[13]Liliana B.Andonova, Openness and the Environment in Central And Eastern Europe:Can Trade and Foreign Investment Stimulate Better Environmental Management in Enterprises? [J]. Journal of Environment & Development,2003, Vol.12:pp.177-204.
[14]M.A. Cole, A.J. Rayner and J.M. Bates, The environmental Kuznets curve:an empirical analysis [J]. Environment and Development Economics,1997, Vol.2:pp.401-416.
[15]Matthew A. Cole and Robert J. R. Elliott, Do Environmental Regulations Influence Trade Patterns? Testing Old and New Trade Theories [J]. The World Economy,2003, Vol.26:pp.1163-1186.
[16]Matthew A. Cole, Robert J. R. Elliott, Per G. Fredriksson, Endogenous Pollution Havens:Does FDI Influence Environmental Regulations? [J]. Scand. J. of Economics,2006, Vol.108:pp.157 178.
[17]Meadow et al., the Limits to Growth [M], New York:Universe Books,1972.
[18]Michael Margolis, Unprotected resources and voracious world markets:A proof of losses in North South Trade [J]. Resource and Energy Economics,2009, Vol. 31:pp.50-57.
[19]M. Seamus Ryanl and Kimberly M. Thompson, When Domestic Environmental Policy Meets International Trade Policy:Venezuela's Challenge to the U.S. Gasoline Rule [J]. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment,2003, Vol.9:pp. 811-827.
[20]Nick Johnstone, Trade liberalization, economic specialization and the environment [J]. Ecological Economics,1995, Vol.14:pp.165-173.
[21]Ottar Maestad, Timber trade restrictions and tropical deforestation:a forest mining approach [J]. Resource and Energy Economics,2001, Vol.23:pp.111-132.
[22]Roldan Muradian, Joan Martinez-Alier, Trade and the environment:from a
'Southern' perspective [J]. Ecological, Economics,2001, Vol.36:pp.281-297.
[23]Savas Alpay, Does trade always harm the global environment? A case for positive interaction [J].Oxford Economic Paper,2000, vol.52:pp.272-288.
[24]Scott Barrett, The strategy of trade sanctions in international environmental agreements [J]. Resource and Energy Economics,1997, Vol.19:pp.345-361.
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