物联网服务平台发布订阅关键技术研究
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摘要
物联网(Internet of Things)与移动互联网的发展,极大地扩大了Internet的规模,并将产生大量的信息。大量的数据在各种数字设备上生产出来,通过应用这些动态感知的环境数据,使得各种服务有可能变得更加智能,从而能够主动提供以用户为中心的个性化智能服务。
     在传统互联网中,基于SOA (Service Oriented Architecture)架构的服务调用在系统架构上占据着统治地位。在以物联网为代表的未来网络环境中,感知服务系统将扮演更加重要的角色。我们认为,事件驱动架构将感知与服务衔接起来,与SOA融合为EDSOA (Event Driven SOA)架构,成为未来网络服务的主导架构。发布订阅技术作为实现大规模分布式事件驱动机制的一种方式,吸引了来自工业界和学术界的热切关注。因此,本文对基于发布订阅技术的EDSOA系统架构设计,及大规模分布式环境下数据智能分发与路由中的一系列关键技术问题进行了深入研究,取得如下成果:
     1.针对物联网服务提供机制中感知服务的特征,本文提出了基于EDSOA的物联网服务平台系统架构设计。该架构设计有机地融合了基于JBI(Java Business Integration)规范的ESB(Enterprise Service Bus)技术、WSN(Web Service Notification)规范与基于主题的分布式发布订阅覆盖网络技术,为物联网服务提供了一个基于EDSOA架构的运行环境。该物联网服务平台采用了基于集群的发布订阅覆盖网络架构,各个集群可以实现自治,可以独立配置自己的路由算法,系统能够通过配置同时支持多种路由算法。为了提高系统的路由性能,本文提出了基于优先级的多队列路由策略,并设计了O(1)性能的事件优先级判定引擎。在系统层面,提供了系统的高可用性与容错机制、设计了移动性管理与服务动态迁移机制;在与客户端的交互方面,实现了推(Push)和拉(Pull)相结合的事件通知服务。在本文具有创新性的设计思想的指导下,初步实现了一个物联网服务平台的原型系统。该原型系统已用于支撑煤矿监控系统、小区供暖管理系统等基于物联网技术的信息服务系统,简化了应用的开发,取得了预期的效果。
     2.针对节点异构的大规模分布式发布订阅系统中路由算法的负载均衡问题,本文提出了最小空闲度模型,并基于该模型形式化地描述了节点异构环境下基于主题的发布订阅覆盖网络路由算法的负载均衡问题,即最大最小空闲度主题连通的覆盖网络(MMID-TCO)问题。本文首先证明了MMID-TCO问题是一个NP-complete问题,并且不存在常数性能比的近似算法,除非P=NP。然后,针对MMID-TCO问题提出了覆盖网络的构建算法,该算法称为MMID-ODA算法,其基本思想是充分利用具有相同兴趣的节点之间的相关性并运用“能者多劳”的原则来分配任务。MMID-ODA算法的算法复杂度是多项式时间的。进一步,我们基于订阅表的不相关性,提出了一种有效的性能改进算法,并分析了该算法的复杂度与实用性;其基本思想是利用订阅表中节点和主题的不相关性,采用“分而治之”的策略,将对一个大规模问题的求解转化为对多个较小规模问题的求解。
     3.针对物联网服务平台发布订阅网络的基于优先级的多队列路由策略,本文提出了高性能事件优先级判定引擎的设计方案。传统的规则匹配算法一般都与规则集规模相关,性能会随着规则集规模的增大而下降。为了支持在分布式计算环境下和大规模(百万条)规则集条件下,对事件优先级的快速(亚毫秒级)判定,本文提出了具有O(1)性能的在线判定算法和系统设计方案,并且由于该方法对于缓存友好的特性,在大规模分布式计算环境下,可以利用代理节点的缓存机制来提高系统的事件优先级判定的吞吐量。其基本思路是首先通过离散化方法将事件与规则集合的匹配问题转化为事件特征值与规则实例集合的集合成员测试问题,然后将规则实例集合存储到布隆滤波器结构的规则库中,用事件特征值对规则库进行查询,从而获得O(1)在线查询性能。实验表明,该算法具有出色的可伸缩性、鲁棒性,其代价是可控的假阳性误判。尽管该方法会引入一定的假阳性误判率,但是对于这类能够接受假阳性误判的实时性应用,一个快速的近似解远远好于一个很慢的精确解。
With the emerging of loT (Internet of Things) and mobile Internet, the scale of Internet is extended extremely and large amounts of information are produced. Exploiting the dynamic sensing environment data produced by various digital devices, network services are growing smarter and make proactively user-centered personalized service possible.
     In traditional Internet service architecture, the dominating service invocation style is based on SOA (Service Oriented Architecture). The sensing-based service system is playing more important roles in the future network environment, e.g. loT service. Since EDA (Event Driven Architecture) can integrate sensing and service seamlessly, EDSOA (Event Driven SOA) is promising to be the dominating architecture in future network services. Publish/subscribe technology is a preferred incarnation of large scale distributed event driven mechanism and attracts lots of attentions from both academia and industry. This thesis focuses on the architecture design of loT service platform and some key challenges in routing algorithms and data dissemination technology under large scale distributed publish/subscribe system.
     This thesis made researches and contributions on following three aspects.
     1. This thesis proposes the loT service platform architecture under the guidance of EDSOA concepts. This platform uses a synthesis of well know techniques combined with innovation component design (e.g. routing algorithm, scalable rule matching technique). ESB (Enterprise Service Bus), WSN (Web Service Notification) and topic-based distributed publish/subscribe overlay network are combined to build up the loT service execution environment. This service platform adopts the cluster technique to construct the overlay topology for publish/subscribe system. Each cluster has autonomy to choose intra-cluster routing algorithm. The inter-cluster routing algorithm is also configurable. The whole system can support multiple routing algorithms through flexible configurations. To improve the routing performance, priority-based multi-queues routing policy is employed. To achieve fast scalable event priority determination, this thesis proposes online approximate query algorithm with O(1) time complexity. In system level features, this thesis presents platform design on high availability and fault tolerance, mobility management and service immigration, event notification service combined push mode and pull mode. Under the design guidance of this thesis, an loT service platform prototype is implemented. This prototype is deployed in some loT service systems, such as coal mine monitoring system, information management of community heating system, etc. Engineering practices prove that service platform can simplify application development efforts significantly and achieve expected effects.
     2. Traditional topic-based publish/subscribe overlay construction theories often assume that overlay nodes are homogeneous. To accommodate nodes heterogeneity in load balancing overlay construction for large scale topic-based publish/subscribe system, this thesis proposes the minimum idle degree model and presents formal definition of overlay construction problem (Maximum Minimum Idle Degree Topic-Connected Overlay, MMID-TCO). Then, the hardness proof of MMID-TCO problem is given:MMID-TCO problem is NP-complete and there exists no polynomial time algorithm that approximates the MMID-TCO problem within a constant factor unless P=NP. MMID-ODA (Maximum Minimum Idle Degree Overlay Design Algorithm) algorithm is built for MMID-TCO problem. The core idea is to exploit the correlation between nodes sharing the same interests and assign load according to node capacity. MMID-ODA is polynomial time algorithm. Further, performance improvement algorithm is proposed based on "divide and conquer" policy. The key idea is to break down large scale MMID-TCO problem into several small scale MMID-TCO problems by exploiting disjoint characteristics on both nodes and topics in subscription table.
     3. To accommodate the requirement of fast and scalable online query on event priority, one novel solution is proposed in this thesis. Traditional rule matching approaches are always not independent with rule set scale. Rule matching performance might degrade significantly as the rule set scale increases. This thesis proposes system design solution and scalable online query algorithm with O(1) performance, which can achieve fast determination of event priority on large scale rule set under distributed computing environment. Since this approach is cache friendly, system throughputs can be improved by exploiting caches on broker nodes in large scale distributed publish/subscribe system. Key ideas contain two parts. In first part, discretization method is employed to transform the matching problem between event and rule set as membership test of event signature value on rule instance set. In second part, rule instances are stored into rule database constructed with Bloom filter data structure to achieve O(1) online query performance and space efficiency. Evaluation experiments show that the algorithm is scalable and robust on different data set. The cost of this algorithm is a controllable false positive rate. In many application scenarios, a fast approximate answer is much better than a slow accurate answer.
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