生物质预提取技术在APMP竹浆中的应用及其机理研究
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摘要
面对全球的资源和能源危机,世界掀起了全球范围的生物质技术研究热潮,生物质资源因其可再生性和环保性而倍受到人们的重视。而竹子是一种优良的生物质资源,其纤维质量优良,是很好的造纸原料,并在广西拥有丰富的资源。但高得率竹浆光学性能较差,漂白浆白度偏低且白度稳定性差,严重制约了高得率竹浆的应用范围。本论文研究了粉单竹竹沥液的组份及竹沥液主要组份对APMP竹浆白度的影响；竹沥液预提取、热水预提取和碱性过氧化氢预提取的技术对预提取粉单竹半纤维素及APMP制浆过程的影响；竹子碱性过氧化氢预提取过程中糖组分溶出的规律及动力学模型的建立。研究结果如下：
(1)通过GC-MS分析知道,粉单竹竹沥液成份中含量较大的为甲苯75.88%,二甲苯0.98%,对苯二酚0.41%,六甲基环三硅氧烷0.48%,二十二酸甘油酯0.44%,硬脂酸甲酯2.07%。其中甲苯、二甲苯和对苯二酚这三种物质对APMP竹浆的白度影响都较大。通过XPS分析知道添加甲苯、二甲苯和对苯二酚后,纤维表面C=O、0—C—O和O=C—0基团增加了,C1峰面积增加的幅度几乎一样,并且C3和01峰面积在添加对苯二酚后增加最大,其次是甲苯,最小是二甲苯。压榨后经60%乙醇预提取竹沥液制备得的APMP原浆白度比未经预提取的高3.5%ISO,漂后浆的白度也高出5.9%ISO,PC值也降低56%,打浆转数下降了23%左右,但浆的各项物理指标均稍有所下降。
(2)热水预提取粉单竹半纤维素的最佳工艺为：用50min升到120℃,再用35min从120℃升到最高温度170℃,在最高温度下保温2h,液比1：5,在这工艺下半纤维素的提取率和预提取后竹片得率均较高分别为43.48%和86.84%。提取后提取液的pH值都在3.5-4.5之间,竹片得率普遍都较低,且竹片的颜色加深,成浆强度下降很大,但打浆转数下降了20%左右。其中,预提取的保温时间和液比对半纤维素的提取率和预提取后竹片得率的影响比最高温度的影响大。
另外,通过FTIR分析磨木木素结构变化知道,热水预提取后增加的基团主要是酯羰基C=O、芳环结构、C—C、C—O、C—-H苯环键,而紫丁香基木素、缩合愈创木基木素以及愈创木基木素也增加了。通过13C-NMR分析知道,预提取后,木素结构中的酚型乙酰化紫丁香基C2或C6,β-0-4中的Ca和Cγ,醚化的愈创木基中的C1,肉桂醛中的Cβ,对羟苯基中的C2/C6,β-5中的C1,愈创木基中的C2,松脂醇中的Cγ,亚甲基和乙酰基中的甲基都增加较大,但紫丁香基中的C3/C4、β-β单元中的C。和甲氧基都减少了。通过对磨木木素的发色基团含量分析发现,竹子原料中含有较多的醚化羰基和邻酚结构,热水预提取后原料、未漂浆和漂后浆的共轭羰基总含量、邻酚和邻醌含量均增加了。
(3)碱性过氧化氢预提取粉单竹半纤维素的最佳工艺为：H202用量1.5%,液比1：8,用30min升到最高温度90℃,在最高温度下保温2h,在这工艺下半纤维素的提取率和竹片得率均较理想分别为1.68%和96.21%。但是与热水预提取的相比,半纤维素的提取率较低,预提取后的竹片得率保持较好,并且预提取后竹片的颜色变浅了。液比对半纤维素的提取率和预提取后的竹片得率影响最大,其次是保温时间和反应温度,最后是H202用量。提取液的pH值不断下降,但都成碱性。预提取后APMP浆的得率能保持较好,度提高了5%1SO-7%ISO,打浆转数下降了55%左右,但撕裂指数和耐折度有所下降。碱性过氧化氢预提取非常有利于1%氢氧化钠抽出物和苯醇抽出物的溶出,对灰分和酸不溶木素的溶出很小,随着预提取条件的加剧综纤维素、聚戊糖和酸溶木素的溶出稍有增大。
另外,通过FTIR分析磨木木素结构变化可知,碱性过氧化氢预提取后木素中的芳香环结构、C—C、C—O、酯羰基C=O、愈创木基的C—-H苯环键等基团减少了。通过13C-NMR分析知道,经预提取后竹子原料中-COO-、肉桂醛中的Cβ、乙酞化愈创木基、愈创木基、β-0-4型木素；未漂APMP浆中的醚化愈创木基、愈创木基、醚化β-芳基醚、β-0-4型木素；漂后浆的酚型酸中的C=0、愈创木基中的C6(α-OR)和醚化的β一芳基醚(赤)C5(α-OAC)等基团和木素都较少了。通过发色基团含量分析发现,预提取后原料、未漂浆和漂后浆中的共轭羰基总含量、邻酚和邻醌含量分别都比相应的未预提取的减少,其中试样中醚化羰基和未漂浆中邻醌的含量下降较大。
(4)通过HPAEC分析知道,随保温时间的延长和温度的升高,碱性过氧化氢预提取液中固形物含量和各种糖组分(葡糖糖、阿拉伯糖、半乳糖和木糖)的溶出率不断增长。在保温时间延长到1h时,各种糖溶出率的增长幅度均最大,最高温度对预提取的影响较大,尤其当最高温度由80℃升到90℃时。预提取过程中木糖的溶出率较低不到1%；阿拉伯糖和半乳糖的溶出率较高分别为7%和12%。竹子碱性过氧化氢预提取过程中碳水化合物溶出动力学模型可用Fick第二定律来描述,内扩散是提取过程的主要控制步骤,建立的动力学模型为。通过对葡糖糖、阿拉伯糖、半乳糖和木糖动力学模型的验证可知,温度为90℃时葡糖糖、阿拉伯糖、半乳糖和木糖浓度的Ln[C∝/(C∝-C)]和时间t有良好的线性关系,建立的动力学方程分别为：y=0.747x;y=0.7524x;y=0.8414x;y=2.0562x,而建立的动力学模型和动力学方程能够很好的预测竹子碱性过氧化氢预提取葡糖糖、阿拉伯糖、半乳糖和木糖的含量。
In order to deal with the global resources and energy crisis, the research of biomass technology has been set off worldwide. Biomass resource has been paid great attention because it is renewable and the environment friendly. Bamboo is an excellent resource due to its high fiber quality, and widely distributed in GX. However, bamboo high-yield pulp has poor optical properties, such as brightness and brightness stability of bleached pulp, which seriously limits the usage scale of high-yield bamboo pulp. This essay studies the effect of succus bambusae pre-extraction, pressurized hot water and alkaline hydrogen peroxide, on bambusa chungii APMP pulping, and the dynamics characteristics of sacharide dissolution during the process of bamboo alkaline hydrogen peroxide pre-extraction bamboo. Then the dynamics model of sacharide dissolution was built. The results were showed as follow:
(1) In the succus bambusae, several components with large amounts including toluene77.88%, xylene0.98%, hydroquinone0.41%, hexamethyl cyclotrisiloxane0.48%, glyceryl monostearate0.44%and methyl stearate2.07%, were detected by GC-MS analysis. Amony those components, toluene, xylene and hydroquinone had great influence on the brightness of APMP pulp. After adding hydroquinone, toluene and xylene, XPS analysis results showed that the groups of C=O、O-C-O and O=C-O on the fiber surface increased, and the increasing rate of peak area of C1was almost the same, and the peak area of C3and O1increased mostly after adding the hydroquinone, then toluene and xylene as follow. However, After the bamboo were pressed and pre-extracted succus bambusae by60%ethanol, the brightness of original APMP pulp was higher than those without pre-extraction, which was3.5%ISO, as well as the bleached pulp brightness, which was5.9%ISO, and the PC was lower56%, and the PFI milling decreased about23%, but the physical index had deceased a little.
(2) The optimum conditions for hot water pre-extraction of bamboo hemicellulose were:the temperature rose to120℃in50min, then to maximum temperature of170℃in35min, and holding time was2hours, liquor-to-wood ratio was1:5. Under the optimum conditions the extraction yields of hemicellulose and bamboo were high of43.48%and86.84%separately, and the PFI milling reduced about20%, but the bamboo yield was low generally, as well as the color and the strength of pulp was decreased. In addition, the influence of holding time at maximum temperature and liquor-to-wood ratio on the extraction yield of hemicelluloses and bamboo was greater than the maximum temperature. The pH value of extracted liquid was between3.5-4.5.
In addition, the structure changes of milled wood lignin were analyzed by FTIR, the results showed that after pre-extracting the groups of carbonyl C=O, aromatic ring, C-C, C-O, the C-H of benzene ring, lilac type lignin, and guaiacyl lignin and condensed guaiacyl lignin all increased. Using13C-NMR analysis, the groups of C2or C6in phenol acetylation syringyl, Ca and Cy in β-O-4, C1in etherified guaiacyl, Cp in pinoresinol, C2/C6in hydroxyphenyl, C1in β-5, C2in guaiacyl, Cy in pinoresinol, methyl in methylene and acetyl all increased a lot, but the C3/C4in syringyl, Ca in P-(3and methoxy decreased. By the analysis of chromophore's content, it was found that the bamboo material contained more etherification of carbonyl and o-phenol structure. After pre-extracting, the content of conjugated carbonyl、o-phenol and o-quinone in bamboo materials、 unbleached pulp and bleached pulp all increased.
(3) The optimum conditions for alkaline hydrogen peroxide pre-extraction of bamboo hemicellulose were:H2O2dosage of1.5%, liquor-to-wood ratio of1:8, the temperature rose to maximum temperature of90℃in30min, and holding time was2hours. In this process, both hemicellulose extraction and bamboo yield were ideally, for1.68%and96.21%respectively. However, compared to hot water pre-extraction, the hemicellulose extraction yield was lower, while the bamboo yield was remained high, and the color of pre-extracted bamboo was lighter. The liquor-to-wood ratio had the greatest impact on the extraction of hemicellulose and the bamboo yield, followed by the holding time at maximum temperature, next reaction temperature, and the last H2O2dosage. The pH value of extracted liquid was dropped, but it still be alkaline. The APMP pulp yield after pre-extracting was good, and the brightness increased5%ISO-7%ISO, and the PFI milling dropped45%significantly, but the tear index and folding ability of pulp decreased. The pre-extraction of alkaline hydrogen peroxide was very beneficial to the dissolution of1%sodium hydroxide and alcohol benzene extractives, while it had little influence on the content of ash and acid-insoluble lignin. The intensification of pre-extraction conditions had a certain effect on the dissolution of holocellulose, poly pentose and acid soluble lignin. Holding time at maximum temperature and liquor-to-wood ratio had greater effect on the dissolution of holocellulose than the other pre-extraction conditions.
FTIR analysis of milled wood lignin showed that after alkaline hydrogen peroxide pre-extraction the groups of aromatic, C-C, C-O, ester carbonyl C=O, C-H benzene bond in guaiacyl and HGS type lignin had reduced. After pre-extracting, the groups of-COO-, Cβ in cinnamic aldehyde, acetylated guaiacyl, guaiacyl, β-O-4lignin in raw bamboo materials; the groups of etherified guaiacyl, guaiacyl, etherified β-aryl ether, β-O-4lignin in unbleached APMP pulp; the groups of C=O in phenolic acid, C6(α-OR) in guaiacyl and C5(α-OAC) in etherified β-aryl ether in bleached pulp all decreased. Chromophore content analysis indicated after pre-extracting the content of conjugated carbonyl, adjacent phenol and o-quinone was lower than those without pretreatment in the raw materials, unbleached pulp and bleached pulp, especially the content of etherified carbonyl in pretreated pulp and the content of o-quinone in unbleched pulp.
(4) HPAEC analysis results showed that the dissolution rate of sacharide (glucose, arabinose, galactose and xyloseand) and the content of solids in the extract liquid were increased with the holding time extended and temperature rose. The gains of varieties of sugars'dissolution all reached to the maximum when the holding time was extended to1hour. The maximum temperature had the greatest impact on sugar's dissolution, especially when temperature increased from80℃to90℃. The dissolution rate of xylose was very low, less than1%, while the arabinose and galactose were higher,7%and12%respectively. The dynamic model of carbohydrate dissolution druing alkaline hydrogen peroxide pre-extracting bamboo process could be expressed by the second law of Fick's, the dynamic model was, the diffusion was the major controlling step during pre-extraction process. When the temperature was90℃, the ln[C∞/(C∞-C)] of glucose, arabinose, galactose and xyloseand had a good linear relationship with time, and the dynamic equations of these sacharides were y=0.747x, y=0.7524x, y=0.8414x, y=2.0562x respectively, and the dynamic model and equations could forecast well to the sacharide dissolution during alkaline peroxide pretrement process.
(1)通过GC-MS分析知道,粉单竹竹沥液成份中含量较大的为甲苯75.88%,二甲苯0.98%,对苯二酚0.41%,六甲基环三硅氧烷0.48%,二十二酸甘油酯0.44%,硬脂酸甲酯2.07%。其中甲苯、二甲苯和对苯二酚这三种物质对APMP竹浆的白度影响都较大。通过XPS分析知道添加甲苯、二甲苯和对苯二酚后,纤维表面C=O、0—C—O和O=C—0基团增加了,C1峰面积增加的幅度几乎一样,并且C3和01峰面积在添加对苯二酚后增加最大,其次是甲苯,最小是二甲苯。压榨后经60%乙醇预提取竹沥液制备得的APMP原浆白度比未经预提取的高3.5%ISO,漂后浆的白度也高出5.9%ISO,PC值也降低56%,打浆转数下降了23%左右,但浆的各项物理指标均稍有所下降。
(2)热水预提取粉单竹半纤维素的最佳工艺为：用50min升到120℃,再用35min从120℃升到最高温度170℃,在最高温度下保温2h,液比1：5,在这工艺下半纤维素的提取率和预提取后竹片得率均较高分别为43.48%和86.84%。提取后提取液的pH值都在3.5-4.5之间,竹片得率普遍都较低,且竹片的颜色加深,成浆强度下降很大,但打浆转数下降了20%左右。其中,预提取的保温时间和液比对半纤维素的提取率和预提取后竹片得率的影响比最高温度的影响大。
另外,通过FTIR分析磨木木素结构变化知道,热水预提取后增加的基团主要是酯羰基C=O、芳环结构、C—C、C—O、C—-H苯环键,而紫丁香基木素、缩合愈创木基木素以及愈创木基木素也增加了。通过13C-NMR分析知道,预提取后,木素结构中的酚型乙酰化紫丁香基C2或C6,β-0-4中的Ca和Cγ,醚化的愈创木基中的C1,肉桂醛中的Cβ,对羟苯基中的C2/C6,β-5中的C1,愈创木基中的C2,松脂醇中的Cγ,亚甲基和乙酰基中的甲基都增加较大,但紫丁香基中的C3/C4、β-β单元中的C。和甲氧基都减少了。通过对磨木木素的发色基团含量分析发现,竹子原料中含有较多的醚化羰基和邻酚结构,热水预提取后原料、未漂浆和漂后浆的共轭羰基总含量、邻酚和邻醌含量均增加了。
(3)碱性过氧化氢预提取粉单竹半纤维素的最佳工艺为：H202用量1.5%,液比1：8,用30min升到最高温度90℃,在最高温度下保温2h,在这工艺下半纤维素的提取率和竹片得率均较理想分别为1.68%和96.21%。但是与热水预提取的相比,半纤维素的提取率较低,预提取后的竹片得率保持较好,并且预提取后竹片的颜色变浅了。液比对半纤维素的提取率和预提取后的竹片得率影响最大,其次是保温时间和反应温度,最后是H202用量。提取液的pH值不断下降,但都成碱性。预提取后APMP浆的得率能保持较好,度提高了5%1SO-7%ISO,打浆转数下降了55%左右,但撕裂指数和耐折度有所下降。碱性过氧化氢预提取非常有利于1%氢氧化钠抽出物和苯醇抽出物的溶出,对灰分和酸不溶木素的溶出很小,随着预提取条件的加剧综纤维素、聚戊糖和酸溶木素的溶出稍有增大。
另外,通过FTIR分析磨木木素结构变化可知,碱性过氧化氢预提取后木素中的芳香环结构、C—C、C—O、酯羰基C=O、愈创木基的C—-H苯环键等基团减少了。通过13C-NMR分析知道,经预提取后竹子原料中-COO-、肉桂醛中的Cβ、乙酞化愈创木基、愈创木基、β-0-4型木素；未漂APMP浆中的醚化愈创木基、愈创木基、醚化β-芳基醚、β-0-4型木素；漂后浆的酚型酸中的C=0、愈创木基中的C6(α-OR)和醚化的β一芳基醚(赤)C5(α-OAC)等基团和木素都较少了。通过发色基团含量分析发现,预提取后原料、未漂浆和漂后浆中的共轭羰基总含量、邻酚和邻醌含量分别都比相应的未预提取的减少,其中试样中醚化羰基和未漂浆中邻醌的含量下降较大。
(4)通过HPAEC分析知道,随保温时间的延长和温度的升高,碱性过氧化氢预提取液中固形物含量和各种糖组分(葡糖糖、阿拉伯糖、半乳糖和木糖)的溶出率不断增长。在保温时间延长到1h时,各种糖溶出率的增长幅度均最大,最高温度对预提取的影响较大,尤其当最高温度由80℃升到90℃时。预提取过程中木糖的溶出率较低不到1%；阿拉伯糖和半乳糖的溶出率较高分别为7%和12%。竹子碱性过氧化氢预提取过程中碳水化合物溶出动力学模型可用Fick第二定律来描述,内扩散是提取过程的主要控制步骤,建立的动力学模型为。通过对葡糖糖、阿拉伯糖、半乳糖和木糖动力学模型的验证可知,温度为90℃时葡糖糖、阿拉伯糖、半乳糖和木糖浓度的Ln[C∝/(C∝-C)]和时间t有良好的线性关系,建立的动力学方程分别为：y=0.747x;y=0.7524x;y=0.8414x;y=2.0562x,而建立的动力学模型和动力学方程能够很好的预测竹子碱性过氧化氢预提取葡糖糖、阿拉伯糖、半乳糖和木糖的含量。
In order to deal with the global resources and energy crisis, the research of biomass technology has been set off worldwide. Biomass resource has been paid great attention because it is renewable and the environment friendly. Bamboo is an excellent resource due to its high fiber quality, and widely distributed in GX. However, bamboo high-yield pulp has poor optical properties, such as brightness and brightness stability of bleached pulp, which seriously limits the usage scale of high-yield bamboo pulp. This essay studies the effect of succus bambusae pre-extraction, pressurized hot water and alkaline hydrogen peroxide, on bambusa chungii APMP pulping, and the dynamics characteristics of sacharide dissolution during the process of bamboo alkaline hydrogen peroxide pre-extraction bamboo. Then the dynamics model of sacharide dissolution was built. The results were showed as follow:
(1) In the succus bambusae, several components with large amounts including toluene77.88%, xylene0.98%, hydroquinone0.41%, hexamethyl cyclotrisiloxane0.48%, glyceryl monostearate0.44%and methyl stearate2.07%, were detected by GC-MS analysis. Amony those components, toluene, xylene and hydroquinone had great influence on the brightness of APMP pulp. After adding hydroquinone, toluene and xylene, XPS analysis results showed that the groups of C=O、O-C-O and O=C-O on the fiber surface increased, and the increasing rate of peak area of C1was almost the same, and the peak area of C3and O1increased mostly after adding the hydroquinone, then toluene and xylene as follow. However, After the bamboo were pressed and pre-extracted succus bambusae by60%ethanol, the brightness of original APMP pulp was higher than those without pre-extraction, which was3.5%ISO, as well as the bleached pulp brightness, which was5.9%ISO, and the PC was lower56%, and the PFI milling decreased about23%, but the physical index had deceased a little.
(2) The optimum conditions for hot water pre-extraction of bamboo hemicellulose were:the temperature rose to120℃in50min, then to maximum temperature of170℃in35min, and holding time was2hours, liquor-to-wood ratio was1:5. Under the optimum conditions the extraction yields of hemicellulose and bamboo were high of43.48%and86.84%separately, and the PFI milling reduced about20%, but the bamboo yield was low generally, as well as the color and the strength of pulp was decreased. In addition, the influence of holding time at maximum temperature and liquor-to-wood ratio on the extraction yield of hemicelluloses and bamboo was greater than the maximum temperature. The pH value of extracted liquid was between3.5-4.5.
In addition, the structure changes of milled wood lignin were analyzed by FTIR, the results showed that after pre-extracting the groups of carbonyl C=O, aromatic ring, C-C, C-O, the C-H of benzene ring, lilac type lignin, and guaiacyl lignin and condensed guaiacyl lignin all increased. Using13C-NMR analysis, the groups of C2or C6in phenol acetylation syringyl, Ca and Cy in β-O-4, C1in etherified guaiacyl, Cp in pinoresinol, C2/C6in hydroxyphenyl, C1in β-5, C2in guaiacyl, Cy in pinoresinol, methyl in methylene and acetyl all increased a lot, but the C3/C4in syringyl, Ca in P-(3and methoxy decreased. By the analysis of chromophore's content, it was found that the bamboo material contained more etherification of carbonyl and o-phenol structure. After pre-extracting, the content of conjugated carbonyl、o-phenol and o-quinone in bamboo materials、 unbleached pulp and bleached pulp all increased.
(3) The optimum conditions for alkaline hydrogen peroxide pre-extraction of bamboo hemicellulose were:H2O2dosage of1.5%, liquor-to-wood ratio of1:8, the temperature rose to maximum temperature of90℃in30min, and holding time was2hours. In this process, both hemicellulose extraction and bamboo yield were ideally, for1.68%and96.21%respectively. However, compared to hot water pre-extraction, the hemicellulose extraction yield was lower, while the bamboo yield was remained high, and the color of pre-extracted bamboo was lighter. The liquor-to-wood ratio had the greatest impact on the extraction of hemicellulose and the bamboo yield, followed by the holding time at maximum temperature, next reaction temperature, and the last H2O2dosage. The pH value of extracted liquid was dropped, but it still be alkaline. The APMP pulp yield after pre-extracting was good, and the brightness increased5%ISO-7%ISO, and the PFI milling dropped45%significantly, but the tear index and folding ability of pulp decreased. The pre-extraction of alkaline hydrogen peroxide was very beneficial to the dissolution of1%sodium hydroxide and alcohol benzene extractives, while it had little influence on the content of ash and acid-insoluble lignin. The intensification of pre-extraction conditions had a certain effect on the dissolution of holocellulose, poly pentose and acid soluble lignin. Holding time at maximum temperature and liquor-to-wood ratio had greater effect on the dissolution of holocellulose than the other pre-extraction conditions.
FTIR analysis of milled wood lignin showed that after alkaline hydrogen peroxide pre-extraction the groups of aromatic, C-C, C-O, ester carbonyl C=O, C-H benzene bond in guaiacyl and HGS type lignin had reduced. After pre-extracting, the groups of-COO-, Cβ in cinnamic aldehyde, acetylated guaiacyl, guaiacyl, β-O-4lignin in raw bamboo materials; the groups of etherified guaiacyl, guaiacyl, etherified β-aryl ether, β-O-4lignin in unbleached APMP pulp; the groups of C=O in phenolic acid, C6(α-OR) in guaiacyl and C5(α-OAC) in etherified β-aryl ether in bleached pulp all decreased. Chromophore content analysis indicated after pre-extracting the content of conjugated carbonyl, adjacent phenol and o-quinone was lower than those without pretreatment in the raw materials, unbleached pulp and bleached pulp, especially the content of etherified carbonyl in pretreated pulp and the content of o-quinone in unbleched pulp.
(4) HPAEC analysis results showed that the dissolution rate of sacharide (glucose, arabinose, galactose and xyloseand) and the content of solids in the extract liquid were increased with the holding time extended and temperature rose. The gains of varieties of sugars'dissolution all reached to the maximum when the holding time was extended to1hour. The maximum temperature had the greatest impact on sugar's dissolution, especially when temperature increased from80℃to90℃. The dissolution rate of xylose was very low, less than1%, while the arabinose and galactose were higher,7%and12%respectively. The dynamic model of carbohydrate dissolution druing alkaline hydrogen peroxide pre-extracting bamboo process could be expressed by the second law of Fick's, the dynamic model was, the diffusion was the major controlling step during pre-extraction process. When the temperature was90℃, the ln[C∞/(C∞-C)] of glucose, arabinose, galactose and xyloseand had a good linear relationship with time, and the dynamic equations of these sacharides were y=0.747x, y=0.7524x, y=0.8414x, y=2.0562x respectively, and the dynamic model and equations could forecast well to the sacharide dissolution during alkaline peroxide pretrement process.
引文
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