基于《汉语大词典》语料库的宋代新词研究
摘要
宋代是中国历史上一个漫长的朝代,宋代词汇也在这漫长的历史时期,一方面受语言内部规律的推动而发展着；另一方面又受社会发展的影响而变化着。我们力图通过对宋代新词尽可能全面的描写,展现出词汇在这一时期的发展和变化,以期能呈现出宋代新词的概貌。
论文共分为绪论、正文、结语和附录几个部分。
绪论,简要介绍了前人对宋代词汇研究的概况,以及我们研究宋代词汇的方法和思路。我们研究宋代新词的语料库是《汉语大词典》,关于用《汉语大词典》来研究词汇,杨端志先生在他的论文《<汉语大词典>对汉语词汇发展演变史的价值与研究方法》中有详尽的论述和说明,认为《汉语大词典》单义词的第一个例证,换到词汇史的角度,例证所从出之书就是这个词的出生证,在这部书中是一个新词。我们以此作为判定新词的标准,并以此为基础建立了宋代新词语料库,对宋代新词进行研究。
论文的第一章到十三章是主体部分。
论文的第一章到第五章,列举了宋代的新词语场。我们从语法的角度对宋代新词进行了大致的归类。在每一种词类中按照词的语义建立标志性新词语场。名词语场,我们分别建立了政治、经济、科技、娱乐文化等意识形态领域的子语场；又从客观存在的角度建立了有关人物、动物、植物、人的衣食器用、交通工具、地理方面等语场。力图全面反映社会各个领域的新词概貌。在每一个小语场中,我们尽可能以词族为考察对象,寻找每一个语场的核心语素,并对其进行分析,发现词汇发展的蛛丝马迹。如在有关指称酒的词族中我们发现“露”在宋代才开始用来指称“酒”。且这种用法一直沿用至今。现在有一些酒的名称依旧叫“X露”。我们对每一个小语场都进行了如此的整理分析,在前后朝代的对比中就能看出每一个朝代独有的现象或者这个朝代从上一个朝代继承了什么,又从哪个方面影响了下一个朝代。同时通过对新词语场的分析,我们还发现了词语对社会的反映。如在我们所探讨的语场中,有很多词族的核心语素并不是宋代新出现的,而是前代就已经存在。如在有关“笔”的词族中,所有的核心语素都是前代的,像“毫”、“管”、“笔”等。“毫”是从制作笔毛所有的材料来给笔命名；“管”是从笔管的角度来给笔命名。“笔”只是对笔的一般的称呼。相比较前代这些核心语素都是旧的,但所组成的词是新的。这从另一个角度反映了宋代社会的特征。宋代的制笔工艺是从前代继承来的,有关这方面的新词大量出现反映了宋人进一步扩大了制笔材料的来源,反映了宋代对此工艺的发扬光大。同时我们对宋代新出现的动词、形容词、虚词等都进行了全面的探讨。我们还对宋代新词中构词能力最强的语素进行了分析,力图发现在宋代新词中那些活跃成分的发展变化轨迹。
论文的第六章,探讨了宋代新词中的词缀。在调查中发现,居前的词缀比较少,主要有“阿”、“老”、“打”、“所”等；居后的词缀比较多,主要有“然”“子”、“头”、“儿”、“向”、“取”、“家”、“行”、“得”、“地”、“自”、“们”等。
论文的第七章,探讨了宋代新词中语素的组合能力。在对构词能力最强语素的语义分析中发现构词能力强的语素往往都是一些基本词,且词义丰富。
论文的第九章,主要对宋代的单音节新词进行了探讨。我们把从语料库中调查到的宋代新出现的单音词从词形词义词音等个方面进行探讨。发现利用旧有词形而造的新词只占我们调查总数的22%,其余将近五分之四是新形词。在旧词形中,95%以上的新词与旧词的读音是不同的。而又80%以上的新词词义同旧词词义是没有的关联的。且它们的词形从文字学的角度来看,90%以上都是形声字。根据我们的观察,出现这种情况是因为旧形新词的词义大多数与旧词词义无关联,因此在很多情况下是由于偶合造成了共享了一个词形。而相比较于其它字形,形声字更容易产生这种偶合的现象。而在新形单音词中,形声字亦占到90%以上。新词的词音大多来源于声符独立成字时的读音。其中声符即提示词音又提示词义的词,约占到20%。我们对这类词进行了详细地研究,发现：在名词中,形符多表示词所指称事物所属的对象。声符多表示词所指称事物所具有的性质或状态。在动词中,形符绝大多数是表示词所指动作行为的凭借或方式。声符绝大多数表示一个具体行为。
论文的第十到第十二章,主要探讨了宋代的复音词。我们着重对宋代的复音新词进行了语法和语义的分析和研究。在我们对宋代1万多个双音新词的调查中,发现首先联合结构比偏正结构的词少10个百分点。且在南北宋的对比中,偏正结构词的数量还在增加。可见此时期偏正结构是很强势的构词方式。主谓结构的词量只占2%。而动补结构的词,只有不到1%,数量非常少。在不同词性语素的搭配中,名语素和名语素搭配的数量最多,占到27%,其次为动语素和动语素搭配占到24%,再其次为动语素和名语素的搭配。形语素与形语素搭配和形语素与名语素搭配组成词的数量差不多。总的来说同词性的语素容易搭配在一起构成新词。而在不同词性语素的搭配中,动语素和名语素容易搭配在一起。
论文的第十三章,讨论了宋代合成词词义的发展方式,和词形的消亡方式。复合词词义的发展比单纯词要复杂的多,因为复合词中有一部分发展义是由构词语素义的发展推动的。我们探讨了不同结构复合词语素推动词义发展的不同潜在机制,并把发展义同词本义进行比较考察构词语素在其间的变化。
结语,我们把在研究中发现的一些现象进行了概要地总结。
最后为附录,我们做了三个附录：一是,各章的新词词表；二是,宋代作者、作品年表；三是,对《汉语大词典》部分词条所引书证进行了补正。
论文主要有以下几个创新点：
创新点之一,我们建立了宋代的新词语场,此语场具有时代的代表性,通过它我们可以把词语同上一个时代区别开来。
创新点之二,我们在建立新词语场时发现,有些语场是由同素词族构成的。在语场同素词族中共同拥有的词素,我们称之为“核心语素”。通过对核心语素语义的探讨,可以发现一些语素的历时演变。同时一个语素在有些时候,作为核心语素、构词语素和成词语素,其语义是有差别的。
创新点之三,我们把从语料库中调查到的1万多个双音节复合新词,从语法和语义两个方面进行了全面的分析,从而展现出词汇发展到宋代其语法、语义的概貌。
Song dynasty was a long period in Chinese history, in which Chinese words, on one hand developed due to the impetus of the inner pattern of linguistics, on the other varied because of the influences of the social developments. Through the comprehensive description of the new words emerged in Song dynasty, we tried to show the developments and variations of words in this period, thus presented the general picture of the new words of Song dynasty.
The essay includes introduction, text, summary and appendix.
Introduction, we introduced the general picture of our predecessor's study of song's words and the methods and train of thoughts of our study. The word stock of our Song new words study is, the reason we used was elaborated in MR.Yang duanzhi's essay: to the history of development and variation of Chinese words and its study method>, by which we determined new words, and based on which we build word stock of new words of Song dynasty, and thereupon we studied the new words of Song dynasty.
From chapter one to thirteen is the main text of the essay.
In chapter one through six, we illustrated the new word field of Song. We categorized the new words of Song according to grammar. We established marking new word field according to the meaning in each part of speech. For noun word field, we established sub word field separately in the realm of ideology, such as politics, economics, technology, entertainment, culture, furthermore, we established word field concerning human, animal, plant, human's clothing, food and appliances, traffic means, geography according to objective existence, trying to reflect the general picture of various areas of society. In each sub word field, we targeted word family in our survey, searching and analyzing the core morpheme of each word field,so as to find the clues of word development. For example, we found that lu(dew) was used to mean wine from Song dynasty, and it has been used till now. Some wines are still called x.lu today. We sorted and analyzed each sub word field accordingly, in the comparison of dynasties before and after, we found the sole phenomenon of each dynasty or what one dynasty inherited from the former dynasty, and on which side influenced the next dynasty, in the meantime, we found the reflection of words to the society when analyzing the new words field. For example, we found that many core morphemes in the word field we studied emerged not in Song dynasty but had been existed in the previous dynasty. For instance, all core morphemes in the word family of pen had been existed before Song dynasty, such as hair, pipe, and pen. The name hair was from the brush material in making pen, pipe was from the shape of the pen. Pen is only a common name. These core morphemes were all old compared with the previous dynasty, but the words composed were new. This reflected the characteristics of Song society from another aspect. Song inherited the pen craft from the previous dynasty, the emergence of so many new words relating pen indicated that Song expanded the material of pen making and enhanced and glorified the pen craft. We also studied comprehensively the new emerged verb, adjective and function words. We analyzed morpheme with the most capability in composing new word, in the aim of finding the developing and varying traces of the active elements in the new words of Song.
In chapter six, we studied the affix in the new words of Song dynasty. Prefix were comparatively less according to our survey, mainly a,lao,da suo,etc. suffix were comparatively more, mainly,ran,zi,tou,er,xiang,qu,jia,xing,de,di,zi,men,etc.
In chapter seven, we studied the composing capability of morpheme, found that usually the basic morphemes were the most capable in forming a word, and rich in senses.
In chapter eight, we studied the single syllable new words of song. We studied the single syllable new words found in the word stock emerged in song from many aspects, such as morphology, meaning and phonetics. We found that 22 percent of the total new words we inspected employed the old morphology, the others employed the new morphology. The pronunciations of 95 percent of the new words employed old morphology were different from the old ones. And more than 80 percent of the new words' meaning had nothing to do with the old ones. What's more,90 percent of their morphology were pictophonetic words from the viewpoint of philology. According to our survey, the emergence of these circumstances were due to the irrelevance of the meaning between new words and old. In many circumstances, they shared same morphology occasionally. Pictophonetic words were easier to form new words occasionally than other morphology. More than 90 percent were pictophonetic words in single syllable new words. The pronunciation of the new words mostly originated from the sound symbol when it was independent, among which the words whose sound symbol indicated both pronunciation and meaning were about 20 percent. According to our detailed study, the morphology symbol of noun usually indicated the object the words represented. Sound symbol usually indicated the nature and status of the object the words represented. As for verb, the overwhelming majority of the morphology symbols indicated the dependence and manner of the behavior the words represented. The overwhelming majority of sound symbols indicated a concrete behavior.
In chapter nine to twelve, complex tone words in song dynasty was studied. We concentrated on the analysis and study of grammar and meaning. We found in our survey of more than ten thousands double tone new words that the combined structure words were 10 percent less than primary inclined structure words. And in the comparison between south and north song dynasty, the amount of primary inclined words increased. So we could see that the primary inclined structure was the dominating manner to form words. The subject predicate structural words were only 2 percent, and verb supplement word accounted for less than 1 percent. Among the collocation of various morphological morpheme, collocation between noun morpheme and noun morpheme accounted for 27 percent, the largest amount. Next was verb morpheme and verb morpheme, accounted for 24 percent, and the third was the collocation between verb morpheme and noun morpheme, the amount of words collocated between adjective morpheme and adjective morpheme were about the same as the amount between adjective morpheme and noun morpheme. Generally speaking, it was easy to collocate new words for the same morphological morpheme. And between different morphological morpheme, verb morpheme and noun morpheme were easy to collocate.
In chapter thirteen, we discussed the development manner of the meaning of compound words and the disappearance manner of morphology in Song dynasty. The development of the meaning of compound words were far more complicated than the simple words. Because part of the development meaning in compound words were pushed by the development of morpheme meaning formed the words. We studied the different potential mechanism of how different structural compound words morpheme pushed the development of word meaning, and compared the development meaning and original meaning, so as to inspect the variation of word forming morpheme in the mechanism.
In summary, we made a summation of the phenomena found in our study.
The final part are appendix, there are three:firstly, new vocabulary in each chapter, secondly, the chronological table of song's author and their works, thirdly, adding and correcting the quoted illustrations of some entries in.
This essay has several new ideas:
Number one, we established the new word field of Song dynasty, which cound represent an era, through which we can distinguish the words from the previous dynasty.
Number two, we found that some word fields were composed of same word family when we established new word field. We call the morpheme collectively possessed by same word family in word field core morpheme. Through the study of the meaning of core morpheme, we could find historical changes of some morpheme. Meanwhile, as core morpheme, word forming morpheme and word building morpheme, the meaning of a morpheme sometimes differentiated.
Number three, we analyzed comprehensively the grammar and meaning of more than ten thousand double syllable compound new words found in the word stock, thus unfolded the general picture of its grammar and meaning when words developed into Song dynasty.
论文共分为绪论、正文、结语和附录几个部分。
绪论,简要介绍了前人对宋代词汇研究的概况,以及我们研究宋代词汇的方法和思路。我们研究宋代新词的语料库是《汉语大词典》,关于用《汉语大词典》来研究词汇,杨端志先生在他的论文《<汉语大词典>对汉语词汇发展演变史的价值与研究方法》中有详尽的论述和说明,认为《汉语大词典》单义词的第一个例证,换到词汇史的角度,例证所从出之书就是这个词的出生证,在这部书中是一个新词。我们以此作为判定新词的标准,并以此为基础建立了宋代新词语料库,对宋代新词进行研究。
论文的第一章到十三章是主体部分。
论文的第一章到第五章,列举了宋代的新词语场。我们从语法的角度对宋代新词进行了大致的归类。在每一种词类中按照词的语义建立标志性新词语场。名词语场,我们分别建立了政治、经济、科技、娱乐文化等意识形态领域的子语场；又从客观存在的角度建立了有关人物、动物、植物、人的衣食器用、交通工具、地理方面等语场。力图全面反映社会各个领域的新词概貌。在每一个小语场中,我们尽可能以词族为考察对象,寻找每一个语场的核心语素,并对其进行分析,发现词汇发展的蛛丝马迹。如在有关指称酒的词族中我们发现“露”在宋代才开始用来指称“酒”。且这种用法一直沿用至今。现在有一些酒的名称依旧叫“X露”。我们对每一个小语场都进行了如此的整理分析,在前后朝代的对比中就能看出每一个朝代独有的现象或者这个朝代从上一个朝代继承了什么,又从哪个方面影响了下一个朝代。同时通过对新词语场的分析,我们还发现了词语对社会的反映。如在我们所探讨的语场中,有很多词族的核心语素并不是宋代新出现的,而是前代就已经存在。如在有关“笔”的词族中,所有的核心语素都是前代的,像“毫”、“管”、“笔”等。“毫”是从制作笔毛所有的材料来给笔命名；“管”是从笔管的角度来给笔命名。“笔”只是对笔的一般的称呼。相比较前代这些核心语素都是旧的,但所组成的词是新的。这从另一个角度反映了宋代社会的特征。宋代的制笔工艺是从前代继承来的,有关这方面的新词大量出现反映了宋人进一步扩大了制笔材料的来源,反映了宋代对此工艺的发扬光大。同时我们对宋代新出现的动词、形容词、虚词等都进行了全面的探讨。我们还对宋代新词中构词能力最强的语素进行了分析,力图发现在宋代新词中那些活跃成分的发展变化轨迹。
论文的第六章,探讨了宋代新词中的词缀。在调查中发现,居前的词缀比较少,主要有“阿”、“老”、“打”、“所”等；居后的词缀比较多,主要有“然”“子”、“头”、“儿”、“向”、“取”、“家”、“行”、“得”、“地”、“自”、“们”等。
论文的第七章,探讨了宋代新词中语素的组合能力。在对构词能力最强语素的语义分析中发现构词能力强的语素往往都是一些基本词,且词义丰富。
论文的第九章,主要对宋代的单音节新词进行了探讨。我们把从语料库中调查到的宋代新出现的单音词从词形词义词音等个方面进行探讨。发现利用旧有词形而造的新词只占我们调查总数的22%,其余将近五分之四是新形词。在旧词形中,95%以上的新词与旧词的读音是不同的。而又80%以上的新词词义同旧词词义是没有的关联的。且它们的词形从文字学的角度来看,90%以上都是形声字。根据我们的观察,出现这种情况是因为旧形新词的词义大多数与旧词词义无关联,因此在很多情况下是由于偶合造成了共享了一个词形。而相比较于其它字形,形声字更容易产生这种偶合的现象。而在新形单音词中,形声字亦占到90%以上。新词的词音大多来源于声符独立成字时的读音。其中声符即提示词音又提示词义的词,约占到20%。我们对这类词进行了详细地研究,发现：在名词中,形符多表示词所指称事物所属的对象。声符多表示词所指称事物所具有的性质或状态。在动词中,形符绝大多数是表示词所指动作行为的凭借或方式。声符绝大多数表示一个具体行为。
论文的第十到第十二章,主要探讨了宋代的复音词。我们着重对宋代的复音新词进行了语法和语义的分析和研究。在我们对宋代1万多个双音新词的调查中,发现首先联合结构比偏正结构的词少10个百分点。且在南北宋的对比中,偏正结构词的数量还在增加。可见此时期偏正结构是很强势的构词方式。主谓结构的词量只占2%。而动补结构的词,只有不到1%,数量非常少。在不同词性语素的搭配中,名语素和名语素搭配的数量最多,占到27%,其次为动语素和动语素搭配占到24%,再其次为动语素和名语素的搭配。形语素与形语素搭配和形语素与名语素搭配组成词的数量差不多。总的来说同词性的语素容易搭配在一起构成新词。而在不同词性语素的搭配中,动语素和名语素容易搭配在一起。
论文的第十三章,讨论了宋代合成词词义的发展方式,和词形的消亡方式。复合词词义的发展比单纯词要复杂的多,因为复合词中有一部分发展义是由构词语素义的发展推动的。我们探讨了不同结构复合词语素推动词义发展的不同潜在机制,并把发展义同词本义进行比较考察构词语素在其间的变化。
结语,我们把在研究中发现的一些现象进行了概要地总结。
最后为附录,我们做了三个附录：一是,各章的新词词表；二是,宋代作者、作品年表；三是,对《汉语大词典》部分词条所引书证进行了补正。
论文主要有以下几个创新点：
创新点之一,我们建立了宋代的新词语场,此语场具有时代的代表性,通过它我们可以把词语同上一个时代区别开来。
创新点之二,我们在建立新词语场时发现,有些语场是由同素词族构成的。在语场同素词族中共同拥有的词素,我们称之为“核心语素”。通过对核心语素语义的探讨,可以发现一些语素的历时演变。同时一个语素在有些时候,作为核心语素、构词语素和成词语素,其语义是有差别的。
创新点之三,我们把从语料库中调查到的1万多个双音节复合新词,从语法和语义两个方面进行了全面的分析,从而展现出词汇发展到宋代其语法、语义的概貌。
Song dynasty was a long period in Chinese history, in which Chinese words, on one hand developed due to the impetus of the inner pattern of linguistics, on the other varied because of the influences of the social developments. Through the comprehensive description of the new words emerged in Song dynasty, we tried to show the developments and variations of words in this period, thus presented the general picture of the new words of Song dynasty.
The essay includes introduction, text, summary and appendix.
Introduction, we introduced the general picture of our predecessor's study of song's words and the methods and train of thoughts of our study. The word stock of our Song new words study is
From chapter one to thirteen is the main text of the essay.
In chapter one through six, we illustrated the new word field of Song. We categorized the new words of Song according to grammar. We established marking new word field according to the meaning in each part of speech. For noun word field, we established sub word field separately in the realm of ideology, such as politics, economics, technology, entertainment, culture, furthermore, we established word field concerning human, animal, plant, human's clothing, food and appliances, traffic means, geography according to objective existence, trying to reflect the general picture of various areas of society. In each sub word field, we targeted word family in our survey, searching and analyzing the core morpheme of each word field,so as to find the clues of word development. For example, we found that lu(dew) was used to mean wine from Song dynasty, and it has been used till now. Some wines are still called x.lu today. We sorted and analyzed each sub word field accordingly, in the comparison of dynasties before and after, we found the sole phenomenon of each dynasty or what one dynasty inherited from the former dynasty, and on which side influenced the next dynasty, in the meantime, we found the reflection of words to the society when analyzing the new words field. For example, we found that many core morphemes in the word field we studied emerged not in Song dynasty but had been existed in the previous dynasty. For instance, all core morphemes in the word family of pen had been existed before Song dynasty, such as hair, pipe, and pen. The name hair was from the brush material in making pen, pipe was from the shape of the pen. Pen is only a common name. These core morphemes were all old compared with the previous dynasty, but the words composed were new. This reflected the characteristics of Song society from another aspect. Song inherited the pen craft from the previous dynasty, the emergence of so many new words relating pen indicated that Song expanded the material of pen making and enhanced and glorified the pen craft. We also studied comprehensively the new emerged verb, adjective and function words. We analyzed morpheme with the most capability in composing new word, in the aim of finding the developing and varying traces of the active elements in the new words of Song.
In chapter six, we studied the affix in the new words of Song dynasty. Prefix were comparatively less according to our survey, mainly a,lao,da suo,etc. suffix were comparatively more, mainly,ran,zi,tou,er,xiang,qu,jia,xing,de,di,zi,men,etc.
In chapter seven, we studied the composing capability of morpheme, found that usually the basic morphemes were the most capable in forming a word, and rich in senses.
In chapter eight, we studied the single syllable new words of song. We studied the single syllable new words found in the word stock emerged in song from many aspects, such as morphology, meaning and phonetics. We found that 22 percent of the total new words we inspected employed the old morphology, the others employed the new morphology. The pronunciations of 95 percent of the new words employed old morphology were different from the old ones. And more than 80 percent of the new words' meaning had nothing to do with the old ones. What's more,90 percent of their morphology were pictophonetic words from the viewpoint of philology. According to our survey, the emergence of these circumstances were due to the irrelevance of the meaning between new words and old. In many circumstances, they shared same morphology occasionally. Pictophonetic words were easier to form new words occasionally than other morphology. More than 90 percent were pictophonetic words in single syllable new words. The pronunciation of the new words mostly originated from the sound symbol when it was independent, among which the words whose sound symbol indicated both pronunciation and meaning were about 20 percent. According to our detailed study, the morphology symbol of noun usually indicated the object the words represented. Sound symbol usually indicated the nature and status of the object the words represented. As for verb, the overwhelming majority of the morphology symbols indicated the dependence and manner of the behavior the words represented. The overwhelming majority of sound symbols indicated a concrete behavior.
In chapter nine to twelve, complex tone words in song dynasty was studied. We concentrated on the analysis and study of grammar and meaning. We found in our survey of more than ten thousands double tone new words that the combined structure words were 10 percent less than primary inclined structure words. And in the comparison between south and north song dynasty, the amount of primary inclined words increased. So we could see that the primary inclined structure was the dominating manner to form words. The subject predicate structural words were only 2 percent, and verb supplement word accounted for less than 1 percent. Among the collocation of various morphological morpheme, collocation between noun morpheme and noun morpheme accounted for 27 percent, the largest amount. Next was verb morpheme and verb morpheme, accounted for 24 percent, and the third was the collocation between verb morpheme and noun morpheme, the amount of words collocated between adjective morpheme and adjective morpheme were about the same as the amount between adjective morpheme and noun morpheme. Generally speaking, it was easy to collocate new words for the same morphological morpheme. And between different morphological morpheme, verb morpheme and noun morpheme were easy to collocate.
In chapter thirteen, we discussed the development manner of the meaning of compound words and the disappearance manner of morphology in Song dynasty. The development of the meaning of compound words were far more complicated than the simple words. Because part of the development meaning in compound words were pushed by the development of morpheme meaning formed the words. We studied the different potential mechanism of how different structural compound words morpheme pushed the development of word meaning, and compared the development meaning and original meaning, so as to inspect the variation of word forming morpheme in the mechanism.
In summary, we made a summation of the phenomena found in our study.
The final part are appendix, there are three:firstly, new vocabulary in each chapter, secondly, the chronological table of song's author and their works, thirdly, adding and correcting the quoted illustrations of some entries in
This essay has several new ideas:
Number one, we established the new word field of Song dynasty, which cound represent an era, through which we can distinguish the words from the previous dynasty.
Number two, we found that some word fields were composed of same word family when we established new word field. We call the morpheme collectively possessed by same word family in word field core morpheme. Through the study of the meaning of core morpheme, we could find historical changes of some morpheme. Meanwhile, as core morpheme, word forming morpheme and word building morpheme, the meaning of a morpheme sometimes differentiated.
Number three, we analyzed comprehensively the grammar and meaning of more than ten thousand double syllable compound new words found in the word stock, thus unfolded the general picture of its grammar and meaning when words developed into Song dynasty.
引文
2杨端志：《汉语史论集》，齐鲁书社，2008年版，第272页。
3参见文后附录之《宋代作者作品年表》
4据笕文生、野村鲇子：《四库提要南宋五十家研究》前言,日本汲古书院,2006年版。
5海德格尔：《在通向语言的途中》,商务印书馆(修订译本),2004年版,第151页。
6徐通锵：《核心字和汉语的语义构辞法》,《语文研究》1997年第3期,第1-15页。
7常敬宇： 《同素词简论》, 《语言教学与研究》,1985年第2期,第50-58页。
8杨端志：《汉语史论集》,齐鲁书社,2008年版,第257页。
10[英]安格斯·麦迪森著.楚序平、吴湘松译：《中国经济的长远未来》,北京新华出版社,1999年版,第36贝。
11[美]费正清、赖肖尔：《中国：传统与变革》[M],江苏人民出版社,1992年版,第133页
12任仲书,于海生： 《宋代“牙人”的经济活动及影响》,《史学集刊》,2003年3期刊,第18-21页。
13[英]李约瑟：《李约瑟文集》,辽宁科技出版社1986年版,第115页。
14挑菜节,旧俗,农历二月初二日，仕女出郊拾菜,士民游观其间,谓之挑菜节。
19符淮青：《汉语表眼睛活动的词群》,《中国语言学报》第六期,商务印书馆,1995年版.
20沈松勤：《北宋文人与党争》,人民出版社,2004版。
21徐容,王文斌：《心理动词也析》,宁波大学学报,2005年,第3期,第65-69页。
23形容词的分类主要参照了王惠、俞士汶、詹卫东《现代汉语语义词典规格说明书》,《汉语语言与计算学报》(新加坡)2003,Vol.13,No.2。p159-176。
24在小的分类中,我们只是对形成的大语义类聚的词进行了分类,而有些词形成的语义类聚很小,有的语义类聚只有一个或两个词,我们对此类词暂不进行分类。
25胡裕树：《现代汉语》(修订本),上海教育出版社,1979年版。
26李洋文：《宋代语言研究》,线装书局,2001年版,第318页。
27黄伯荣、廖旭东：《现代汉语》,高等教育出版社,1991年版,第253页。
28高更生主编：《现代汉语知识大词典》,山东省教育出版社,1992年版,第161页。
29钱大听：《十驾斋养新录》上海书店,1983年版,第444页。
30赵彦卫：《云麓漫钞》,中华书局,1996年版。
31郭作飞：《汉语词缀形成的历史考察—以“老”、“阿”、“子”、“儿”为例》,《内蒙古民族大学学报(社会科学版)》,2004年,第6期,第5056页。
32袁宾：《近代汉语概论》,上海教育出版社,1992年版,第150页。
33王力：《汉语史稿》(中册),中华书局,1980年版,第229页。
34潘允中：《汉语语法史概要》,中州书画社,1982版,第37页。
35李立成：《“儿化”性质新探》,杭州大学学报,1994年3期,第108页。
36同上。
37程湘清：《汉语史专书复音词研究》(增订本),商务印书馆,2008年版,第342-343页。
38程湘清：《汉语史专书复音词研究》(增订本),商务印书馆,2008年版,第340-341页。
39袁宾：《近代汉语概论》,上海教育出版社,1992年版,第160页。
40张相：《诗涮曲语辞汇释》,中华书局,1977年版,第754页。
46我们考察[金鸭]、[香鸭]、[铜鸭]、[瑞鸭]、[玉鸭]、[瑶鸭],除[瑶鸭]外其他几个词出现的书证作者均早于陆游。
47孙晓幺：《从“山寨”新义看词汇发展》,《山东师范大学学报》,2010年2期。第52-55页。
48程湘清：《汉语史专书复音词研究》(增订本),商务印书馆,2008年版,第87页。
50黄轲：《背子的演变及与现代服饰的造型关联》,《武汉科技学院报》,2003年,第4期,第15-18页。
51独用词是指此词为宋代的新词,但只被某人偶尔使用。
52向熹：《简明汉语史》(修订本),商务印书馆,2010年版。第235-329页。
53鲁国尧：《宋词阴入通叶现象考察》,《音韵学研究》第二辑,第140-147页。
54郭在贻《训诂学》,湖南人民出版社,1984年版,第150-151页。
56程湘清：《汉语词汇史专书复音词研究》(增订本),商务印书馆,2008年版,第34页。
61王云路：《中古汉语词汇史》(上),商务印书馆,2010年版。第173页。
73寱,说梦话。《说文·梦部》：“寱,瞑言也。”宋陆游《秋夜》：“纷纷彼方寱,袖手不须唤。”(《汉语大字典》第956页)
74馈,输送粮食等。汉贾谊《论积贮疏》：“卒然边境有急,数十百万之众,国胡以馈之?”宋范仲淹《上攻守二策状》：“久戍则军情以殆,远馈则民力将竭。”
75疵,挑剔,非议。《荀子·不苟》：“正义直指,举人之过恶,非毁疵也。”杨倞注：“疵,病也。或曰读为訾。”《汉书·陈汤传》：“论大功者不録小过,举大美者不疵细瑕。”唐韩愈《唐故相权公墓碑》：“无党无雠,举世莫疵。”
76病中胡言乱语。《素问·热论》：“腹满身热,不欲食,谵言。”(《汉语大字典》第4025页)
77关,索要；领取；发放。《史记·孝武本纪》：“因巫为主人,关饮食。”宋李清照《<金石录>后序》：“收书既成,归来堂起书库,大橱簿甲乙,置书册。如要讲读,即请钥上簿,关出卷帙。”
78探,预先支借。张相《诗词曲语辞汇释》(卷五)：“探,为预支或预借之预字义。此专用于支借一类之辞。”《晋书·愍怀太子传》：“东宫旧制,月请钱五十万,备于众用,太子恒探取二月,以供嬖宠。”宋陆游《初秋即事》诗：“却愧邻家常作苦,探租黄犊待寒耕。”(《汉语大字典》第1908页)
79应该；应当。《史记·司马相如列传》：“然则受命之符,合在于此矣。”唐白居易《与元九书》：“每读书 史,多求理道：始知文章合为时而着,歌诗合为事而作。”元金仁杰《追韩信》第三折：“他不合烧阿房三十六宫,杀降兵二十万人。”
80痛,甚,很,非常。《汉书·食货志下》：“而不轨逐利之民畜積餘赢以稽市物,痛腾耀,米至石万钱,马至匹百金。”颜师古注引晋灼曰：“痛,甚也。言计市物贱,豫益畜之,物贵而出卖,故使物甚腾耀也。”《新唐书·第五琦传》：“既常国,又铸蕈规,一代五十。舍物痛腾踊,饿馑相望,议者以为非是。”
81草,汉孔安国《<古文尚书>序》：“研精覃思。”陆德明释文：“覃,深也。”(《汉语大字典》第2807页)
90周玉琨： 《谈谈词内“语素组合体”》,《广西社会科学》,2002年,第1期,第113-115页。
91周荐：《汉语词汇结构论》,上海辞书出版社,2004年版,第165页
1.杨端志：《汉语史论集》,齐鲁书社,2008年版,272-328页,257-265页。
2. [加拿大]贡德·弗兰克著,刘北成译：《白银资本》,中央编译出版社,2000年版,92页。
3.据笕文生、野村鲇子：《四库提要南宋五十家研究》前言,日本汲古书院,2006年版。
4.海德格尔：《在通向语言的途中》,商务印书馆(修订译本),2004年版,151页。
5.徐通锵：《核心字和汉语的语义构辞法》,《语文研究》1997年第3期,1-15页。
6.[英]安格斯·麦迪森著.楚序平、吴湘松译.《中国经济的长远未来》,北京新华出版社,1999年版,36页。
7.任仲书,于海生：《宋代“牙人”的经济活动及影响》,《史学集刊》,2003年3期刊,18-21页。
8. [英]李约瑟：《李约瑟文集》,辽宁科技出版社1986年版,115页。
9.符淮青：《汉语表眼睛活动的词群》,《中国语言学报》第六期,北京：商务印书馆,1995年.
10.沈松勤：《北宋文人与党争》,人民出版社,2004版。
11.徐睿,王文斌：《心理动词也析》,宁波大学学报,2005年,第3期,65-69页。
12.王惠、俞士汶、詹卫东：《现代汉语语义词典规格说明书》,《汉语语言与计算学报》(新加坡)2003,Vo1.13,No.2。159-176页。
13.李泽文：《宋代语言研究》,线装书局,2001年版,318页。
14.黄伯荣、廖旭东：《现代汉语》,高等教育出版社,1991年版,253页。
15.高更生主编：《现代汉语知识大词典》,山东省教育出版社,1992年版,161页。
16.钱大昕：《十驾斋养新录》,上海书店,1983年版,444页。
17.郭作飞：《汉语词缀形成的历史考察—以“老”、“阿”、“子”、“儿”为例》,《内蒙古民族大学学报(社会科学版)》,2004年,第6期,50-56 页。
18.袁宾：《近代汉语概论》,上海教育出版社,1992年版,150页。
19.王力：《汉语史稿》(中册),中华书局,1980年版,229页。
20.潘允中：《汉语语法史概要》,中州书画社,1982版,37页。
21.李立成：《“儿化”性质新探》,杭州大学学报,1994年,第3期,108页。
22.程湘清：《汉语史专书复音词研究》(增订本),商务印书馆,2008年版,第24-91,342-343页,340-341页。
23.袁宾：《近代汉语概论》,上海教育出版社,1992年版,160页。
24.张相：《诗词曲语辞汇释》,中华书局,1977年版,754页。
25.孙晓玄：《从“山寨”新义看词汇发展》,《山东师范大学学报》,2010年2期,52-55页。
26.黄轲：《背子的演变及与现代服饰的造型关联》,《武汉科技学院报》,2003年,第4期,15-18页。
27.向熹：《简明汉语史》(修订本),商务印书馆,2010年版。235-329页。
28.鲁国尧：《宋词阴入通叶现象考察》,《音韵学研究》第二辑,140-147页。
29.郭在贻《训诂学》,湖南人民出版社,1984年版,150-151页。
30.程湘清：《汉语词汇史专书复音词研究》(增订本),商务印书馆,2008年版,34页。
31.王云路：《中古汉语词汇史》(上),商务印书馆,2010年版。173页。
32.陈志望著《侨乡青田情趣》,浙江大学出版社,1989年版。
33.周荐：《汉语词汇结构论》,上海辞书出版社,2004年版,165页
34.周玉琨《谈谈词内“语素组合体”》,《广西社会科学》,2002年,第1期,第113-115页。
35.张联荣：《汉语词汇的流变》,大象出版社,2009年版,144页。
36.符淮青：《现代汉语词汇》,北京大学出版社,1985年版,160页。
37.葛本仪：《现代汉语词汇学》(修订本),山东人民出版社,2001年版,5-6页。
38.罗竹峰主编：《汉语大词典》,《汉语大词典》出版社,1992年版。
39.《汉语大字典》,湖北辞书出版社、四川辞书出版社,1990年版。
3参见文后附录之《宋代作者作品年表》
4据笕文生、野村鲇子：《四库提要南宋五十家研究》前言,日本汲古书院,2006年版。
5海德格尔：《在通向语言的途中》,商务印书馆(修订译本),2004年版,第151页。
6徐通锵：《核心字和汉语的语义构辞法》,《语文研究》1997年第3期,第1-15页。
7常敬宇： 《同素词简论》, 《语言教学与研究》,1985年第2期,第50-58页。
8杨端志：《汉语史论集》,齐鲁书社,2008年版,第257页。
10[英]安格斯·麦迪森著.楚序平、吴湘松译：《中国经济的长远未来》,北京新华出版社,1999年版,第36贝。
11[美]费正清、赖肖尔：《中国：传统与变革》[M],江苏人民出版社,1992年版,第133页
12任仲书,于海生： 《宋代“牙人”的经济活动及影响》,《史学集刊》,2003年3期刊,第18-21页。
13[英]李约瑟：《李约瑟文集》,辽宁科技出版社1986年版,第115页。
14挑菜节,旧俗,农历二月初二日，仕女出郊拾菜,士民游观其间,谓之挑菜节。
19符淮青：《汉语表眼睛活动的词群》,《中国语言学报》第六期,商务印书馆,1995年版.
20沈松勤：《北宋文人与党争》,人民出版社,2004版。
21徐容,王文斌：《心理动词也析》,宁波大学学报,2005年,第3期,第65-69页。
23形容词的分类主要参照了王惠、俞士汶、詹卫东《现代汉语语义词典规格说明书》,《汉语语言与计算学报》(新加坡)2003,Vol.13,No.2。p159-176。
24在小的分类中,我们只是对形成的大语义类聚的词进行了分类,而有些词形成的语义类聚很小,有的语义类聚只有一个或两个词,我们对此类词暂不进行分类。
25胡裕树：《现代汉语》(修订本),上海教育出版社,1979年版。
26李洋文：《宋代语言研究》,线装书局,2001年版,第318页。
27黄伯荣、廖旭东：《现代汉语》,高等教育出版社,1991年版,第253页。
28高更生主编：《现代汉语知识大词典》,山东省教育出版社,1992年版,第161页。
29钱大听：《十驾斋养新录》上海书店,1983年版,第444页。
30赵彦卫：《云麓漫钞》,中华书局,1996年版。
31郭作飞：《汉语词缀形成的历史考察—以“老”、“阿”、“子”、“儿”为例》,《内蒙古民族大学学报(社会科学版)》,2004年,第6期,第5056页。
32袁宾：《近代汉语概论》,上海教育出版社,1992年版,第150页。
33王力：《汉语史稿》(中册),中华书局,1980年版,第229页。
34潘允中：《汉语语法史概要》,中州书画社,1982版,第37页。
35李立成：《“儿化”性质新探》,杭州大学学报,1994年3期,第108页。
36同上。
37程湘清：《汉语史专书复音词研究》(增订本),商务印书馆,2008年版,第342-343页。
38程湘清：《汉语史专书复音词研究》(增订本),商务印书馆,2008年版,第340-341页。
39袁宾：《近代汉语概论》,上海教育出版社,1992年版,第160页。
40张相：《诗涮曲语辞汇释》,中华书局,1977年版,第754页。
46我们考察[金鸭]、[香鸭]、[铜鸭]、[瑞鸭]、[玉鸭]、[瑶鸭],除[瑶鸭]外其他几个词出现的书证作者均早于陆游。
47孙晓幺：《从“山寨”新义看词汇发展》,《山东师范大学学报》,2010年2期。第52-55页。
48程湘清：《汉语史专书复音词研究》(增订本),商务印书馆,2008年版,第87页。
50黄轲：《背子的演变及与现代服饰的造型关联》,《武汉科技学院报》,2003年,第4期,第15-18页。
51独用词是指此词为宋代的新词,但只被某人偶尔使用。
52向熹：《简明汉语史》(修订本),商务印书馆,2010年版。第235-329页。
53鲁国尧：《宋词阴入通叶现象考察》,《音韵学研究》第二辑,第140-147页。
54郭在贻《训诂学》,湖南人民出版社,1984年版,第150-151页。
56程湘清：《汉语词汇史专书复音词研究》(增订本),商务印书馆,2008年版,第34页。
61王云路：《中古汉语词汇史》(上),商务印书馆,2010年版。第173页。
73寱,说梦话。《说文·梦部》：“寱,瞑言也。”宋陆游《秋夜》：“纷纷彼方寱,袖手不须唤。”(《汉语大字典》第956页)
74馈,输送粮食等。汉贾谊《论积贮疏》：“卒然边境有急,数十百万之众,国胡以馈之?”宋范仲淹《上攻守二策状》：“久戍则军情以殆,远馈则民力将竭。”
75疵,挑剔,非议。《荀子·不苟》：“正义直指,举人之过恶,非毁疵也。”杨倞注：“疵,病也。或曰读为訾。”《汉书·陈汤传》：“论大功者不録小过,举大美者不疵细瑕。”唐韩愈《唐故相权公墓碑》：“无党无雠,举世莫疵。”
76病中胡言乱语。《素问·热论》：“腹满身热,不欲食,谵言。”(《汉语大字典》第4025页)
77关,索要；领取；发放。《史记·孝武本纪》：“因巫为主人,关饮食。”宋李清照《<金石录>后序》：“收书既成,归来堂起书库,大橱簿甲乙,置书册。如要讲读,即请钥上簿,关出卷帙。”
78探,预先支借。张相《诗词曲语辞汇释》(卷五)：“探,为预支或预借之预字义。此专用于支借一类之辞。”《晋书·愍怀太子传》：“东宫旧制,月请钱五十万,备于众用,太子恒探取二月,以供嬖宠。”宋陆游《初秋即事》诗：“却愧邻家常作苦,探租黄犊待寒耕。”(《汉语大字典》第1908页)
79应该；应当。《史记·司马相如列传》：“然则受命之符,合在于此矣。”唐白居易《与元九书》：“每读书 史,多求理道：始知文章合为时而着,歌诗合为事而作。”元金仁杰《追韩信》第三折：“他不合烧阿房三十六宫,杀降兵二十万人。”
80痛,甚,很,非常。《汉书·食货志下》：“而不轨逐利之民畜積餘赢以稽市物,痛腾耀,米至石万钱,马至匹百金。”颜师古注引晋灼曰：“痛,甚也。言计市物贱,豫益畜之,物贵而出卖,故使物甚腾耀也。”《新唐书·第五琦传》：“既常国,又铸蕈规,一代五十。舍物痛腾踊,饿馑相望,议者以为非是。”
81草,汉孔安国《<古文尚书>序》：“研精覃思。”陆德明释文：“覃,深也。”(《汉语大字典》第2807页)
90周玉琨： 《谈谈词内“语素组合体”》,《广西社会科学》,2002年,第1期,第113-115页。
91周荐：《汉语词汇结构论》,上海辞书出版社,2004年版,第165页
1.杨端志：《汉语史论集》,齐鲁书社,2008年版,272-328页,257-265页。
2. [加拿大]贡德·弗兰克著,刘北成译：《白银资本》,中央编译出版社,2000年版,92页。
3.据笕文生、野村鲇子：《四库提要南宋五十家研究》前言,日本汲古书院,2006年版。
4.海德格尔：《在通向语言的途中》,商务印书馆(修订译本),2004年版,151页。
5.徐通锵：《核心字和汉语的语义构辞法》,《语文研究》1997年第3期,1-15页。
6.[英]安格斯·麦迪森著.楚序平、吴湘松译.《中国经济的长远未来》,北京新华出版社,1999年版,36页。
7.任仲书,于海生：《宋代“牙人”的经济活动及影响》,《史学集刊》,2003年3期刊,18-21页。
8. [英]李约瑟：《李约瑟文集》,辽宁科技出版社1986年版,115页。
9.符淮青：《汉语表眼睛活动的词群》,《中国语言学报》第六期,北京：商务印书馆,1995年.
10.沈松勤：《北宋文人与党争》,人民出版社,2004版。
11.徐睿,王文斌：《心理动词也析》,宁波大学学报,2005年,第3期,65-69页。
12.王惠、俞士汶、詹卫东：《现代汉语语义词典规格说明书》,《汉语语言与计算学报》(新加坡)2003,Vo1.13,No.2。159-176页。
13.李泽文：《宋代语言研究》,线装书局,2001年版,318页。
14.黄伯荣、廖旭东：《现代汉语》,高等教育出版社,1991年版,253页。
15.高更生主编：《现代汉语知识大词典》,山东省教育出版社,1992年版,161页。
16.钱大昕：《十驾斋养新录》,上海书店,1983年版,444页。
17.郭作飞：《汉语词缀形成的历史考察—以“老”、“阿”、“子”、“儿”为例》,《内蒙古民族大学学报(社会科学版)》,2004年,第6期,50-56 页。
18.袁宾：《近代汉语概论》,上海教育出版社,1992年版,150页。
19.王力：《汉语史稿》(中册),中华书局,1980年版,229页。
20.潘允中：《汉语语法史概要》,中州书画社,1982版,37页。
21.李立成：《“儿化”性质新探》,杭州大学学报,1994年,第3期,108页。
22.程湘清：《汉语史专书复音词研究》(增订本),商务印书馆,2008年版,第24-91,342-343页,340-341页。
23.袁宾：《近代汉语概论》,上海教育出版社,1992年版,160页。
24.张相：《诗词曲语辞汇释》,中华书局,1977年版,754页。
25.孙晓玄：《从“山寨”新义看词汇发展》,《山东师范大学学报》,2010年2期,52-55页。
26.黄轲：《背子的演变及与现代服饰的造型关联》,《武汉科技学院报》,2003年,第4期,15-18页。
27.向熹：《简明汉语史》(修订本),商务印书馆,2010年版。235-329页。
28.鲁国尧：《宋词阴入通叶现象考察》,《音韵学研究》第二辑,140-147页。
29.郭在贻《训诂学》,湖南人民出版社,1984年版,150-151页。
30.程湘清：《汉语词汇史专书复音词研究》(增订本),商务印书馆,2008年版,34页。
31.王云路：《中古汉语词汇史》(上),商务印书馆,2010年版。173页。
32.陈志望著《侨乡青田情趣》,浙江大学出版社,1989年版。
33.周荐：《汉语词汇结构论》,上海辞书出版社,2004年版,165页
34.周玉琨《谈谈词内“语素组合体”》,《广西社会科学》,2002年,第1期,第113-115页。
35.张联荣：《汉语词汇的流变》,大象出版社,2009年版,144页。
36.符淮青：《现代汉语词汇》,北京大学出版社,1985年版,160页。
37.葛本仪：《现代汉语词汇学》(修订本),山东人民出版社,2001年版,5-6页。
38.罗竹峰主编：《汉语大词典》,《汉语大词典》出版社,1992年版。
39.《汉语大字典》,湖北辞书出版社、四川辞书出版社,1990年版。