正交频分复用系统抑制峰均比技术的分析与研究
摘要
正交频分复用(OFDM)技术被当今社会普遍认为是4G的核心技术之一。目前已经被应用于无线局域网(WLAN:Wireless Local Area Networks),无线城域网(WMAN:Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks),数字视频广播和数字音频广播等领域。作为多载波系统的一种,OFDM系统和其它的多载波传输系统一样,同样存在峰均比(PAPR:Peak to Average Power Ratio)过高的问题,容易导致OFDM信号失真,系统性能下降等问题,限制了OFDM技术的实际应用。因此,对抑制OFDM信号的PAPR研究显得尤其重要。
本文首先阐述了OFDM技术的应用现状,简单介绍了OFDM技术的基本原理,对OFDM技术的高峰均功率比问题进行了描述,高峰均比对系统产生的危害进行了分析。
其次,对当前抑制OFDM信号峰均比的多种算法进行了研究,并对经典的算法进行了仿真分析。通过对各种方法的研究,归纳总结出各种方法的特点。
最后,考虑到单独使用一种方法,总会有或多或少的缺点,本文以混合使用抑制OFDM技术PAPR的算法为出发点,将特定的几种互补算法按照一定结构结合在一起,研究得出这种混合算法能有效地平衡算法的误码率,峰均比,复杂度等性能,使之能符合实际系统需要。文章还研究了次优化搜索PTS算法,从同等复杂度的角度来比较各种次优PTS算法的PAPR性能,分析得出几种算法性能相近。文章最后通过级联预LC-TR算法,对迭代翻转PTS算法进行了优化。
Recently, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) has been regarded and used as one of the core technologies for 4G Mobile Communication System. It has been adopted for various wireless communication systems such as wireless local area networks (WLANs), wireless metropolitan area networks (WMANs), digital audio broadcasting (DVB). As one of multi-carrier communication systems, OFDM also suffers from the problem of high Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR), which causes the signal distortion, the degradation of system performance and the restrictions on the use of the system. Thus, the PAPR reduction is one of the most important research interests for the OFDM systems.
Firstly, in the article, the basic theory of OFDM is explained. Besides, we describe the PAPR of OFDM systems, and the crisis which caused by PAPR for the system is proposed.
Secondly, the article focuses on the research of the various approaches to reduce the PAPR of OFDM signals, and the simulation of some traditional schemes is given in this paper. Besides, we summarize the PAPR reduction techniques based on analysis.
In the end, we found it is difficult to resolve the PAPR by using one scheme separately. Based on hybrid, combined several special methods would have better PAPR performance. In simulation results, the hybrid method shows the balance on PAPR, complexity and bit errors rate performance of OFDM system. Besides, we also research on low-complexity PTS, and compare the PAPR performance of these schemes at the same complexity. In simulation results, we found they have similar PAPR performance. Finally, we research on cascade algorithm of LC-TR and IPTS.
本文首先阐述了OFDM技术的应用现状,简单介绍了OFDM技术的基本原理,对OFDM技术的高峰均功率比问题进行了描述,高峰均比对系统产生的危害进行了分析。
其次,对当前抑制OFDM信号峰均比的多种算法进行了研究,并对经典的算法进行了仿真分析。通过对各种方法的研究,归纳总结出各种方法的特点。
最后,考虑到单独使用一种方法,总会有或多或少的缺点,本文以混合使用抑制OFDM技术PAPR的算法为出发点,将特定的几种互补算法按照一定结构结合在一起,研究得出这种混合算法能有效地平衡算法的误码率,峰均比,复杂度等性能,使之能符合实际系统需要。文章还研究了次优化搜索PTS算法,从同等复杂度的角度来比较各种次优PTS算法的PAPR性能,分析得出几种算法性能相近。文章最后通过级联预LC-TR算法,对迭代翻转PTS算法进行了优化。
Recently, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) has been regarded and used as one of the core technologies for 4G Mobile Communication System. It has been adopted for various wireless communication systems such as wireless local area networks (WLANs), wireless metropolitan area networks (WMANs), digital audio broadcasting (DVB). As one of multi-carrier communication systems, OFDM also suffers from the problem of high Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR), which causes the signal distortion, the degradation of system performance and the restrictions on the use of the system. Thus, the PAPR reduction is one of the most important research interests for the OFDM systems.
Firstly, in the article, the basic theory of OFDM is explained. Besides, we describe the PAPR of OFDM systems, and the crisis which caused by PAPR for the system is proposed.
Secondly, the article focuses on the research of the various approaches to reduce the PAPR of OFDM signals, and the simulation of some traditional schemes is given in this paper. Besides, we summarize the PAPR reduction techniques based on analysis.
In the end, we found it is difficult to resolve the PAPR by using one scheme separately. Based on hybrid, combined several special methods would have better PAPR performance. In simulation results, the hybrid method shows the balance on PAPR, complexity and bit errors rate performance of OFDM system. Besides, we also research on low-complexity PTS, and compare the PAPR performance of these schemes at the same complexity. In simulation results, we found they have similar PAPR performance. Finally, we research on cascade algorithm of LC-TR and IPTS.
引文
[1]Thedore, S.Rappaport著.李旭,杜振民译.无线通信原理与应用.电子工业出版社,1999.123-125
[2]佟学俭,罗涛.OFDM移动通信技术原理与应用.人民邮电出版社,2003,30-35
[3]A.Peled and A.Ruiz, Frequency domain data transmission using reduced computational complexity algorithms, inProc. IEEE Int. Conf.Acousr., Speech Siganl Processing, Denver, CO,1980,964-967.
[4]Juha Heiskala, John Terry著.杨晓春等译.OFDM无线局域网.电子工业出版社.2003
[5]L.J.Cimini, Analysis and simulation of a digital mobile of a digital mobile channel using orthogonal free-quency division multiplexing, IEEE Transactions on Communications, July,1985.33 666-675
[6]R.Van Nee, G.Awater, M.Morikura, H.Takanashi, M.Webster, and K.W.Halford, New high-rate wireless LAN standards, IEEE Commun.Mag., vol.37, no.12, Dec.1999, 82-88.
[7]ETSI, Broadcasting Radio Access Networks (BRAN):High Performance Radio Local Area Network (HIPERLAN) Type 2; requirements and architectures for wireless broadband access, Tech Rep TR101 031 v2.2.1, ETSI, Jan.1999.
[8]U.Dettmar, J.Khun-Jush, P.Schramm, J.Thielecke, and U.Wachsmann, Modulation for HIPERLAN type 2, in Proc. IEEE VTC'99-Spring,1999.
[9]ETSI, Didital Broadcasting System:Digital Audio Broadcasting to mobile, portable and fixed receiver, European telecommunication standard, ETS 300-401, Feb.1995.
[10]B.Le Floch, R.Halbert-Lassalle, and D.Castelain, Digital sound broadcasting to mobile receivers, IEEE Trans. Comsumer Electron.,vol.35,no.3,Aug.1989,pp:493-503.
[11]ETSI, Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB):framing structure, channel coding and modulation for digital terrestrial television, Tech.Rep. EN 300 744 v 1.1.2, ETSI, Aug.1997.
[12]Nee, R.Vain, OFDM for high speed wireless network, IEEE P 802.11-97/123,Nov.1997.
[13]W.Y.Chen, The development and standardization of asymmetrical digital subscriber lines, IEEE Commun.Mag., vol.37, no.5, May 1997,68-72.
[14]J.M. Cioffi, V. Oksman, J. Wener, and et al., Very-high-speed digital subscriber lines, IEEE Commun.Mag., vol.37, no.4, Apr.1999,72-79.
[15]H.Ochiai and H.Imai, "On the distribution of the peak-to-average power ratio in OFDM signals" IEEE Trans. Commun., vol.49, no2, Feb.2001 282-289
[16]张海滨,正交频分复用的基本原理与关键技术,国防工业出版社,2006.1.
[17]B.Ai, Z.Yang, C.Pan, Zhang, T.Tao, and J.Ge, "Effects of PAPR reduction on HPA predistortion" IEEE Trans. Consumer Electron., vol.51, no.4, Nov.2005 1143-1147
[18]李裕奇.随机过程.国防工业出版社,2003.66-68
[19]C.Tellambura, "Computation of the Continuous-Time PAR of an OFDM Signal with BPSK Subcarriers" IEEE Commun. Lett., vol.5, May 2001 185-187
[20]R.O Neil and L.BLopes, "Envelope Variations and Spectral Splatter in Clipped Multicarrier Signals" Proc. IEEE PIMRC'95, Toronto, Canada, Sept.1995,71-75
[21]X.Li, L.J.Cimini. Effects of clipping and flitering on the performance of OFDM. IEEE Communications Letters. vol.2, no.5, May 1998,131-133
[22]J.Armstrong "Peak-to-Average Power Reduction for OFDM by Repeated Clipping and Frequency Domain Fitering" Elect. Lett., vol.38, no.8, Feb.2002 246-247
[23]X.Wang, T.T.Tjhung and C.S.Ng, "Reduction of Peak-to-average Power ratio of OFDM system using a companding technique". IEEE Trans. On broad casting, vol.45, no.3, Sep.1999 303-307
[24]X.Wang, T.T.Tjhung and C.S.Ng, "Reply to the Comments on'Reduction of Peak-to-average Power ratio of OFDM system using a companding technique'IEEE Trans. On broad casting, vol.45, no.3, Sep.1999" IEEE Trans. On broad casting, vol.45, Dec.1999,420-423
[25]Mattsson, G.Mendenhall and T.Dittmer. "Comments on'reduction of peak-to-average power ratio of OFDM system using a companding technique "IEEE Trans.Broadcast.vol.45 no.4 Dec.1999 PP.418 - 419.
[26]A.E.Jones, T.A.Wikinson, and S.K.Barton. Block coding scheme for reduction of peak to mean envelope power ratio of multicarrier transmission schemes. Electronics Letters. vol.30, no.22 Dec,1994 2098-2099
[27]Hyo-Joo Ahn, Yoan Shin, Sungbin Im. A block coding scheme for peak-to-average power ratio reduction in an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing system. VTC2000.vol.1,56-60
[28]李晓阳,减小OFDM系统中峰均功率比的研究,硕士论文,北京邮电大学.
[29]M. Golay, "Complementary Series" IEEE Trans. Info. Theory, vol.7, no.2, Apr.1961, 82-87
[30]曹雪虹,张宗橙.信息论与编码.清华大学出版社,2004,125-147
[31]K.Patterson, "Generalized Reed-Muller Codes and Power Control in OFDM Modulation" IEEE Trans, vol.45, no.7, Nov.1999,2397-2417
[32]J.A. Davis and J. Jedwab, "peak-to-Mean power Control and Error Correction for OFDM Transmission Using Golay Sequences and Reed-Muller Codes" Elect. Lett., vol.33, no.4, Feb.1997.267-268.
[33]S.H.Muller and J.B.Huber, "A Comparison of Peak Power Reduction Schemes for OFDM" Proc. IEEE GLOBECOM'97, Phoenix,AZ, Nov.1997,1-5
[34]R.W.Bauml, R.F.H.Fisher, and J.B.Huber, "Reducing the Peak-to-Average Power Ratio of Muticarrier Modulation by Selected Mapping" Elect. Lett., vol.32, no.22, Oct. 1996,2056-2057
[35]S.H.Muller and J.B.Huber, "OFDM with Reduced Peak-to-Average Power Ratio by Optimum Combination of Partial Transmit Sequences" Elect. Lett., vol.33,no.5, Feb. 1997
[36]S.H.Muller and J.B.Huber, "A Novel Peak Power Reduction Scheme for OFDM" Proc. IEEE PIMRC'97, Helsinki, Finland, Sept.1997,1090-1094
[37]L.J.Cimini, Jr., N.R.Sollenberger. Peak-to-average power ratio reduction of an OFDM signal using partial transmit sequences. IEEE Communications Letters. v4,n3,March 2000
[38]Lei Xia; Xiao Yue; Li Shaoqian; Kayama, H.; Chunlin Yan, "Analysis of the Performance of Partial Transmit Sequences with Different Subblock Partitions", Volume 2,25-28 June 2006 Page(s):875-878
[39]J.Tellado, "Peak to Average Power Reduction for Multicarrier Modulation", Ph.D. dissertation, Stanford University.,2000.
[40]Seung Hee Han, Jae Hong Lee. An Overview of Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Reduction Techniques for Multicarrier Transmission. IEEE Wireless Communications, April 2005,56-64
[41]杨刚,OFDM通信系统中PAPR抑制技术的研究,博士论文,西安电子科技大学.
[42]Robert J. Baxley, Chunming Zhao, and G. Tong Zhou, "Constrained Clipping for Crest Factor Reduction in OFDM", IEEE TRANSACTIONS BROACASTING, VOL.52, NO.4, DECEMBER 2006.
[43]Robert J. Baxley and G. Tong Zhou, "Comparing Selected Mapping and Partial Transmit Sequence for PAR Reduction", IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SIGNAL PROCESSING, VOL.54, NO.8, AUGUST 2006,797-803
[44]IEEE Standard for Local and metropolitan area networks Part 16:Air Interface for Fixed Broadband Wireless Access Systems, IEEE Std.802.16-2004 (Revision of IEEE Std.802.16-2001),2004, pp.349-350
[45]3GPP TS 36.101 V8.1.0(2008-03) (Release 8), pp.16-17
[46]丁玉美,高西全.数字信号处理,第二版本.西安电子科技大学出版社.2001
[47]L.J.Cimini, Jr., N.R.Sollenberger. "Peak-to-average power ratio reduction of an OFDM signal using partial sequence". IEEE Communications Letters. VOL4,NO3, March 2000:86-88
[48]佟梅娟,朱琦等.“一种减小OFDM系统中的PTS复杂性的方法”.重庆邮电学报(自然科学版),2005,17(1)：26-28
[49]S. H. Han, J. H. Lee. "PAPR Reduciton of OFDM Signals Using a Reduced Complexity PTS Technique." IEEE Signal Processing Letters,2004,11(11):887-890
[50]吴交,杨鸿文等.“OFDM系统中一种新的分块迭代的部分传输序列算法”.电子与信息学报,2008.12,第30卷第12期：2047-2950.
[51]梁后兴,OFDM/OFDMA移动通信系统中峰均比抑制新技术研究,硕士论文,电子科技大学.
[2]佟学俭,罗涛.OFDM移动通信技术原理与应用.人民邮电出版社,2003,30-35
[3]A.Peled and A.Ruiz, Frequency domain data transmission using reduced computational complexity algorithms, inProc. IEEE Int. Conf.Acousr., Speech Siganl Processing, Denver, CO,1980,964-967.
[4]Juha Heiskala, John Terry著.杨晓春等译.OFDM无线局域网.电子工业出版社.2003
[5]L.J.Cimini, Analysis and simulation of a digital mobile of a digital mobile channel using orthogonal free-quency division multiplexing, IEEE Transactions on Communications, July,1985.33 666-675
[6]R.Van Nee, G.Awater, M.Morikura, H.Takanashi, M.Webster, and K.W.Halford, New high-rate wireless LAN standards, IEEE Commun.Mag., vol.37, no.12, Dec.1999, 82-88.
[7]ETSI, Broadcasting Radio Access Networks (BRAN):High Performance Radio Local Area Network (HIPERLAN) Type 2; requirements and architectures for wireless broadband access, Tech Rep TR101 031 v2.2.1, ETSI, Jan.1999.
[8]U.Dettmar, J.Khun-Jush, P.Schramm, J.Thielecke, and U.Wachsmann, Modulation for HIPERLAN type 2, in Proc. IEEE VTC'99-Spring,1999.
[9]ETSI, Didital Broadcasting System:Digital Audio Broadcasting to mobile, portable and fixed receiver, European telecommunication standard, ETS 300-401, Feb.1995.
[10]B.Le Floch, R.Halbert-Lassalle, and D.Castelain, Digital sound broadcasting to mobile receivers, IEEE Trans. Comsumer Electron.,vol.35,no.3,Aug.1989,pp:493-503.
[11]ETSI, Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB):framing structure, channel coding and modulation for digital terrestrial television, Tech.Rep. EN 300 744 v 1.1.2, ETSI, Aug.1997.
[12]Nee, R.Vain, OFDM for high speed wireless network, IEEE P 802.11-97/123,Nov.1997.
[13]W.Y.Chen, The development and standardization of asymmetrical digital subscriber lines, IEEE Commun.Mag., vol.37, no.5, May 1997,68-72.
[14]J.M. Cioffi, V. Oksman, J. Wener, and et al., Very-high-speed digital subscriber lines, IEEE Commun.Mag., vol.37, no.4, Apr.1999,72-79.
[15]H.Ochiai and H.Imai, "On the distribution of the peak-to-average power ratio in OFDM signals" IEEE Trans. Commun., vol.49, no2, Feb.2001 282-289
[16]张海滨,正交频分复用的基本原理与关键技术,国防工业出版社,2006.1.
[17]B.Ai, Z.Yang, C.Pan, Zhang, T.Tao, and J.Ge, "Effects of PAPR reduction on HPA predistortion" IEEE Trans. Consumer Electron., vol.51, no.4, Nov.2005 1143-1147
[18]李裕奇.随机过程.国防工业出版社,2003.66-68
[19]C.Tellambura, "Computation of the Continuous-Time PAR of an OFDM Signal with BPSK Subcarriers" IEEE Commun. Lett., vol.5, May 2001 185-187
[20]R.O Neil and L.BLopes, "Envelope Variations and Spectral Splatter in Clipped Multicarrier Signals" Proc. IEEE PIMRC'95, Toronto, Canada, Sept.1995,71-75
[21]X.Li, L.J.Cimini. Effects of clipping and flitering on the performance of OFDM. IEEE Communications Letters. vol.2, no.5, May 1998,131-133
[22]J.Armstrong "Peak-to-Average Power Reduction for OFDM by Repeated Clipping and Frequency Domain Fitering" Elect. Lett., vol.38, no.8, Feb.2002 246-247
[23]X.Wang, T.T.Tjhung and C.S.Ng, "Reduction of Peak-to-average Power ratio of OFDM system using a companding technique". IEEE Trans. On broad casting, vol.45, no.3, Sep.1999 303-307
[24]X.Wang, T.T.Tjhung and C.S.Ng, "Reply to the Comments on'Reduction of Peak-to-average Power ratio of OFDM system using a companding technique'IEEE Trans. On broad casting, vol.45, no.3, Sep.1999" IEEE Trans. On broad casting, vol.45, Dec.1999,420-423
[25]Mattsson, G.Mendenhall and T.Dittmer. "Comments on'reduction of peak-to-average power ratio of OFDM system using a companding technique "IEEE Trans.Broadcast.vol.45 no.4 Dec.1999 PP.418 - 419.
[26]A.E.Jones, T.A.Wikinson, and S.K.Barton. Block coding scheme for reduction of peak to mean envelope power ratio of multicarrier transmission schemes. Electronics Letters. vol.30, no.22 Dec,1994 2098-2099
[27]Hyo-Joo Ahn, Yoan Shin, Sungbin Im. A block coding scheme for peak-to-average power ratio reduction in an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing system. VTC2000.vol.1,56-60
[28]李晓阳,减小OFDM系统中峰均功率比的研究,硕士论文,北京邮电大学.
[29]M. Golay, "Complementary Series" IEEE Trans. Info. Theory, vol.7, no.2, Apr.1961, 82-87
[30]曹雪虹,张宗橙.信息论与编码.清华大学出版社,2004,125-147
[31]K.Patterson, "Generalized Reed-Muller Codes and Power Control in OFDM Modulation" IEEE Trans, vol.45, no.7, Nov.1999,2397-2417
[32]J.A. Davis and J. Jedwab, "peak-to-Mean power Control and Error Correction for OFDM Transmission Using Golay Sequences and Reed-Muller Codes" Elect. Lett., vol.33, no.4, Feb.1997.267-268.
[33]S.H.Muller and J.B.Huber, "A Comparison of Peak Power Reduction Schemes for OFDM" Proc. IEEE GLOBECOM'97, Phoenix,AZ, Nov.1997,1-5
[34]R.W.Bauml, R.F.H.Fisher, and J.B.Huber, "Reducing the Peak-to-Average Power Ratio of Muticarrier Modulation by Selected Mapping" Elect. Lett., vol.32, no.22, Oct. 1996,2056-2057
[35]S.H.Muller and J.B.Huber, "OFDM with Reduced Peak-to-Average Power Ratio by Optimum Combination of Partial Transmit Sequences" Elect. Lett., vol.33,no.5, Feb. 1997
[36]S.H.Muller and J.B.Huber, "A Novel Peak Power Reduction Scheme for OFDM" Proc. IEEE PIMRC'97, Helsinki, Finland, Sept.1997,1090-1094
[37]L.J.Cimini, Jr., N.R.Sollenberger. Peak-to-average power ratio reduction of an OFDM signal using partial transmit sequences. IEEE Communications Letters. v4,n3,March 2000
[38]Lei Xia; Xiao Yue; Li Shaoqian; Kayama, H.; Chunlin Yan, "Analysis of the Performance of Partial Transmit Sequences with Different Subblock Partitions", Volume 2,25-28 June 2006 Page(s):875-878
[39]J.Tellado, "Peak to Average Power Reduction for Multicarrier Modulation", Ph.D. dissertation, Stanford University.,2000.
[40]Seung Hee Han, Jae Hong Lee. An Overview of Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Reduction Techniques for Multicarrier Transmission. IEEE Wireless Communications, April 2005,56-64
[41]杨刚,OFDM通信系统中PAPR抑制技术的研究,博士论文,西安电子科技大学.
[42]Robert J. Baxley, Chunming Zhao, and G. Tong Zhou, "Constrained Clipping for Crest Factor Reduction in OFDM", IEEE TRANSACTIONS BROACASTING, VOL.52, NO.4, DECEMBER 2006.
[43]Robert J. Baxley and G. Tong Zhou, "Comparing Selected Mapping and Partial Transmit Sequence for PAR Reduction", IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SIGNAL PROCESSING, VOL.54, NO.8, AUGUST 2006,797-803
[44]IEEE Standard for Local and metropolitan area networks Part 16:Air Interface for Fixed Broadband Wireless Access Systems, IEEE Std.802.16-2004 (Revision of IEEE Std.802.16-2001),2004, pp.349-350
[45]3GPP TS 36.101 V8.1.0(2008-03) (Release 8), pp.16-17
[46]丁玉美,高西全.数字信号处理,第二版本.西安电子科技大学出版社.2001
[47]L.J.Cimini, Jr., N.R.Sollenberger. "Peak-to-average power ratio reduction of an OFDM signal using partial sequence". IEEE Communications Letters. VOL4,NO3, March 2000:86-88
[48]佟梅娟,朱琦等.“一种减小OFDM系统中的PTS复杂性的方法”.重庆邮电学报(自然科学版),2005,17(1)：26-28
[49]S. H. Han, J. H. Lee. "PAPR Reduciton of OFDM Signals Using a Reduced Complexity PTS Technique." IEEE Signal Processing Letters,2004,11(11):887-890
[50]吴交,杨鸿文等.“OFDM系统中一种新的分块迭代的部分传输序列算法”.电子与信息学报,2008.12,第30卷第12期：2047-2950.
[51]梁后兴,OFDM/OFDMA移动通信系统中峰均比抑制新技术研究,硕士论文,电子科技大学.