平行钢丝斜拉索全寿命安全评定方法研究
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摘要
斜拉桥是大跨度桥梁的主要桥型,斜拉索是斜拉桥最关键的受力构件之一,起着牵一发动全身的重要作用,但斜拉索易遭受腐蚀损伤和疲劳累积损伤,严重威胁着斜拉桥服役安全。结构健康监测技术是保障大型桥梁服役安全的有效手段之一,基于健康监测的桥梁结构安全评定理论和全寿命设计理论是近年来土木工程领域研究的热点和前沿问题。本文充分利用健康监测系统监测的数据和实际服役的斜拉索,系统研究基于健康监测的桥梁车辆荷载模型、斜拉桥拉索车辆荷载效应模型、腐蚀拉索力学和疲劳性能及平行钢丝拉索全寿命安全评定方法。
本文的主要研究内容包括:
首先,根据Hasofer-Lind可靠指标的几何意义,建立可靠指标的优化模型,提出采用计算效率高的粒子群优化算法(PSO)对可靠指标优化模型进行求解,研究优化过程中随机变量候选解的统计特性,提出基于可靠度指标的随机变量敏感性分析的“相对收敛率法”,并采用优化策略组保证相对收敛率的一致性。与传统随机变量敏感性分析方法计算结果比较表明,本文方法能求解更复杂的优化问题。
其次,结合山东滨州黄河公路大桥健康监测系统实测车辆荷载数据,根据轻型车辆与重型车辆不同的出现概率、不同的分布参数,建立一般高速公路桥梁车辆荷载的概率分布分析模型;根据车辆荷载的概率分布研究一般运行状态下车辆荷载的极值分布及其参数;基于线性累积损伤理论建立高速公路桥梁疲劳荷载谱,根据高速公路服务交通量、服务水平和通行能力,采用Logistic模型建立交通流量预测模型,并采用健康监测数据对Logistic模型、进而对桥梁疲劳荷载谱车流量进行更新。形成系统的基于健康监测技术的高速公路桥梁车辆荷载建模方法和车辆荷载模型,为桥梁结构的设计及服役期内安全评定奠定基础。
第三,利用国内某斜拉桥健康监测系统中智能拉索实测的拉索荷载效应数据,建立斜拉索荷载效应的概率分布和极值分布及其参数,提出基于Bayes理论的荷载效应概率分布更新方法;建立智能拉索等效疲劳荷载效应分析方法,分析智能拉索疲劳累积损伤发展规律;分析长索和短索荷载效应及其极值、以及疲劳累积损伤的特点。
第四,对国内某斜拉桥换下服役18年的腐蚀斜拉索的腐蚀程度、力学性能、疲劳性能进行系统的试验研究。研究斜拉索钢丝的均匀腐蚀程度和点蚀程度及其概率分布;研究腐蚀对钢丝弹性模量、屈服强度、极限强度、极限应变、延伸率、反复弯曲性能的影响,建立腐蚀钢丝应力-应变本构关系模型及其模型特征点的概率分布模型,研究腐蚀拉索的荷载-应变本构关系;研究腐蚀钢丝及拉索的疲劳寿命,揭示腐蚀对钢丝和拉索疲劳寿命的影响。
第五,利用各种钢丝强度试验数据和智能拉索现场监测数据,采用纤维束强度模型,研究平行钢丝斜拉索安全评定方法。研究新的、未腐蚀和腐蚀三种钢丝和拉索的强度概率分布参数及拉索承载力可靠度,分析拉索长度和钢丝数量对拉索强度的影响规律,揭示腐蚀导致钢丝截面减小和相关长度减小从而降低拉索强度的机理,采用PSO方法进行基于拉索可靠度的参数敏感性分析。利用试验数据,统计分析腐蚀钢丝疲劳寿命概率分布参数和中值S-N曲线及不同保证率下的腐蚀钢丝P-S-N曲线;建立基于累积损伤理论的拉索疲劳寿命分析方法,研究长度效应、拉索S-N曲线参数、拉索内钢丝数、钢丝疲劳寿命变异性及钢丝应力不均匀性对拉索疲劳寿命的影响;统计分析不同断丝率腐蚀拉索中值S-N曲线,建议拉索终止寿命的断丝率标准;建立基于疲劳极限状态的拉索可靠度计算方法,研究新索和腐蚀拉索疲劳可靠度指标随服役时间的衰减规律,揭示腐蚀是拉索疲劳极限状态的控制因素,腐蚀后拉索的安全由疲劳极限状态控制,而腐蚀对拉索承载力极限状态影响较小。
最后,分别以桥梁结构全寿命成本最小及全寿命收益最大为目标建立桥梁结构全寿命经济性分析模型;根据斜拉索服役期间检测和维护成本所占总成本比例较小的特点,以承载力和疲劳极限状态为约束条件,以拉索在全寿命周期内总成本最小,建立斜拉索全寿命优化设计方法;采用事件树模型对一般桥梁结构全寿命成本进行分析,研究抗力衰减规律、折现率、检测精度、失效费用、初始造价对桥梁结构全寿命周期可靠指标及总成本的影响规律。
Cable-stayed Bridge is the main bridge style for long-span bridge and stay cable is one of the most important components of the Cable-Stayed Bridge. However, stay cables are often suffered corrosion and fatigue damage and these factors threat the bridge safety in serve life. The structural health monitoring (SHM) system is becoming one of the most effective techniques for ensuring the health and safety of long-span bridge and structural safety assessment theory, as well as life-cycle design based on SHM are hot issues of civil engineering field in recent years. This dissertation focuses on systematically researching of traffic load modeling, traffic load effects modeling of stay cable, mechanical and fatigue properties of corroded cables and stay cable safety assessment methods of Cable-Stayed Bridge based on SHM by fully utilizing SHM data and actual stay cables.
The main research contents of this dissertation are described as follow:
Firstly, based on the geometric meaning of Hasofer-Lind reliability index which defined as the minimum distance from the origin to the limit-state surface in the standard normal space, the optimization model of reliability index is established and particles swarm optimization (PSO) is proposed to solve the optimization problem. Moreover, a structural reliability-based sensitivity analysis method namely relative convergence rate of random variables using PSO is proposed. In consideration of the fluctuation of convergence rate of a variable during the optimum process, an optimized strategy is proposed. The optimized group consists of the particles with the best fitness values. Finally, some numerical examples are studied entirely and illustrate the advantage and feasibility of the proposed method.
Secondly, based on the vehicle load characteristic of highway bridge and field measured SHM data of Shandong Binzhou Yellow River Highway Bridge, the probabilistic distribution model of highway bridge gross vehicle load is established, and the different occurrence probabilities and different distribution parameters of light cars and heavy trucks are considered in the model. Based on the probabilistic distribution model of gross vehicle load and filtered compound Poisson Process of vehicle load under the loose traffic status, the extreme value distribution model of gross vehicle load is established. The fatigue load spectrum of highway bridge is also statistically studied in this dissertation. In addition, the Logistic Model is employed to predict the long-term traffic volume and the parameters of the Logistic Model are updated using the monitored traffic volume. The combination of the fatigue load spectrum and the traffic volume forecast using the updated Logistic Model provides a load model for estimation of fatigue damage evolution of bridges. Traffic load modeling of highway bridge is systematically studied and it is the foundation for bridge design and safety assessment in serve life.
Thirdly, Fibre Reinforced Polymer Optical Fibre Bragg Grating (FRP-OFBG) cable a kind of fibre Bragg grating optical sensing technology-based smart cable is introduced. In addition, the application of the smart cables on a certain domestic bridge is demonstrated. The probability distribution and extreme value distribution of cable live load effects are established by using the field SHM data, and the Bayesian theory is proposed to update the live load effects based on SHM data. The equivalent fatigue stress range of cable is established. Furthermore, the characteristics of live load effects, extreme value of load effects and the fatigue cumulative damage for short cables and long cables are analyzed.
Fourthly, the corrosion degree, mechanics and fatigue properties of corroded cables which are gotten from the dissection of actual stay cables and have been in used for 18 years are completely investigated by experiments. The corrosion degree and probability distribution of uniform corrosion and pitting corrosion are investigated. The effects of corrosion on elastic modulus, yield strength, ultimate strength, ultimate strain, elongation, reverse bend number and remaining fatigue life of wires are discussed. The constitutive relations of load and displacement are simulated by Monte Carlo simulation for corroded and uncorroded cables. The fatigue lives of corroded wires and cables are investigated by experiments and the effects of corrosion on fatigue properties of wire and cable are revealed. Fifthly, based on the wires strength experimental data and strength model of fiber bundle, the safety assessment methods of cable are investigated and the effects of corrosion, cable length and Daniels effects on cable strength are discussed. The mechanisms of cable strength reduction caused by corrosions are revealed.
Sensitivity analysis of cable strength capacity is performed by using PSO relative convergence rate. Considering the probability distribution of wire fatigue life and linear fatigue cumulative damage theory, the cable fatigue life calculating model is established and effects of cable length, parameter of cable S-N curve, number of wires, variability of wire fatigue life and non-uniform stress of wires on cable fatigue life are discussed by Monte Carlo simulation. The effects of percent of wires broken in cable on cable fatigue life are studied. Based on results of corroded wire fatigue test and cable fatigue life calculating model, the cable S-N curves with different percent of wires broken are simulated, and compared with the results of cable fatigue test in order to illustrate the feasibility of the proposed cable fatigue life calculating model. As the foundation of cable safety assessment and life-cycle design, reliability assessment method of cable fatigue is established. The fatigue reliability decaying pattern of new cables and corroded cables with serve life are investigated. It can be seen that the corrosion is the controlled factor for cable fatigue limit-state and corrosion gives less effects on cable strength limit-state.
Finally, as the targets of minimization of the expected life-cycle costs and maximization of expected life-cycle benefits, the economic model of bridge life-cycle design are developed. In view of the characteristics of the inspection costs and maintenance costs of cable are small, the inspection costs and maintenance costs of cable are ignored. The cable life-cycle design method is developed to satisfy the limit-state functions of cable strength and cable fatigue life, and considered the cable fatigue reliability index deterioration model in serve life. In order to minimize the life-cycle costs of cable, the optimal section area of cable is determined which provided a theoretical basis for cable design and replacement. Furthermore, the life-cycle design method for general bridge structure is established by using event tree model. The effects of resistance deterioration, discount rate, inspection accuracy, failure lost and initial cost on bridge life-cycle costs and reliability index are discussed by event tree model.
本文的主要研究内容包括:
首先,根据Hasofer-Lind可靠指标的几何意义,建立可靠指标的优化模型,提出采用计算效率高的粒子群优化算法(PSO)对可靠指标优化模型进行求解,研究优化过程中随机变量候选解的统计特性,提出基于可靠度指标的随机变量敏感性分析的“相对收敛率法”,并采用优化策略组保证相对收敛率的一致性。与传统随机变量敏感性分析方法计算结果比较表明,本文方法能求解更复杂的优化问题。
其次,结合山东滨州黄河公路大桥健康监测系统实测车辆荷载数据,根据轻型车辆与重型车辆不同的出现概率、不同的分布参数,建立一般高速公路桥梁车辆荷载的概率分布分析模型;根据车辆荷载的概率分布研究一般运行状态下车辆荷载的极值分布及其参数;基于线性累积损伤理论建立高速公路桥梁疲劳荷载谱,根据高速公路服务交通量、服务水平和通行能力,采用Logistic模型建立交通流量预测模型,并采用健康监测数据对Logistic模型、进而对桥梁疲劳荷载谱车流量进行更新。形成系统的基于健康监测技术的高速公路桥梁车辆荷载建模方法和车辆荷载模型,为桥梁结构的设计及服役期内安全评定奠定基础。
第三,利用国内某斜拉桥健康监测系统中智能拉索实测的拉索荷载效应数据,建立斜拉索荷载效应的概率分布和极值分布及其参数,提出基于Bayes理论的荷载效应概率分布更新方法;建立智能拉索等效疲劳荷载效应分析方法,分析智能拉索疲劳累积损伤发展规律;分析长索和短索荷载效应及其极值、以及疲劳累积损伤的特点。
第四,对国内某斜拉桥换下服役18年的腐蚀斜拉索的腐蚀程度、力学性能、疲劳性能进行系统的试验研究。研究斜拉索钢丝的均匀腐蚀程度和点蚀程度及其概率分布;研究腐蚀对钢丝弹性模量、屈服强度、极限强度、极限应变、延伸率、反复弯曲性能的影响,建立腐蚀钢丝应力-应变本构关系模型及其模型特征点的概率分布模型,研究腐蚀拉索的荷载-应变本构关系;研究腐蚀钢丝及拉索的疲劳寿命,揭示腐蚀对钢丝和拉索疲劳寿命的影响。
第五,利用各种钢丝强度试验数据和智能拉索现场监测数据,采用纤维束强度模型,研究平行钢丝斜拉索安全评定方法。研究新的、未腐蚀和腐蚀三种钢丝和拉索的强度概率分布参数及拉索承载力可靠度,分析拉索长度和钢丝数量对拉索强度的影响规律,揭示腐蚀导致钢丝截面减小和相关长度减小从而降低拉索强度的机理,采用PSO方法进行基于拉索可靠度的参数敏感性分析。利用试验数据,统计分析腐蚀钢丝疲劳寿命概率分布参数和中值S-N曲线及不同保证率下的腐蚀钢丝P-S-N曲线;建立基于累积损伤理论的拉索疲劳寿命分析方法,研究长度效应、拉索S-N曲线参数、拉索内钢丝数、钢丝疲劳寿命变异性及钢丝应力不均匀性对拉索疲劳寿命的影响;统计分析不同断丝率腐蚀拉索中值S-N曲线,建议拉索终止寿命的断丝率标准;建立基于疲劳极限状态的拉索可靠度计算方法,研究新索和腐蚀拉索疲劳可靠度指标随服役时间的衰减规律,揭示腐蚀是拉索疲劳极限状态的控制因素,腐蚀后拉索的安全由疲劳极限状态控制,而腐蚀对拉索承载力极限状态影响较小。
最后,分别以桥梁结构全寿命成本最小及全寿命收益最大为目标建立桥梁结构全寿命经济性分析模型;根据斜拉索服役期间检测和维护成本所占总成本比例较小的特点,以承载力和疲劳极限状态为约束条件,以拉索在全寿命周期内总成本最小,建立斜拉索全寿命优化设计方法;采用事件树模型对一般桥梁结构全寿命成本进行分析,研究抗力衰减规律、折现率、检测精度、失效费用、初始造价对桥梁结构全寿命周期可靠指标及总成本的影响规律。
Cable-stayed Bridge is the main bridge style for long-span bridge and stay cable is one of the most important components of the Cable-Stayed Bridge. However, stay cables are often suffered corrosion and fatigue damage and these factors threat the bridge safety in serve life. The structural health monitoring (SHM) system is becoming one of the most effective techniques for ensuring the health and safety of long-span bridge and structural safety assessment theory, as well as life-cycle design based on SHM are hot issues of civil engineering field in recent years. This dissertation focuses on systematically researching of traffic load modeling, traffic load effects modeling of stay cable, mechanical and fatigue properties of corroded cables and stay cable safety assessment methods of Cable-Stayed Bridge based on SHM by fully utilizing SHM data and actual stay cables.
The main research contents of this dissertation are described as follow:
Firstly, based on the geometric meaning of Hasofer-Lind reliability index which defined as the minimum distance from the origin to the limit-state surface in the standard normal space, the optimization model of reliability index is established and particles swarm optimization (PSO) is proposed to solve the optimization problem. Moreover, a structural reliability-based sensitivity analysis method namely relative convergence rate of random variables using PSO is proposed. In consideration of the fluctuation of convergence rate of a variable during the optimum process, an optimized strategy is proposed. The optimized group consists of the particles with the best fitness values. Finally, some numerical examples are studied entirely and illustrate the advantage and feasibility of the proposed method.
Secondly, based on the vehicle load characteristic of highway bridge and field measured SHM data of Shandong Binzhou Yellow River Highway Bridge, the probabilistic distribution model of highway bridge gross vehicle load is established, and the different occurrence probabilities and different distribution parameters of light cars and heavy trucks are considered in the model. Based on the probabilistic distribution model of gross vehicle load and filtered compound Poisson Process of vehicle load under the loose traffic status, the extreme value distribution model of gross vehicle load is established. The fatigue load spectrum of highway bridge is also statistically studied in this dissertation. In addition, the Logistic Model is employed to predict the long-term traffic volume and the parameters of the Logistic Model are updated using the monitored traffic volume. The combination of the fatigue load spectrum and the traffic volume forecast using the updated Logistic Model provides a load model for estimation of fatigue damage evolution of bridges. Traffic load modeling of highway bridge is systematically studied and it is the foundation for bridge design and safety assessment in serve life.
Thirdly, Fibre Reinforced Polymer Optical Fibre Bragg Grating (FRP-OFBG) cable a kind of fibre Bragg grating optical sensing technology-based smart cable is introduced. In addition, the application of the smart cables on a certain domestic bridge is demonstrated. The probability distribution and extreme value distribution of cable live load effects are established by using the field SHM data, and the Bayesian theory is proposed to update the live load effects based on SHM data. The equivalent fatigue stress range of cable is established. Furthermore, the characteristics of live load effects, extreme value of load effects and the fatigue cumulative damage for short cables and long cables are analyzed.
Fourthly, the corrosion degree, mechanics and fatigue properties of corroded cables which are gotten from the dissection of actual stay cables and have been in used for 18 years are completely investigated by experiments. The corrosion degree and probability distribution of uniform corrosion and pitting corrosion are investigated. The effects of corrosion on elastic modulus, yield strength, ultimate strength, ultimate strain, elongation, reverse bend number and remaining fatigue life of wires are discussed. The constitutive relations of load and displacement are simulated by Monte Carlo simulation for corroded and uncorroded cables. The fatigue lives of corroded wires and cables are investigated by experiments and the effects of corrosion on fatigue properties of wire and cable are revealed. Fifthly, based on the wires strength experimental data and strength model of fiber bundle, the safety assessment methods of cable are investigated and the effects of corrosion, cable length and Daniels effects on cable strength are discussed. The mechanisms of cable strength reduction caused by corrosions are revealed.
Sensitivity analysis of cable strength capacity is performed by using PSO relative convergence rate. Considering the probability distribution of wire fatigue life and linear fatigue cumulative damage theory, the cable fatigue life calculating model is established and effects of cable length, parameter of cable S-N curve, number of wires, variability of wire fatigue life and non-uniform stress of wires on cable fatigue life are discussed by Monte Carlo simulation. The effects of percent of wires broken in cable on cable fatigue life are studied. Based on results of corroded wire fatigue test and cable fatigue life calculating model, the cable S-N curves with different percent of wires broken are simulated, and compared with the results of cable fatigue test in order to illustrate the feasibility of the proposed cable fatigue life calculating model. As the foundation of cable safety assessment and life-cycle design, reliability assessment method of cable fatigue is established. The fatigue reliability decaying pattern of new cables and corroded cables with serve life are investigated. It can be seen that the corrosion is the controlled factor for cable fatigue limit-state and corrosion gives less effects on cable strength limit-state.
Finally, as the targets of minimization of the expected life-cycle costs and maximization of expected life-cycle benefits, the economic model of bridge life-cycle design are developed. In view of the characteristics of the inspection costs and maintenance costs of cable are small, the inspection costs and maintenance costs of cable are ignored. The cable life-cycle design method is developed to satisfy the limit-state functions of cable strength and cable fatigue life, and considered the cable fatigue reliability index deterioration model in serve life. In order to minimize the life-cycle costs of cable, the optimal section area of cable is determined which provided a theoretical basis for cable design and replacement. Furthermore, the life-cycle design method for general bridge structure is established by using event tree model. The effects of resistance deterioration, discount rate, inspection accuracy, failure lost and initial cost on bridge life-cycle costs and reliability index are discussed by event tree model.
引文
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