脱硫粉煤灰元素释放动力学特征与风险评价
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摘要
粉煤灰是燃煤电厂的副产物，为了控制SO2的排放，大部分电厂均实行了脱硫技术；但硫等元素被固化在粉煤灰中并排放在贮灰场后，在堆放甚至利用过程中，仍再次释放到环境中，造成环境风险。本文依托Europe-Asia Link项目，以徐州地区主要的燃煤电厂的脱硫粉煤灰为研究对象，充分利用扫描电子显微镜/能量色散仪、X射线衍射仪、电感耦合等离子质谱仪等现代分析测试技术，全面地研究了脱硫灰渣的理化性质、释放规律和环境风险；为了减少粉煤灰中硫等元素再次释放的风险，进行稳定化试验研究，建立了稳定化动力学模型。
研究工作与成果如下：
(1)各电厂脱硫粉煤灰粒径分布总体上相似，以煤粉炉燃煤的电厂形成的粉煤灰颗粒粒径较均匀，以循环流化床锅炉燃煤的电厂形成的粉煤灰颗粒粒径差异较大；微观形态上，煤粉炉高温燃烧产生的粉煤灰，主要以规则的圆球形、表面附着晶体的球形颗粒、多孔的球形颗粒和不呈规则圆球形的颗粒四种形态存在，而煤粉在循环流化床锅炉内属中温燃烧，产生的粉煤灰多为不规则颗粒。由于脱硫工艺的影响，循环流化床粉煤灰中可以见到脱硫产物，主要为石膏晶体。所有的脱硫粉煤灰样品中均含有一定量的不同燃烧程度的残碳，残碳呈网状、层状、球状等多种外形。
(2)各电厂灰渣中主要的结晶矿物有石英、莫来石，另外还含有一些伊利石、长石、方解石、石膏、赤铁矿等矿物。硅、铝和铁的氧化物是构成燃煤灰渣的主要化学成分，含量超过80%。灰渣中含有多种微量元素，它们在不同电厂产生的灰渣中的含量具有明显的差异性，多数元素在粉煤灰中的含量高于底渣中的含量，元素在粉煤灰中具有富集的趋势。
(3)燃煤电厂脱硫粉煤灰的颗粒物排放因子比较接近，研究结果表明使用煤粉炉的燃煤电厂产生的粉煤灰的颗粒物排放因子较使用循环流化床锅炉的电厂要高；同时研究的脱硫粉煤灰中10种元素的排放因子，以Mn元素的排放因子最大，Cd元素的排放因子最小；建立了在已知煤中元素含量、灰分和相应的颗粒物排放因子的情况下相应元素排放因子的函数关系：，指数b的取值范围分别是：煤粉炉为0.26-1.51，循环流化床锅炉为0.23-1.52。
(4)利用Meij提出的相对富集因子()揭示了反应不同元素在脱硫粉煤灰上的富集特征，并根据其数值大小确定元素挥发性的难易程度：相对富集因子数值大的元素挥发性较差，相对富集因子数值小的元素属于易挥发性元素。采用质量平衡法获得了燃烧产物中各元素在粉煤灰、底渣和烟气中的分配比例，大部分元素燃烧后主要以脱硫粉煤灰和底渣的形式存在，但是部分元素(如V和Cu)在烟气中所占的比例较大。
(5)为了揭示脱硫粉煤灰中元素的释放特征，进行了静态浸出实验和动态淋滤实验。在两种释放实验中，都以Mo元素的释放浓度为最高，Hg和Mn元素最低。各元素的释放特征有一定的差异，动态淋滤实验更接近粉煤灰自然状态下接触降水或其他液体的情况，其释放规律更具有参考价值。释放实验后脱硫粉煤灰的微观形态和矿物组成都发生了一定的改变，颗粒粒径在一定程度上有所变小，球形颗粒表面多发现粘连晶体或者出现小孔，部分样品中方解石含量有所增加。
(6)对动态淋滤实验相关元素的累积含量进行非线性回归拟合，得到元素的释放动力学方程：，其中d是与脱硫粉煤灰样品表面积、体积、其中某一元素含量和淋出液体积有关的一个常数。经过验证，该方程可以很好的模拟粉煤灰中元素向水体释放的动力学过程。
(7)脱硫粉煤灰浸出毒性评价确定了采样电厂粉煤灰并不是具有浸出毒性的危险废物，但是对通过食入、皮肤接触和吸入三种暴露途径进入人体的粉煤灰进行健康风险评价表明，华美和徐塘两家电厂都存在潜在的风险危害，所以在粉煤灰的再利用之前需要做相应的处理，以降低粉煤灰对环境和人体健康的危害作用。
(8)为了减少粉煤灰中元素再次释放的风险，进行了稳定化实验，建立了元素在稳定化实验过程中的动力学方程：′，其中[X]是溶液中元素浓度，′是反应速率常数，SP是脱硫粉煤灰比表面积，m是脱硫粉煤灰质量，t是反应时间，f表示反应的最终状态。
Fly ash is the byproducts of the coal-fired power plants. And most power plantsutilize the desulfurization technology that aimed to control the SO_2emission. Butthese elements will be released to the environment and lead to environmental risk inthe process of fly ash piled and recycled when they are stabilized in the fly ash.Supported by Europe-Asia Link project, the fly ash were collected from somecoal-fired plants in Xuzhou city and analyzed by SEM/EDS, XRD, ICP-MS and someother modern analytical techniques in my research. The physicochemical properties ofthe fly ash, releasing characteristics and environmental risk assessment were studiedin this dissertation, and in order to reduce the re-release risk of the sulfur and otherelements in the fly ash, the stabilization experiments were did and a stable dynamicmodel was established.
The main results were showed as follows:
(1)The particle size distributions of all desulfurized fly ash samples fromdifferent types of power plants were similar. On the particles morphology, fly ashfrom pulverized coal fired boiler mainly consisted of spherical particles, includingregular spherical particles, spherical particles which surface attached with crystals orhad pores, and irregular spherical particles; while the fly ash from circulatingfluidized bed were more irregular particles. Influenced by desulfurized technology,gypsum could be detected in the fly ash from circulating fluidized bed. Some kinds ofresidual carbons in different burning degree like meshy, laminar and sphericalmorphology were included in all the fly ash samples.
(2)Quartz and mullite were the main crystalline phase, and other crystallinephases like illite, feldspar, calcspar, gypsum and hematite could also be seen in the ash.The oxides of silicon, aluminum and iron were the main chemical compositions of theash, and their content was more than80%. Trace elements were also included in theash. The content of trace elements had significant differences in different power plantsash, and the content in the fly ash were higher than those in the bottom ash in thesame plant. Elements easily enriched in fly ash.
(3)The emission factor of the fly ash particles were close for these power plants,but the factors of the plants used pulverized coal fired boiler were higher than thoseused circulating fluidized bed. Elements emission factor were also studied for10elements, Mn had the highest factor, while Cd had the lowest factor. Established the function of the elements emission factor when the elements content in coal, coal ashand particles emission factor were known. The function was:, indexb values ranged from0.26-1.51and0.23-1.52for pulverized coal fired boiler andcirculating fluidized bed respectively.
(4)Relative Enrichment Factor proposed by Meij was used toreflect the enrichment behavior of the different elements in particles. And the volatileof the elements could be confirmed according to the REF values. The REF valueswere high, the volatile of the elements were poor; the REF values were low, theelements more easily to be volatilized. The proportion of the elements in fly ash,bottom ash and flue gas were obtained by the mass balance method. Most elementsexisted in fly ash and bottom ash; but still had some elements in the flue gas with alarge proportion, such as V and Cu.
(5)Batch leaching test and column leaching test were done that in order toexplain the releasing behavior of the elements in fly ash. In the two leaching tests, Moelement concentration was the highest in the two different samples, Hg and Mnconcentrations were lower in the leachates. The two kinds of releasing tests haddifferent effect on the elemental leaching behavior, column leaching test was closer tothe fly ash contact with the rain or the other liquid in natural state, its releasingbehavior had the reference value. The fly ash before and after the test were different inmicrostructure and mineral composition. Particle size became smaller, the surface ofthe spherical particles adhered crystal or had more pores, the content of calcsparincreased in some samples.
(6)Carrying on the nonlinear regression fitting the cumulative contents of theelements in column leaching test, and set up the releasing model of the elements:, and β was a constant related to the surface of particles, volume,contents of elements and the volume of leachate. This equation described the releasingprocess of the elements from fly ash to water.
(7)Leaching toxicity assessment confirmed that the fly ash were not thehazardous wastes from the two different plants. But the health risk assessment mainlyestimated the risk caused by ingestion, dermal contact and inhalation, the resultsshowed that the fly ash from two plants were harmful to the workers. So the fly ashmust be disposed before the utilization.
(8) Stabilization experiment was designed to reduce the releasing risk of the elements from the fly ash to the environment. And in my work, the kinetic model ofthe elements in the stabilization experiment was set up. The model was:. In the equation,[X] was the elementsconcentration in the liquids, k’ was the reaction rate constant, SPwas the specificsurface area, m was the fly ash mass; t was the time, f represented the final reactionstatus.
研究工作与成果如下：
(1)各电厂脱硫粉煤灰粒径分布总体上相似，以煤粉炉燃煤的电厂形成的粉煤灰颗粒粒径较均匀，以循环流化床锅炉燃煤的电厂形成的粉煤灰颗粒粒径差异较大；微观形态上，煤粉炉高温燃烧产生的粉煤灰，主要以规则的圆球形、表面附着晶体的球形颗粒、多孔的球形颗粒和不呈规则圆球形的颗粒四种形态存在，而煤粉在循环流化床锅炉内属中温燃烧，产生的粉煤灰多为不规则颗粒。由于脱硫工艺的影响，循环流化床粉煤灰中可以见到脱硫产物，主要为石膏晶体。所有的脱硫粉煤灰样品中均含有一定量的不同燃烧程度的残碳，残碳呈网状、层状、球状等多种外形。
(2)各电厂灰渣中主要的结晶矿物有石英、莫来石，另外还含有一些伊利石、长石、方解石、石膏、赤铁矿等矿物。硅、铝和铁的氧化物是构成燃煤灰渣的主要化学成分，含量超过80%。灰渣中含有多种微量元素，它们在不同电厂产生的灰渣中的含量具有明显的差异性，多数元素在粉煤灰中的含量高于底渣中的含量，元素在粉煤灰中具有富集的趋势。
(3)燃煤电厂脱硫粉煤灰的颗粒物排放因子比较接近，研究结果表明使用煤粉炉的燃煤电厂产生的粉煤灰的颗粒物排放因子较使用循环流化床锅炉的电厂要高；同时研究的脱硫粉煤灰中10种元素的排放因子，以Mn元素的排放因子最大，Cd元素的排放因子最小；建立了在已知煤中元素含量、灰分和相应的颗粒物排放因子的情况下相应元素排放因子的函数关系：，指数b的取值范围分别是：煤粉炉为0.26-1.51，循环流化床锅炉为0.23-1.52。
(4)利用Meij提出的相对富集因子()揭示了反应不同元素在脱硫粉煤灰上的富集特征，并根据其数值大小确定元素挥发性的难易程度：相对富集因子数值大的元素挥发性较差，相对富集因子数值小的元素属于易挥发性元素。采用质量平衡法获得了燃烧产物中各元素在粉煤灰、底渣和烟气中的分配比例，大部分元素燃烧后主要以脱硫粉煤灰和底渣的形式存在，但是部分元素(如V和Cu)在烟气中所占的比例较大。
(5)为了揭示脱硫粉煤灰中元素的释放特征，进行了静态浸出实验和动态淋滤实验。在两种释放实验中，都以Mo元素的释放浓度为最高，Hg和Mn元素最低。各元素的释放特征有一定的差异，动态淋滤实验更接近粉煤灰自然状态下接触降水或其他液体的情况，其释放规律更具有参考价值。释放实验后脱硫粉煤灰的微观形态和矿物组成都发生了一定的改变，颗粒粒径在一定程度上有所变小，球形颗粒表面多发现粘连晶体或者出现小孔，部分样品中方解石含量有所增加。
(6)对动态淋滤实验相关元素的累积含量进行非线性回归拟合，得到元素的释放动力学方程：，其中d是与脱硫粉煤灰样品表面积、体积、其中某一元素含量和淋出液体积有关的一个常数。经过验证，该方程可以很好的模拟粉煤灰中元素向水体释放的动力学过程。
(7)脱硫粉煤灰浸出毒性评价确定了采样电厂粉煤灰并不是具有浸出毒性的危险废物，但是对通过食入、皮肤接触和吸入三种暴露途径进入人体的粉煤灰进行健康风险评价表明，华美和徐塘两家电厂都存在潜在的风险危害，所以在粉煤灰的再利用之前需要做相应的处理，以降低粉煤灰对环境和人体健康的危害作用。
(8)为了减少粉煤灰中元素再次释放的风险，进行了稳定化实验，建立了元素在稳定化实验过程中的动力学方程：′，其中[X]是溶液中元素浓度，′是反应速率常数，SP是脱硫粉煤灰比表面积，m是脱硫粉煤灰质量，t是反应时间，f表示反应的最终状态。
Fly ash is the byproducts of the coal-fired power plants. And most power plantsutilize the desulfurization technology that aimed to control the SO_2emission. Butthese elements will be released to the environment and lead to environmental risk inthe process of fly ash piled and recycled when they are stabilized in the fly ash.Supported by Europe-Asia Link project, the fly ash were collected from somecoal-fired plants in Xuzhou city and analyzed by SEM/EDS, XRD, ICP-MS and someother modern analytical techniques in my research. The physicochemical properties ofthe fly ash, releasing characteristics and environmental risk assessment were studiedin this dissertation, and in order to reduce the re-release risk of the sulfur and otherelements in the fly ash, the stabilization experiments were did and a stable dynamicmodel was established.
The main results were showed as follows:
(1)The particle size distributions of all desulfurized fly ash samples fromdifferent types of power plants were similar. On the particles morphology, fly ashfrom pulverized coal fired boiler mainly consisted of spherical particles, includingregular spherical particles, spherical particles which surface attached with crystals orhad pores, and irregular spherical particles; while the fly ash from circulatingfluidized bed were more irregular particles. Influenced by desulfurized technology,gypsum could be detected in the fly ash from circulating fluidized bed. Some kinds ofresidual carbons in different burning degree like meshy, laminar and sphericalmorphology were included in all the fly ash samples.
(2)Quartz and mullite were the main crystalline phase, and other crystallinephases like illite, feldspar, calcspar, gypsum and hematite could also be seen in the ash.The oxides of silicon, aluminum and iron were the main chemical compositions of theash, and their content was more than80%. Trace elements were also included in theash. The content of trace elements had significant differences in different power plantsash, and the content in the fly ash were higher than those in the bottom ash in thesame plant. Elements easily enriched in fly ash.
(3)The emission factor of the fly ash particles were close for these power plants,but the factors of the plants used pulverized coal fired boiler were higher than thoseused circulating fluidized bed. Elements emission factor were also studied for10elements, Mn had the highest factor, while Cd had the lowest factor. Established the function of the elements emission factor when the elements content in coal, coal ashand particles emission factor were known. The function was:, indexb values ranged from0.26-1.51and0.23-1.52for pulverized coal fired boiler andcirculating fluidized bed respectively.
(4)Relative Enrichment Factor proposed by Meij was used toreflect the enrichment behavior of the different elements in particles. And the volatileof the elements could be confirmed according to the REF values. The REF valueswere high, the volatile of the elements were poor; the REF values were low, theelements more easily to be volatilized. The proportion of the elements in fly ash,bottom ash and flue gas were obtained by the mass balance method. Most elementsexisted in fly ash and bottom ash; but still had some elements in the flue gas with alarge proportion, such as V and Cu.
(5)Batch leaching test and column leaching test were done that in order toexplain the releasing behavior of the elements in fly ash. In the two leaching tests, Moelement concentration was the highest in the two different samples, Hg and Mnconcentrations were lower in the leachates. The two kinds of releasing tests haddifferent effect on the elemental leaching behavior, column leaching test was closer tothe fly ash contact with the rain or the other liquid in natural state, its releasingbehavior had the reference value. The fly ash before and after the test were different inmicrostructure and mineral composition. Particle size became smaller, the surface ofthe spherical particles adhered crystal or had more pores, the content of calcsparincreased in some samples.
(6)Carrying on the nonlinear regression fitting the cumulative contents of theelements in column leaching test, and set up the releasing model of the elements:, and β was a constant related to the surface of particles, volume,contents of elements and the volume of leachate. This equation described the releasingprocess of the elements from fly ash to water.
(7)Leaching toxicity assessment confirmed that the fly ash were not thehazardous wastes from the two different plants. But the health risk assessment mainlyestimated the risk caused by ingestion, dermal contact and inhalation, the resultsshowed that the fly ash from two plants were harmful to the workers. So the fly ashmust be disposed before the utilization.
(8) Stabilization experiment was designed to reduce the releasing risk of the elements from the fly ash to the environment. And in my work, the kinetic model ofthe elements in the stabilization experiment was set up. The model was:. In the equation,[X] was the elementsconcentration in the liquids, k’ was the reaction rate constant, SPwas the specificsurface area, m was the fly ash mass; t was the time, f represented the final reactionstatus.
引文
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