张家口方言的人称代词
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摘要
代词是一个封闭的小系统,又是口语中最常用的基本词汇,因而虽然数目有限,用法却非常复杂,颇具研究价值。本文的研究对象是张家口方言的人称代词。笔者依据丰富、详实的方言口语材料,从语音形式、意义及用法等方面对张家口方言的人称代词进行了较为细致的描写与分析,并对其进行了横向共时的比较研究。本文主要有四个部分:
第一部分是概述。首先简要地介绍了张家口地区概况、张家口方言的归属以及(主要是语音方面的)基本特点;其次介绍了代词的概念、基本分类;最后介绍了汉语方言代词的研究现状,包括已有的研究成果以及以往研究的侧重点。
第二部分是张家口方言人称代词的描写与分析。主要从语音形式、意义及用法等方面对张家口13个县的人称代词进行了描写与分析,同时也将各方言点的人称代词进行了一些简单的比较。这一部分分为两节:第一节是人称代词的形式。我们简单地介绍了人称代词的分类,并将张家口13个县(外加宣化区)方言人称代词的基本情况以表格的形式展示出来。第二节是人称代词的意义及用法。这一节又分为两部分:一是三身代词的形式及用法。我们首先详细地描写、分析了张家口13个县方言三身代词单数的形式与用法,并将一些方言点三身代词单数的形式及具体用法放在一起进行了分析和比较;其次描写、分析了三身代词复数的构成方式、语音形式以及一些具体用法。二是非三身代词的形式及用法。非三身代词可分为反身代词、旁称代词、统称代词和分称代词四类,我们描写、分析的对象以反身代词和旁称代词为主。通过深入细致的描写、分析,我们发现张家口方言人称代词与普通话相比,语音形式、语法意义都较为丰富,具有一定的学术和研究价值。
第三部分是张家口方言人称代词与其他方言的比较。这一部分共分为三节:第一节是与北京话人称代词的比较,主要从语音形式和人称代词的具体用法两个方面进行比较。第二节是与山西部分方言人称代词的比较,主要从人称代词单数的形式、用法和人称代词复数的形式、用法两个方面进行比较。第三节是与内蒙古晋语人称代词的比较,由于材料有限,这一节仅限于张家口方言与丰镇方言之间的简单比较。?
第四部分是结论。我们总结归纳了张家口方言人称代词的特点和本文研究的意义,指出目前尚未完全解决的几个难题,并提出了今后的研究目标。
本文采用描写与方言共时比较相结合的方法,对张家口方言的人称代词进行了较为细致的研究,希望能为汉语人称代词研究提供张家口方言的详尽材料,填补张家口方言人称代词描写和分析的空白,并能有助于整个汉语方言代词的研究。
The pronoun is an enclosed system which is frequently used in the spoken language. Though the figures are limited,the usage is so complicated that there is much value for study. The research object herein is the personal pronouns of Zhangjiakou dialects. On the basis of the abundant, specific and accurate dialect spoken materials, the author performed careful description and analysis to the personal pronouns of Zhangjiakou dialects from the respects such as pronunciation forms, meanings and usages etc.. Meanwhile, the author made the synchronic comparison. The paper is composed of four parts:
The first part is summary. Firstly,the author briefly introduced Zhangjiakou area, Zhangjiakou dialects' attribution as well as (is mainly from the pronunciation aspect) the essential features. Then, the author introduced the concept of pronoun and the basic classification. Finally,the introduction of Chinese dialects pronoun's research situation, including the direction as well as the existing research results and focus which was formerly studied.
The second part is the description and analysis of the personal pronouns of Zhangjiakou dialects. The author mainly studied the forms of pronunciation, meanings and usages in order to describe and analyze the personal pronouns in Zhangjiakou 13 counties. Simultaneously,the author compared various personal pronouns in 13 counties. This part is divided into two sections. The first section is the forms of the personal pronouns. We simply introduced the classification of the personal pronouns, and made 2 forms to display the basic situation of the personal pronouns in Zhangjiakou dialects. The second section is the meanings and usages of the personal pronouns. This section is divided into two parts. The first part is the forms and the usages of the sanshen(三身) pronouns. Firstly,the author described and analyzed the forms and the usages of the sanshen pronouns of Zhangjiakou 13 counties in detail, and compared the single forms and concrete usages of the sanshen pronouns in some counties.
Then, the author described and analyzed the formation of the plural forms of the sanshen pronouns, the forms of pronunciation as well as some concrete usages. The second part is the description of the non-sanshen(非三身) pronouns' forms and usages. The non-sanshen pronoun mainly includes the reflexive pronoun,the pangcheng(旁称)pronoun, the general designation pronoun and the minute name pronoun. The author primarily described the reflexive pronoun and the pangcheng pronoun. Through the description of the personal pronouns, the author finds that the pronunciation forms and the grammatical meanings of the personal pronouns in Zhangjiakou dialects are rich which have research value in academia.
The third part is the comparative study between the personal pronouns of Zhangjiakou dialects and of other dialects. This part is divided into three sections: The first section is the comparison with the personal pronouns of mandarin. The author mainly carried on from the aspects of pronunciation forms and the personal pronouns' concrete usages. The second section is the comparison with the personal pronouns of parts of Shanxi dialects. The author did the study from the usages and forms of the personal pronouns, the plural forms and the usages of the personal pronouns. The third section is the comparison with the personal pronouns of Jin dialect of the Inner Mongolia. Because the material is limited, the research is only restricted between the Zhangjiakou dialects and the Fengzhen dialect which the comparison is brief.
The fourth part is the conclusion. The author summarized the characteristics of the personal pronouns in Zhangjiakou dialects and the research significance, and pointed out the problems that had not been totally solved and the research goals in the future.
The paper takes the method of description together with synchronic comparison. The author expects she can offer exhaustive materials of Zhangjiakou dialects for the research of the personal pronouns of Chinese and fill in the blank of the research of the personal pronouns of Zhangjiakou dialects. The author also expects that their study can facilitate the whole research on the pronoun of Chinese dialects.
第一部分是概述。首先简要地介绍了张家口地区概况、张家口方言的归属以及(主要是语音方面的)基本特点;其次介绍了代词的概念、基本分类;最后介绍了汉语方言代词的研究现状,包括已有的研究成果以及以往研究的侧重点。
第二部分是张家口方言人称代词的描写与分析。主要从语音形式、意义及用法等方面对张家口13个县的人称代词进行了描写与分析,同时也将各方言点的人称代词进行了一些简单的比较。这一部分分为两节:第一节是人称代词的形式。我们简单地介绍了人称代词的分类,并将张家口13个县(外加宣化区)方言人称代词的基本情况以表格的形式展示出来。第二节是人称代词的意义及用法。这一节又分为两部分:一是三身代词的形式及用法。我们首先详细地描写、分析了张家口13个县方言三身代词单数的形式与用法,并将一些方言点三身代词单数的形式及具体用法放在一起进行了分析和比较;其次描写、分析了三身代词复数的构成方式、语音形式以及一些具体用法。二是非三身代词的形式及用法。非三身代词可分为反身代词、旁称代词、统称代词和分称代词四类,我们描写、分析的对象以反身代词和旁称代词为主。通过深入细致的描写、分析,我们发现张家口方言人称代词与普通话相比,语音形式、语法意义都较为丰富,具有一定的学术和研究价值。
第三部分是张家口方言人称代词与其他方言的比较。这一部分共分为三节:第一节是与北京话人称代词的比较,主要从语音形式和人称代词的具体用法两个方面进行比较。第二节是与山西部分方言人称代词的比较,主要从人称代词单数的形式、用法和人称代词复数的形式、用法两个方面进行比较。第三节是与内蒙古晋语人称代词的比较,由于材料有限,这一节仅限于张家口方言与丰镇方言之间的简单比较。?
第四部分是结论。我们总结归纳了张家口方言人称代词的特点和本文研究的意义,指出目前尚未完全解决的几个难题,并提出了今后的研究目标。
本文采用描写与方言共时比较相结合的方法,对张家口方言的人称代词进行了较为细致的研究,希望能为汉语人称代词研究提供张家口方言的详尽材料,填补张家口方言人称代词描写和分析的空白,并能有助于整个汉语方言代词的研究。
The pronoun is an enclosed system which is frequently used in the spoken language. Though the figures are limited,the usage is so complicated that there is much value for study. The research object herein is the personal pronouns of Zhangjiakou dialects. On the basis of the abundant, specific and accurate dialect spoken materials, the author performed careful description and analysis to the personal pronouns of Zhangjiakou dialects from the respects such as pronunciation forms, meanings and usages etc.. Meanwhile, the author made the synchronic comparison. The paper is composed of four parts:
The first part is summary. Firstly,the author briefly introduced Zhangjiakou area, Zhangjiakou dialects' attribution as well as (is mainly from the pronunciation aspect) the essential features. Then, the author introduced the concept of pronoun and the basic classification. Finally,the introduction of Chinese dialects pronoun's research situation, including the direction as well as the existing research results and focus which was formerly studied.
The second part is the description and analysis of the personal pronouns of Zhangjiakou dialects. The author mainly studied the forms of pronunciation, meanings and usages in order to describe and analyze the personal pronouns in Zhangjiakou 13 counties. Simultaneously,the author compared various personal pronouns in 13 counties. This part is divided into two sections. The first section is the forms of the personal pronouns. We simply introduced the classification of the personal pronouns, and made 2 forms to display the basic situation of the personal pronouns in Zhangjiakou dialects. The second section is the meanings and usages of the personal pronouns. This section is divided into two parts. The first part is the forms and the usages of the sanshen(三身) pronouns. Firstly,the author described and analyzed the forms and the usages of the sanshen pronouns of Zhangjiakou 13 counties in detail, and compared the single forms and concrete usages of the sanshen pronouns in some counties.
Then, the author described and analyzed the formation of the plural forms of the sanshen pronouns, the forms of pronunciation as well as some concrete usages. The second part is the description of the non-sanshen(非三身) pronouns' forms and usages. The non-sanshen pronoun mainly includes the reflexive pronoun,the pangcheng(旁称)pronoun, the general designation pronoun and the minute name pronoun. The author primarily described the reflexive pronoun and the pangcheng pronoun. Through the description of the personal pronouns, the author finds that the pronunciation forms and the grammatical meanings of the personal pronouns in Zhangjiakou dialects are rich which have research value in academia.
The third part is the comparative study between the personal pronouns of Zhangjiakou dialects and of other dialects. This part is divided into three sections: The first section is the comparison with the personal pronouns of mandarin. The author mainly carried on from the aspects of pronunciation forms and the personal pronouns' concrete usages. The second section is the comparison with the personal pronouns of parts of Shanxi dialects. The author did the study from the usages and forms of the personal pronouns, the plural forms and the usages of the personal pronouns. The third section is the comparison with the personal pronouns of Jin dialect of the Inner Mongolia. Because the material is limited, the research is only restricted between the Zhangjiakou dialects and the Fengzhen dialect which the comparison is brief.
The fourth part is the conclusion. The author summarized the characteristics of the personal pronouns in Zhangjiakou dialects and the research significance, and pointed out the problems that had not been totally solved and the research goals in the future.
The paper takes the method of description together with synchronic comparison. The author expects she can offer exhaustive materials of Zhangjiakou dialects for the research of the personal pronouns of Chinese and fill in the blank of the research of the personal pronouns of Zhangjiakou dialects. The author also expects that their study can facilitate the whole research on the pronoun of Chinese dialects.
引文
[1][3]河北省地方志编纂委员会.河北省志·方言志[M].北京:方志出版社,2005.1-2、217-218.
[2]袁家骅.汉语方言概要[M]. 北京:文字改革出版社,1989.12.
[4][7][8][9][12][14][15][16][18]吕叔湘.近代汉语指代词[M].上海:学林出版社,1985.序1、72、37、38、62、78-79、86、87、97-100.
[5]王力.汉语史稿[M].北京:中华书局,2004.303-305.
[6][11][20]李如龙.汉语方言的比较研究[M].北京:商务印书馆,2001.164、162、155-156.
[10][13][17][21][24]吕叔湘.现代汉语八百词(增订本)[M].北京:商务出版社,2006.463-464、649、648、695、142-143.
[19]李荣.语音演变规律的例外[J].中国语文,1965(2):118.
[22][23]邢向东. 陕北晋语语法比较研究[M].北京:商务印书馆,2006.47、48.
[25][30]杨增武.山阴方言的人称代词和指示代词[J].语文研究,1982(2):176、176.
[26]宋秀令.汾阳方言的人称代词[J].语文研究,1992(1):32.
[28][29]侯精一,温端政.山西方言调查研究报告[M].太原:山西高校联合出版社,1993.118、119.
[27]乔全生.山西方言人称代词的几个特点[J].中国语文,1996(1):29.
[31]周利芳.内蒙古丰镇话的人称代词[nia?54/nie53][J].语文研究,2004(3):53-54.
[2]袁家骅.汉语方言概要[M]. 北京:文字改革出版社,1989.12.
[4][7][8][9][12][14][15][16][18]吕叔湘.近代汉语指代词[M].上海:学林出版社,1985.序1、72、37、38、62、78-79、86、87、97-100.
[5]王力.汉语史稿[M].北京:中华书局,2004.303-305.
[6][11][20]李如龙.汉语方言的比较研究[M].北京:商务印书馆,2001.164、162、155-156.
[10][13][17][21][24]吕叔湘.现代汉语八百词(增订本)[M].北京:商务出版社,2006.463-464、649、648、695、142-143.
[19]李荣.语音演变规律的例外[J].中国语文,1965(2):118.
[22][23]邢向东. 陕北晋语语法比较研究[M].北京:商务印书馆,2006.47、48.
[25][30]杨增武.山阴方言的人称代词和指示代词[J].语文研究,1982(2):176、176.
[26]宋秀令.汾阳方言的人称代词[J].语文研究,1992(1):32.
[28][29]侯精一,温端政.山西方言调查研究报告[M].太原:山西高校联合出版社,1993.118、119.
[27]乔全生.山西方言人称代词的几个特点[J].中国语文,1996(1):29.
[31]周利芳.内蒙古丰镇话的人称代词[nia?54/nie53][J].语文研究,2004(3):53-54.