大豆疫霉MAP kinase PsSAK1信号途径及MYB转录因子基因家族的功能分析
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摘要
大豆疫霉(Phytophthora sojae)是一种重要的植物病原菌,所引起的大豆根腐病,每年给世界各大豆主产区造成高达数百亿美元的经济损失。所以有效地控制大豆疫霉病的发生和扩展成为研究者的主要任务。然而,由于疫霉菌隶属于茸鞭生物界卵菌门,在进化上与真菌相差很远,进化上的差异也使疫霉菌拥有一套与其他真菌不同的致病机制,多数杀菌剂对植物疫病无效。疫霉菌遗传转化困难,对疫霉菌与植物互作机理的研究进展缓慢。近年,随着大豆疫霉全基因组测序的完成和遗传转化系统的逐步建立,大豆疫霉菌已经成为研究卵菌分子遗传的模式种,同时也为从基因水平上理解疫霉菌致病分子机制提供了一个新的平台。本研究充分发挥生物信息学技术优势,通过对致病相关MAP kinase PsSAKl沉默突变体DGE表达谱进行分析,迅速筛选到一批受PsSAK1调控的候选基因,结合大豆疫霉的稳定转化和生物学研究手段,确定了PsMYB1转录因子的功能以及和PsSAK1的关系,为进一步认识大豆疫病的分子致病机理和开发该病害的防治措施提供了理论和实践意义。
研究大豆疫霉的生长发育及致病过程中的相关基因对解释病害发生流行和病害控制有重要理论与实践价值。在前期工作中,我们借助PEG介导的原生质体转化方法,确定了2个MAPKs在大豆疫霉生长发育及致病过程中的重要作用。我们试图进一步探求其作用机制,而研究MAPK途径的关键是找到它的下游调控基因。因此,我们利用DGE表达谱分析技术对大豆疫霉PsSAK1、PsMPKl沉默突变体不同阶段进行转录组分析,结果发现,应答外界刺激的MAPK PsSAKl的沉默,导致转录因子、蛋白激酶、结构蛋白以及致病相关因子编码基因表达水平发生显著变化。其中转录因子的转录水平变化明显。另外,负责调控细胞壁完整性途径的PsMPK1的功能缺失,导致细胞壁相关蛋白编码基因、PsNLP1的基因表达水平显著变化。结合我们的表型结果显示突变体的游动孢子在与寄主植物互作过程中,诱导寄主细胞死亡,阻止病原菌的扩展,我们推测,PsMPK1的功能缺失,造成细胞壁受损,导致在与寄主互作过程中重要致病因子外漏,诱导寄主坏死反应,是沉默突变体致病力丧失的重要成因。
在PsSAKl沉默突变体DGE表达谱显著下调的转录因子编码基因中,我们鉴定了一个R2R3型MYB转录因子编码基因-PsMYB1,该基因全长1542bp,含有3个内含子,其编码的蛋白含513个氨基酸。qRT-PCR的结果显示PsMYB1的转录水平在孢子囊形成阶段,休止孢萌发,以及侵染早期上调表达,而在游动孢子阶段几乎消失。PsMYB1的沉默突变体菌丝生长速率以及有性生殖无差别；然而,在孢子囊的发育,游动孢子的正常形成以及成功释放,侵染寄主大豆等方面表现出严重的功能缺失。该基因的沉默导致>50%的孢子囊不能正常释放游动孢子,转而直接萌发,这直接造成游动孢子的产量极显著的下降。而且,游动孢子表现出休止提前,萌发率降低,接种大豆黄化苗下胚轴后致病力下降。究其原因,我们发现,PsMYB1的功能缺失导致部分孢子囊内原生质体不能正常割裂,细胞核排布异常。结合PsSAK1的沉默突变体在以上各个阶段的表现型,阐明了受PsSAK1调控的PsMYB1负责调控大豆疫霉包括孢子囊细胞质的割裂,细胞核的排布,以及游动孢子释放及萌发等一系列致病相关生物学过程。
对已克隆的PsMYB1的同源物的研究发现大豆疫霉可能具有庞大的MYB基因家族。通过对大豆疫霉基因组数据库、真菌转录因子数据库(FTFD),蛋白功能域结构分析软件(SMART)的生物信息学注释,结合手动修正基因模型,我们预测到大豆疫霉中含有68个MYB转录因子。其中包含47个R1型(PsMYB-like1-1～PsMYB-like1-47),9个R2R3型(PsMYB-like2-1-PsMYB-like2-9),10个R1R2R3型(PsMYB-like3～1～PsMYB-like3-10),还有2个蛋白分别含有4或5个Myb功能域(PsMYB-like4-1, PsMYB-like5-1).利用DGE表达谱分析技术对这68个MYB基因在大豆疫霉菌5个不同无性发育阶段及5个侵染阶段的高通量表达分析,发现所有基因的表达量至少在一个阶段能被检测到。同时,我们对相同转录模式的基因进行归类,共分为7类。并结合68个Myb家族候选成员在两个MAPKs的沉默突变体,三个DGE表达谱中的各自差异表达水平,分析其在大豆疫霉致病相关生物学过程中扮演的角色。
鉴于PsMYB1在大豆疫霉菌生长发育以及致病相关生物学过程中的重要作用,我们假设MYB基因家族中的其他同族基因在致病过程中同样扮演重要角色。为了验证这一假说,我们结合大豆疫霉5个无性发育阶段和5个侵染阶段的转录量分析,沉默突变体的DGE表达谱分析,以及双链RNA(dsRNA)介导的基因沉默对MYB家族候选基因进行高通量筛选。我们鉴定了在侵染阶段上调表达的4个基因分别是：PsMYB-like2-2(Ps127211),PsMYB-like1-7(Ps131312),PsMYB-like1-39(Ps141522), PsMYB-like3-6(Ps133941).而在三个突变体不同阶段的DGE转录谱中,4个基因均表现出在某一阶段由于MAPK的沉默导致发生显著的基因水平的变化。其中,我们发现了一个R1型Myb转录因子PsMYB-like1-39(Ps141522),与游动孢子的释放过程密切相关,但不影响大豆疫霉的致病力。
本文从致病相关MAPK PsSAK1的功能缺失突变体转录组数据入手,寻找由于该基因的沉默而导致转录量下降的候选基因,从中成功鉴定了PsMYB1转录因子在大豆疫霉致病相关发育阶段的作用。根据这一重要线索,结合生物信息学分析和快速高效的双链RNA (dsRNA)介导的基因沉默技术,完成了4个不同类型Myb转录因子的功能验证。
Phytophthora sojae is a soil-borne plant pathogen that causes stem and rot rot of soybean, which are different to control. Each year in the most soybean-growing regions of the world, millions of dollars are lost. Therefore, slowing the assault of P. sojae pathogens has been being the primary task of researchers. However, Phytophthora is a genus of Chromalveolata of Eukaryota. The genetic distance between omycetes and fungal is so large that most fungicides show no control effect to plant diseases caused by Phytophthora spp. Therefore, Phytophthora spp. form the pathogenic mechanism which is different with these phytopathogenic fungi. Recently, after the draft genome sequences of P. sojae were reported, P. sojae has been developed as a model species for the Phytophthora spp..In this thesis, bioinformatics approaches as well as gene silencing for functional study provided an effect method to identify the downstream regulated gene of PsSAK1. Based on the analysis of PsSAK1-silenced line DGE (3'-tag digital gene expression) profiling, we identified a number of candidates that may be regulated by PsSAK1. And with the P. sojae gene silencing technique, we confirmed the biological function of PsMYB1, which is regulated by PsSAKl. The significance of this paper is that we found PsMYB1transcription factor functions downstream of MAP kinase PsSAKl and is required for zoospore development and P. sojae virulence. According to our current knowledge, this would be the first report on the downstream mechanism of MAPKs in plant pathogenic Oomycete.
Identifing the genes related in growth, development and pathogenicity of Phytophthora sojae is the effective method to explain the mechanism of infection processes and control the plant disease. In previous study, we identified two MAPKs that were important in growth, development and infection processes by researching the phenotype of the silencing lines of MAPK. A challenging step in further understanding the MAPK pathway is the identification of downstream genes that are regulated by MAPK and related to pathogenicity. Thus, in this study, the3'-tag digital gene expression (DGE) profiling method were applied to sequence the global transcriptional sequence of PsMAPK-silenced mutants during different stages. The results showed that, The differentially expressed genes encode potential transcription factors, especially Myb, bZIP, zinc finger; potential cellular regulators, such as protein kinases; regulators of RNA synthesis; structural proteins, including putative glycoside hydrolases and proteins involved in cell wall biogenesis; and pathogenic factors, including proteins responsing to stress,and elicitin. Loss of PsSAK1lead to higher rate of TFs was detected. Meanwile, the malfunction of cell-wall integrity MAPK PsMPK1, resulted in the expression level of some elicition proteins and Avh proteins down-regulated. Based on the result of PsMPK1-silenced line could not suppress the HR of host, We therefore hypothesized that loss of PsMPKl, P. sojae could not response to various signals of infection processes, nor regulate elicition proteins or Avh proteins coding genes expression, and at least part of this response is functionally important for virulence of P. sojae.
PsSAK1, a mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase from Phytophthora sojae, plays an important role in host infection and zoospore viability. However, the downstream mechanism of PsSAK1remains unclear. In this study, the3'-tag digital gene expression (DGE) profiling method was applied to sequence the global transcriptional sequence of PsSAK1-silenced mutants during the cysts stage and1.5h after inoculation onto susceptible soybean leaf tissues. Compared with the gene expression levels of the recipient P. sojae strain, several candidates of Myb family were differentially expressed (up or down) in response to the loss of PsSAK1, including of a R2R3-type Myb transcription factor, PsMYB1. qRT-PCR indicated that the transcriptional level of PsMYB1decreased due to PsSAKl silencing. The transcriptional level of PsMYB1increased during sporulating hyphae, in germinated cysts, and early infection. Silencing of PsMYB1results in three phenotypes:a) no cleavage of the cytoplasm into uninucleate zoospores or release of normal zoospores, b) direct germination of sporangia, and c) afunction in zoospore-mediated plant infection. Our data indicate that the PsMYB1transcription factor functions downstream of MAP kinase PsSAK1and is required for zoospore development of P. sojae.
Researching for the orthologs of PsMYB1have provided evidence for P. sojae may have a Myb superfamily. Using bioinformatics, annotation of the P. sojae genome database, Fungal Transcription Factor Database (FTFD), SMART (http://smart.embl-heidelberg.de), and manual evaluation of gene models,68Myb TFs with variable numbers of Myb DNA-binding domains were predicted. Most (47) of the proteins have a single Myb domain(PsMYB-like1-1～PsMYB-like1-47), whereas the remaining9(PsMYB-like2-1～PsMYB-like2-9),10(PsMYB-like3-1～PsMYB-like3-10),1(PsMYB-like4-1), and1(PsMYB-like5-1) proteins have two, three, four, and five Myb domains, respectively. The transcriptome of Myb family in P. sojae was profiled at10different developmental and infection stages based on a DGE protocol. Nearly all of the genes were detected in at least one stage. The Myb family was further clustered by distance threshold of0.85into seven groups based on their transcript patterns. Comparing the differential expression level of each in the three libraries of two MAPKs-silenced lines, we hypothesized that the Myb family may play key roles in the infection processes.
PsMYB1plays an important role in the processes of growth, development and pathogenicity of P. sojae. Therefore, we hypothesized that the other candidates may be play key roles in the infection processes. To test this hypothesis, the transcript patterns in5asexual stages and5infection stages of genes, the expression level of genes in DGE profil of silenced-lines were analysed and double-stranded RNA mediated gene silencing were used in this chapter to identify the biological function of4candidates of Myb family. They were PsMYB-like2-2(Ps127211), PsMYB-like1-7(Ps131312), PsMYB-like1-39(Ps141522), and PsMYB-like3-6(Ps133941), which were all up-regulated in the infection stages. And the expression level of all showed markedly change at least in one library of three silenced-lines DGE profils. Among the4genes, we found one R1Myb transcription factor PsMYB-like1-39(Ps141522), is related to the release of zoospore from the vacuole at the beginning of sporangium releasing, and loss of this gene could not affect the pathogenicity of P. sojae.
研究大豆疫霉的生长发育及致病过程中的相关基因对解释病害发生流行和病害控制有重要理论与实践价值。在前期工作中,我们借助PEG介导的原生质体转化方法,确定了2个MAPKs在大豆疫霉生长发育及致病过程中的重要作用。我们试图进一步探求其作用机制,而研究MAPK途径的关键是找到它的下游调控基因。因此,我们利用DGE表达谱分析技术对大豆疫霉PsSAK1、PsMPKl沉默突变体不同阶段进行转录组分析,结果发现,应答外界刺激的MAPK PsSAKl的沉默,导致转录因子、蛋白激酶、结构蛋白以及致病相关因子编码基因表达水平发生显著变化。其中转录因子的转录水平变化明显。另外,负责调控细胞壁完整性途径的PsMPK1的功能缺失,导致细胞壁相关蛋白编码基因、PsNLP1的基因表达水平显著变化。结合我们的表型结果显示突变体的游动孢子在与寄主植物互作过程中,诱导寄主细胞死亡,阻止病原菌的扩展,我们推测,PsMPK1的功能缺失,造成细胞壁受损,导致在与寄主互作过程中重要致病因子外漏,诱导寄主坏死反应,是沉默突变体致病力丧失的重要成因。
在PsSAKl沉默突变体DGE表达谱显著下调的转录因子编码基因中,我们鉴定了一个R2R3型MYB转录因子编码基因-PsMYB1,该基因全长1542bp,含有3个内含子,其编码的蛋白含513个氨基酸。qRT-PCR的结果显示PsMYB1的转录水平在孢子囊形成阶段,休止孢萌发,以及侵染早期上调表达,而在游动孢子阶段几乎消失。PsMYB1的沉默突变体菌丝生长速率以及有性生殖无差别；然而,在孢子囊的发育,游动孢子的正常形成以及成功释放,侵染寄主大豆等方面表现出严重的功能缺失。该基因的沉默导致>50%的孢子囊不能正常释放游动孢子,转而直接萌发,这直接造成游动孢子的产量极显著的下降。而且,游动孢子表现出休止提前,萌发率降低,接种大豆黄化苗下胚轴后致病力下降。究其原因,我们发现,PsMYB1的功能缺失导致部分孢子囊内原生质体不能正常割裂,细胞核排布异常。结合PsSAK1的沉默突变体在以上各个阶段的表现型,阐明了受PsSAK1调控的PsMYB1负责调控大豆疫霉包括孢子囊细胞质的割裂,细胞核的排布,以及游动孢子释放及萌发等一系列致病相关生物学过程。
对已克隆的PsMYB1的同源物的研究发现大豆疫霉可能具有庞大的MYB基因家族。通过对大豆疫霉基因组数据库、真菌转录因子数据库(FTFD),蛋白功能域结构分析软件(SMART)的生物信息学注释,结合手动修正基因模型,我们预测到大豆疫霉中含有68个MYB转录因子。其中包含47个R1型(PsMYB-like1-1～PsMYB-like1-47),9个R2R3型(PsMYB-like2-1-PsMYB-like2-9),10个R1R2R3型(PsMYB-like3～1～PsMYB-like3-10),还有2个蛋白分别含有4或5个Myb功能域(PsMYB-like4-1, PsMYB-like5-1).利用DGE表达谱分析技术对这68个MYB基因在大豆疫霉菌5个不同无性发育阶段及5个侵染阶段的高通量表达分析,发现所有基因的表达量至少在一个阶段能被检测到。同时,我们对相同转录模式的基因进行归类,共分为7类。并结合68个Myb家族候选成员在两个MAPKs的沉默突变体,三个DGE表达谱中的各自差异表达水平,分析其在大豆疫霉致病相关生物学过程中扮演的角色。
鉴于PsMYB1在大豆疫霉菌生长发育以及致病相关生物学过程中的重要作用,我们假设MYB基因家族中的其他同族基因在致病过程中同样扮演重要角色。为了验证这一假说,我们结合大豆疫霉5个无性发育阶段和5个侵染阶段的转录量分析,沉默突变体的DGE表达谱分析,以及双链RNA(dsRNA)介导的基因沉默对MYB家族候选基因进行高通量筛选。我们鉴定了在侵染阶段上调表达的4个基因分别是：PsMYB-like2-2(Ps127211),PsMYB-like1-7(Ps131312),PsMYB-like1-39(Ps141522), PsMYB-like3-6(Ps133941).而在三个突变体不同阶段的DGE转录谱中,4个基因均表现出在某一阶段由于MAPK的沉默导致发生显著的基因水平的变化。其中,我们发现了一个R1型Myb转录因子PsMYB-like1-39(Ps141522),与游动孢子的释放过程密切相关,但不影响大豆疫霉的致病力。
本文从致病相关MAPK PsSAK1的功能缺失突变体转录组数据入手,寻找由于该基因的沉默而导致转录量下降的候选基因,从中成功鉴定了PsMYB1转录因子在大豆疫霉致病相关发育阶段的作用。根据这一重要线索,结合生物信息学分析和快速高效的双链RNA (dsRNA)介导的基因沉默技术,完成了4个不同类型Myb转录因子的功能验证。
Phytophthora sojae is a soil-borne plant pathogen that causes stem and rot rot of soybean, which are different to control. Each year in the most soybean-growing regions of the world, millions of dollars are lost. Therefore, slowing the assault of P. sojae pathogens has been being the primary task of researchers. However, Phytophthora is a genus of Chromalveolata of Eukaryota. The genetic distance between omycetes and fungal is so large that most fungicides show no control effect to plant diseases caused by Phytophthora spp. Therefore, Phytophthora spp. form the pathogenic mechanism which is different with these phytopathogenic fungi. Recently, after the draft genome sequences of P. sojae were reported, P. sojae has been developed as a model species for the Phytophthora spp..In this thesis, bioinformatics approaches as well as gene silencing for functional study provided an effect method to identify the downstream regulated gene of PsSAK1. Based on the analysis of PsSAK1-silenced line DGE (3'-tag digital gene expression) profiling, we identified a number of candidates that may be regulated by PsSAK1. And with the P. sojae gene silencing technique, we confirmed the biological function of PsMYB1, which is regulated by PsSAKl. The significance of this paper is that we found PsMYB1transcription factor functions downstream of MAP kinase PsSAKl and is required for zoospore development and P. sojae virulence. According to our current knowledge, this would be the first report on the downstream mechanism of MAPKs in plant pathogenic Oomycete.
Identifing the genes related in growth, development and pathogenicity of Phytophthora sojae is the effective method to explain the mechanism of infection processes and control the plant disease. In previous study, we identified two MAPKs that were important in growth, development and infection processes by researching the phenotype of the silencing lines of MAPK. A challenging step in further understanding the MAPK pathway is the identification of downstream genes that are regulated by MAPK and related to pathogenicity. Thus, in this study, the3'-tag digital gene expression (DGE) profiling method were applied to sequence the global transcriptional sequence of PsMAPK-silenced mutants during different stages. The results showed that, The differentially expressed genes encode potential transcription factors, especially Myb, bZIP, zinc finger; potential cellular regulators, such as protein kinases; regulators of RNA synthesis; structural proteins, including putative glycoside hydrolases and proteins involved in cell wall biogenesis; and pathogenic factors, including proteins responsing to stress,and elicitin. Loss of PsSAK1lead to higher rate of TFs was detected. Meanwile, the malfunction of cell-wall integrity MAPK PsMPK1, resulted in the expression level of some elicition proteins and Avh proteins down-regulated. Based on the result of PsMPK1-silenced line could not suppress the HR of host, We therefore hypothesized that loss of PsMPKl, P. sojae could not response to various signals of infection processes, nor regulate elicition proteins or Avh proteins coding genes expression, and at least part of this response is functionally important for virulence of P. sojae.
PsSAK1, a mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase from Phytophthora sojae, plays an important role in host infection and zoospore viability. However, the downstream mechanism of PsSAK1remains unclear. In this study, the3'-tag digital gene expression (DGE) profiling method was applied to sequence the global transcriptional sequence of PsSAK1-silenced mutants during the cysts stage and1.5h after inoculation onto susceptible soybean leaf tissues. Compared with the gene expression levels of the recipient P. sojae strain, several candidates of Myb family were differentially expressed (up or down) in response to the loss of PsSAK1, including of a R2R3-type Myb transcription factor, PsMYB1. qRT-PCR indicated that the transcriptional level of PsMYB1decreased due to PsSAKl silencing. The transcriptional level of PsMYB1increased during sporulating hyphae, in germinated cysts, and early infection. Silencing of PsMYB1results in three phenotypes:a) no cleavage of the cytoplasm into uninucleate zoospores or release of normal zoospores, b) direct germination of sporangia, and c) afunction in zoospore-mediated plant infection. Our data indicate that the PsMYB1transcription factor functions downstream of MAP kinase PsSAK1and is required for zoospore development of P. sojae.
Researching for the orthologs of PsMYB1have provided evidence for P. sojae may have a Myb superfamily. Using bioinformatics, annotation of the P. sojae genome database, Fungal Transcription Factor Database (FTFD), SMART (http://smart.embl-heidelberg.de), and manual evaluation of gene models,68Myb TFs with variable numbers of Myb DNA-binding domains were predicted. Most (47) of the proteins have a single Myb domain(PsMYB-like1-1～PsMYB-like1-47), whereas the remaining9(PsMYB-like2-1～PsMYB-like2-9),10(PsMYB-like3-1～PsMYB-like3-10),1(PsMYB-like4-1), and1(PsMYB-like5-1) proteins have two, three, four, and five Myb domains, respectively. The transcriptome of Myb family in P. sojae was profiled at10different developmental and infection stages based on a DGE protocol. Nearly all of the genes were detected in at least one stage. The Myb family was further clustered by distance threshold of0.85into seven groups based on their transcript patterns. Comparing the differential expression level of each in the three libraries of two MAPKs-silenced lines, we hypothesized that the Myb family may play key roles in the infection processes.
PsMYB1plays an important role in the processes of growth, development and pathogenicity of P. sojae. Therefore, we hypothesized that the other candidates may be play key roles in the infection processes. To test this hypothesis, the transcript patterns in5asexual stages and5infection stages of genes, the expression level of genes in DGE profil of silenced-lines were analysed and double-stranded RNA mediated gene silencing were used in this chapter to identify the biological function of4candidates of Myb family. They were PsMYB-like2-2(Ps127211), PsMYB-like1-7(Ps131312), PsMYB-like1-39(Ps141522), and PsMYB-like3-6(Ps133941), which were all up-regulated in the infection stages. And the expression level of all showed markedly change at least in one library of three silenced-lines DGE profils. Among the4genes, we found one R1Myb transcription factor PsMYB-like1-39(Ps141522), is related to the release of zoospore from the vacuole at the beginning of sporangium releasing, and loss of this gene could not affect the pathogenicity of P. sojae.
引文
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