文化图式理论与毛泽东诗词的翻译
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摘要
随着全球化的快速发展和国家问合作的日益频繁,跨文化交际变得越来越重要。在促进跨语言、跨文化交际方面,文化图式理论作为文学翻译的一个重要理论,有助于更好地了解另一种文化,同时还能确保更准确地传递复杂的文化内涵。而文学翻译,尤其是诗歌的翻译,对于将极具民族特色的文化意象和内涵传递至另一种文化来说极其重要。毛泽东诗词一直以来吸引了无数外国读者的注意,他们中的大部分人都有意或无意地担任了文化使者这一角色。因此,论述文化图式理论在毛泽东诗词翻译中的适用性是非常有意义的。本文的目的就是证明文化图式理论在毛诗翻译中的适用性。通过这项研究,以下几个问题得以解决:1)文化图式理论以何种方式运用于毛诗翻译?2)毛诗中有哪些文化图式?3)文化图式理论如何能用以提高毛诗翻译的有效性?
     图式,一个心理学概念,指的是通过过去经历积累和更新的知识结构块。图式理论被广泛运用到哲学、认知心理学、语言学以及人工智能研究等领域。它对于研究语言学习过程尤其是阅读理解来说意义重大。正是基于这一理论,研究者们提出了几种有效的信息处理方式:从上至下的处理以及从下至上的处理。然而,文化图式理论是一个相对较新的理论。文化图式是支撑这一理论的基础,指的是人脑中对于某一特定的风俗、习惯和传统的现有的知识结构,它通过过去经验获得。文化图式在交际尤其是跨文化交际中扮演着重要的角色,而文化图式理论能有效地运用于翻译过程尤其是中国传统诗歌的翻译过程中。
     毛泽东诗词包含着众多文化图式,本文主要分析其中三个典型的类别:典故、生态意象和模糊数字。这三个类别的文化图式蕴含着丰富的文化内涵,传译起来很有难度。因此,在现存的毛泽东诗词英译本中不乏无效翻译甚至误译的现象。
     通过分析文化图式的解码和再编码过程,作者发现文化图式理论能有效地运用于毛诗翻译。译者必须拥有并且有效激活相关文化图式,丰富或者调整自身文化图式储备以便正确解码原文文本,然后编译出一个能有效激活目的语读者现有文化图式以及助其构建新文化图式的文本。此外,归化和异化两种翻译策略都能用于有效地传译毛泽东诗词,而且在翻译特殊的文化图式时,后者更是有望成为常用的手段。
With the rapid development of globalization and frequent cooperation among different countries, cross-cultural communication is becoming more and more important. In promoting cross-linguistic and cross-cultural communication, cultural schema theory may prove an important theory in literary translation for it is conducive to better understanding of another culture and can ensure more effective transference of complex cultural implications. Literary translation, especially poetry translation, is of great importance in transferring distinctive cultural images and connotations to another culture. Mao Zedong's poetry, has been attracting numerous foreign readers, most of whom will be messengers of Chinese culture either consciously or unconsciously. As a result, the analysis of the feasibility of application of the cultural schema theory to the translation of Mao Zedong's poetry is of much significance. The aim of this thesis is to prove the feasibility of the application of the cultural schema theory to the translation of Mao's poetry. In the research, the following questions are answered:1) In what ways can cultural schema theory be applied in the process of translating? 2) What are the cultural schemas in Mao's poetry? 3) How can the cultural schema theory be used to improve the effectiveness of the translation of Mao's poetry?
     Schema, a psychological concept, refers to a chunk of knowledge accumulated and updated with past experience. Schema theory has been widely applied to studies in philosophy, cognitive psychology, linguistics and artificial intelligence. It is significant in analyzing the process of language learning, especially reading comprehension. On its basis, researchers have developed effective approaches of processing information:top-down processing and bottom-up processing. The cultural schema theory is a comparatively new theory. Cultural schema, the pre-existing mental structures about customs, habits, tradition in a particular culture that was learned from past experiences, forms the basis of this theory. Cultural schema plays an important role in communication, especially in cross-cultural communication. And cultural schema theory can be effectively applied to the translating process, especially the translation of Chinese traditional poetry.
     Mao Zedong's poetry embodies plentiful cultural schemas, among which the thesis analyzes three typical categories:allusions, ecologic images, and fuzzy numerals. These three categories of cultural schema are rich in their cultural implication and difficult to deliver to another culture. Consequently, there are some ineffective interpretations and even misinterpretations in some English versions of Mao Zedong's poems.
     By analyzing the decoding and re-encoding of cultural schemas, the author finds that the cultural schema theory is very useful and effective in facilitating the translation of Mao's poetry. The translator should possess and activate the related schemas positively, enrich or adjust his/her cultural schemas so as to decode the source text appropriately, and re-encode a text that can effectively activate target readers'pre-existing cultural schemas and help them build up new cultural schemas. The strategies of domesticating and foreignizing are both effective in rendering Mao's poetry, the latter possibly more frequently used in delivering distinctive cultural schemas.
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