大脑矢状断层脑回表盘定位的MRI影像解剖学研究
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摘要
目的:采用成人端脑矢状面MRI图像与相应脑断层标本结合观察的方法,通过追踪大脑髓质发出的髓突,用表盘定位法定位脑回,为脑功能医学影像学研究及大脑皮质小病灶的早期术前病理学定位诊断和治疗提供诊断依据及形态学基础。
材料和方法:选取30例成人外观无异常的颅脑标本,以正中矢状面为基线,用GEsignaMRI/i1.5Tesla超导MRI机,行矢状位MRI扫描,获得层厚6mm的颅脑连续矢状面MRI图像。将扫描后的标本开颅取脑,辨别出主要的脑回并染以不同颜色,以便与用髓突追踪出的各脑回印证。再涂以20%的明胶固定。用自制的脑切片刀和切片台作6mm层厚的连续脑切片。综合地对脑矢状位MRI图像与相应的断层标本观察分析,找出髓突的分支走行规律,借助表盘定位法在MRI矢状位图像上定位脑回。
结果:在大脑矢状断面上采用表盘定位脑回的规律如下:①“兔尾征”是在旁正中矢状面上确认和定位中央前、后回的标志和依据,但随着切层外移该征象消失。借助表盘定位法,12点位与1点位之间是中央前回,1点至1点半之间是中央后回。随着切层外移,中央前、后回由右向左移动,但在最外侧岛盖层面上中央前、后回转至12点位前方。②额上、中回在矢状面上的区分是以髓突形态的变化为标志。当髓突完全为额上回或额中回时,其髓突支较清晰,或间以脑沟或向内部融合成半卵圆中心的髓质。但当在额上回向额中回过度的层面时,其髓突支模糊不清,尤其在MRI图像上以皮质信号占优势。额中回与额下回的区分是以矢状走行的额下沟为标志。③角回和缘上回的寻找标志是颞上沟和外侧裂,“蹄铁型”髓突对缘上回和角回具有特征性的定位作用。④矢状面上利用髓突定位脑回准确可靠,为一种较为实用的方法。⑤利用钟表盘使定位方法更简单、准确,容易操作。
结论:表盘定位法切实可行、简便实用,在大脑的医学影像学研究和病变的定位诊断方面具有重要的临床意义和实用价值。
Objective:In order to provide reliable morphological basis and new way for MRI localization of cerebral local lesion and imaging study of brain function,observing and studying cerebral medulla on 30 cranial sagittal sections and its MRI films.Then identified the corresponding gyri according to medullary pattern and its direction.According to this methods,the cerebral gyri can be accurately described by the clock localization.
Material and methods:Choosing 30 normal cadaver heads to scan in sagittal plane.MRI was performed on a 1.5-T unit(G.E,signal Milwaukeee,WI) as Tl-weighted spin-echo series(parameters: TR/TE540/11);24cm field of view;6mm slice thickness;no intraslice gap,2Nex;and 320×192 display matrix.The brain was obtained from the scanned cadaver heads,then painting different water-colors on the major gyri and fasten it with 20%glutin.To cut the brain slice in correspondence with MRI scan with the brain knife on slice frame. Observing the medullary pattern and direction and localizing the corresponding gyri on sagittal section bythe comparison of the MRI images with clock localization method.
Result:Through our studying,the rules of localizing gyrus through the pattern of medullary branches on the sagittal plane are described as follows:1.On the central sagittal section, rabbit-tail appearance is the key landmark of post-central gyrus. As the sections away from the medial,this sign disappear,and the rules of medullary branches' direction are more clearly.The medullary branches of pre-central gyrus appeared on the direction of about 12 to 1 o'clock and post-central gyrus on the 1 to half past 1 o'clock.In addition to,the direction of medullary branches move anti-clockwise as the sections away from the medial.2.The medullary patterns on sagittal sections can be acted to identify superior and middle frontal gyri,when the medullary branches are all superior or middle frontal gyri,its branches are very clear. On the sections which contain superior and middle frontal gyri together,medullary branches are blur,especially signal of cortex predominate on MRI image.Inferior frontal sulcus is the landmark of middle and inferior frontal gyri.3.Supramarginal gyrus and angular gyrus can be found at the end of lateral sulcus and superior temporal sulcus respectively.Double horseshoes sign is guideline for identifying supramarginal gyrus.4.It is a reliable and accurate method to localize the gyri according to the pattern of medullary branches.5.Using of the dial plate make the localization method more simple and accurately,to manipulate is easy also.
Conclusion:The gyri clock localizing method was practice, simple and very useful.It is very important in the imaging medical science and clinical imaging diagnosis.
材料和方法:选取30例成人外观无异常的颅脑标本,以正中矢状面为基线,用GEsignaMRI/i1.5Tesla超导MRI机,行矢状位MRI扫描,获得层厚6mm的颅脑连续矢状面MRI图像。将扫描后的标本开颅取脑,辨别出主要的脑回并染以不同颜色,以便与用髓突追踪出的各脑回印证。再涂以20%的明胶固定。用自制的脑切片刀和切片台作6mm层厚的连续脑切片。综合地对脑矢状位MRI图像与相应的断层标本观察分析,找出髓突的分支走行规律,借助表盘定位法在MRI矢状位图像上定位脑回。
结果:在大脑矢状断面上采用表盘定位脑回的规律如下:①“兔尾征”是在旁正中矢状面上确认和定位中央前、后回的标志和依据,但随着切层外移该征象消失。借助表盘定位法,12点位与1点位之间是中央前回,1点至1点半之间是中央后回。随着切层外移,中央前、后回由右向左移动,但在最外侧岛盖层面上中央前、后回转至12点位前方。②额上、中回在矢状面上的区分是以髓突形态的变化为标志。当髓突完全为额上回或额中回时,其髓突支较清晰,或间以脑沟或向内部融合成半卵圆中心的髓质。但当在额上回向额中回过度的层面时,其髓突支模糊不清,尤其在MRI图像上以皮质信号占优势。额中回与额下回的区分是以矢状走行的额下沟为标志。③角回和缘上回的寻找标志是颞上沟和外侧裂,“蹄铁型”髓突对缘上回和角回具有特征性的定位作用。④矢状面上利用髓突定位脑回准确可靠,为一种较为实用的方法。⑤利用钟表盘使定位方法更简单、准确,容易操作。
结论:表盘定位法切实可行、简便实用,在大脑的医学影像学研究和病变的定位诊断方面具有重要的临床意义和实用价值。
Objective:In order to provide reliable morphological basis and new way for MRI localization of cerebral local lesion and imaging study of brain function,observing and studying cerebral medulla on 30 cranial sagittal sections and its MRI films.Then identified the corresponding gyri according to medullary pattern and its direction.According to this methods,the cerebral gyri can be accurately described by the clock localization.
Material and methods:Choosing 30 normal cadaver heads to scan in sagittal plane.MRI was performed on a 1.5-T unit(G.E,signal Milwaukeee,WI) as Tl-weighted spin-echo series(parameters: TR/TE540/11);24cm field of view;6mm slice thickness;no intraslice gap,2Nex;and 320×192 display matrix.The brain was obtained from the scanned cadaver heads,then painting different water-colors on the major gyri and fasten it with 20%glutin.To cut the brain slice in correspondence with MRI scan with the brain knife on slice frame. Observing the medullary pattern and direction and localizing the corresponding gyri on sagittal section bythe comparison of the MRI images with clock localization method.
Result:Through our studying,the rules of localizing gyrus through the pattern of medullary branches on the sagittal plane are described as follows:1.On the central sagittal section, rabbit-tail appearance is the key landmark of post-central gyrus. As the sections away from the medial,this sign disappear,and the rules of medullary branches' direction are more clearly.The medullary branches of pre-central gyrus appeared on the direction of about 12 to 1 o'clock and post-central gyrus on the 1 to half past 1 o'clock.In addition to,the direction of medullary branches move anti-clockwise as the sections away from the medial.2.The medullary patterns on sagittal sections can be acted to identify superior and middle frontal gyri,when the medullary branches are all superior or middle frontal gyri,its branches are very clear. On the sections which contain superior and middle frontal gyri together,medullary branches are blur,especially signal of cortex predominate on MRI image.Inferior frontal sulcus is the landmark of middle and inferior frontal gyri.3.Supramarginal gyrus and angular gyrus can be found at the end of lateral sulcus and superior temporal sulcus respectively.Double horseshoes sign is guideline for identifying supramarginal gyrus.4.It is a reliable and accurate method to localize the gyri according to the pattern of medullary branches.5.Using of the dial plate make the localization method more simple and accurately,to manipulate is easy also.
Conclusion:The gyri clock localizing method was practice, simple and very useful.It is very important in the imaging medical science and clinical imaging diagnosis.
引文
1 Satoru Iwasaki,Hiroyuki Nakagawa,Akio Fukusumi,etal.Identification of pre-and post-central gyri on CT and MRI on the basis of the medullary pattern of cerebral white matter.Radiology,1991,179:207-213
2 Nadich TP,Valavanis AG,Kubik S.Accurate anatomic localization of the major gyri and sulci along the low and mid convexity by sagittal MRI.Riv Neuroradiol,1992,5:299-307
3 Nadich TP,Invited lecture.MRI imaging of brain surface anatomy.Neuroradiology,1991,33(Suppl):s95-s99
4 Thoms P,Naidich,Anton G,et al.Anatomic relationships along the low-middle convexity:part 1-Normal specimens and MRI.Neurosurgery,Vol.36,No.3,March 1995
5 刘丰春.端脑髓突的断面解剖学观测.解剖学杂志,1998,21(3):189-191
6 刘丰春,夏玉军,单涛,等.大脑脑回脑叶CT定位的医学影像学研究.临床医学影像杂志,1997,8(3):208-210
7 刘丰春.端脑髓质不对称性研究.解剖学杂志,1998,21(3):193-195
8 Ebeling U,Steinmetz H,Huang Y,etal.Topography and identification of the inferior precentral sulcus in MRI imaging.AJNR Am J Neuroradiol,1989,10:937-942
9 Steinmetz.H,Furst G,Freund H-J.Variation of perisylvian and calcarine anatomic landmarks within stereotaxic proportional coordinates.AJNR Am J Neuroradiol,1990,11:1123-1130
10 Sobel DF,Gallen CC,Schwartz BJ,etal.Locating the central sulcus:Comparison of MRI anatomic and magnetoencephalographic function methods.AJNR,Am,J Neuroradiol,1993,14:915-925
11 刘树伟,李传富,丁娟,等.大脑沟回在冠状面上定位的初步探讨.解剖学报,1998,29,增刊:50-53
12 刘树伟.我国断层影像解剖学的发展现状与前景展望.中国断层影像解剖学杂志,2000,4(1):1-8
13 Nadich TP,Brighrbill TC.The intraparietal sulcus:A landmark for localization of pathology on axial CT scan.Int J Neuroriadiol,1996,1:3
14 丁娟,刘树伟.成人大脑沟回在断面上的定位.中国断层影像解剖学杂志,1999,3(1):68-72
15 Shoichiro Otake,Daigo Yamana,Hirokazu Mizutani,etal.Reference lines for oblique axial MRI imaging of the brain.Radiology,1996,198:906-907
16 Coffey CE,Wilkinson WE,Parashos IA,etal.Quantitative cerebral anatomy of the aging human brain:a crass-sectional study using MRI.Neurology,1992,42:527-535
17 Steinmetz H,Huang Y.Two-dimensional mapping of brain surface anatomy J.AJNR,1991,12:997-1000
18 Nadich TP,Brighrbill TC.Systems for localizing frontal-parietal gyri and sulci on axial CT and MRI.Int J Neuroradiol,1996,2:313
19 Daniel K.Kido,Marjorie Lemay,Andrew W.Levinson,etal.Computer tomographic localization of theprecentralgyrus.Radiology,1998,135:373-377
20 沈宗文,林祥通,刘永昌,等.脑SPECT横位图像的皮质机能定位和动脉配布.临床医学影像杂志,1994,5(4):204
21 沈宗文,林祥通,刘永昌,等.脑矢状SPECT图像与脑矢状位断面标本对照观察.临床医学影像杂志,1997,8(2):116-118
22 沈宗文,林祥通,刘永昌,等.脑冠状SPECT图像的皮质机能定位和大脑动脉的血流配布.临床医学影像杂志,1995,6(3):149-154
23 沈宗文,滑炎卿,戴正寿,等.脑MRI图像的皮质机能定位和大脑动脉的血流配布.临床医学影像杂志,1993,4(4):199-203
24 王跃,姜均本.大脑语言区断面解剖学研究.重庆医科大学学报,1992,17(2):100-102
25 王跃,姜均本.大脑语言区不对称性与半球不对称性的定量分析.重庆医科大学学报,1992,17(1):19-25
26 Ebeling U,Steinmetz H.Anatomy of the parietal lobe:mapping the individual pattern.J.Acta Neurochir Wien,1995,136(1-2):8-11
27 崔志潭,陈仲欣,黄璇英.国人大脑半球脑沟的形态.解剖学报,1980,11(2):182-193
28 耿道颖,沈天真,等.大脑凸面脑沟的CT和MRI定位体系的临床应用价值初探.国外医学/临床放射学杂志,1997,20(6):331-333
29 李振平,丁娟,刘树伟,等.成人大脑沟回MRI矢状图像上的定位研究.解剖学报,1998,29,增刊:46-49
30 王晓明,陈丽英,杨洪涛,等.新生儿和婴儿正常脑发育MRI研究(关于髓鞘形成).中华放射学杂志,1996,30(10):654-658
31 Tsuchiya K,Mizutani-Y,Hachiya J.Surface anatomy MRI scanning of the brain using HASTE sequences.AJR,1996,167:1585-1587
32 Malcolm Battin, Elia F Maalouf, Serena Counsell, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain of premature infants.The lancet, 1997, Vol 349,June 14
33 Topogyaphy of the cortical motor hand area: prospective study with functional MRI and direct motor mapping at surgery. Radiology, 1995,195:23-29
34 Lemay M,Kido DK. Asymmetries of the cerebral hemisphere on computed tomogram. J Comput Asist Tomogr, 1978,2:471
35 Marjo S.van der Knaap, Gerda van Wezel-Meijler,Peter G. Barth,et al.Normal gyration and sulcation in preterm and term neonates: appearance on MRI. Radiology, 1996,200:389-396
36 Hayakawa K, Konishi Y, Kuriyama M, et al. Normal brain maturation in MRI. Eur J Radiol,1990,12:208
37 Hittmair K, Winberger D, Rand T, et al. MRI assessment of brain maturation: comparison of sequences. AJNR,1994,15:425-433
38 Hansen PE, Ballesteros MC, Soila K,et al. MRI imaging of the developing human brain. RadioGraphics, 1993,13:21-36
39 Michael W.Vannier, Barry S.Brunsden; Charles F.Hildebolt,et al. Brain surface cortical sulcal lengths: quantification with three-dimensional MRI. Radiology, 1991,180:479-484
40 Kazuhiro Tsuchiya, Yoshiyuki Mizutani, Junichi Hachiya. Surface anatomy MRI scanning of the brain using HASTE sequences. AJR,1996,167, December
41 Nadich TP, Altman GN, Zimmerman RA, et al. The developing cerebral surface preliminary report on the patterns of sulcal and gyral maturation anatomy,ulrtasound,and magnetic resonance imaging.Neuroimag Clin North AM,1994,4:201
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1 蒋文华.中枢神经解剖学.上海医科大学出版社.1992
2 Satoru Iwasaki,Hiroyuki Nakagawa,Akio Fukusumi,etal.Identification of pre-and postcentral gyri on CT and MRI on the basis of the medullary pattern of cerebral white matter.Radiology,1991,179:207-213
3 Nadich TP,Valavanis AG,Kubik S.Accurate anatomic localization of the major gyri and sulci along the low and mid convexity by sagittal MRI.Riv Neuroradiol,1992,5:299-307
4 Nadich TP,Invited lecture.MRI imaging of brain surface anatomy.Neuroradiology,1991,33(Suppl):s95-s99
5 Thoms P,Naidich,Anton G,et al.Anatomic relationships along the low-middle convexity:part 1-Normal specimens and MRI.Neurosurgery,Vol.36,No.3,March 1995
6 刘丰春.端脑髓突的断面解剖学观测.解剖学杂志,1998,21(3):189-191
7 刘丰春,夏玉军,单涛,等.大脑脑回脑叶CT定位的医学影像学研究.临床医学影像杂志,1997,8(3):208-210
8 刘丰春.端脑髓质不对称性研究.解剖学杂志,1998,21(3):193-195
9 Ebeling U,Steinmetz H,Huang Y,etal.Topography and identification of the inferior precentral sulcus in MRI imaging.AJNR Am J Neuroradiol,1989,10:937-942
10 Steinmetz H,Furst G,Freund H-J.Variation of perisylvian and calcarine anatomic landmarks within stereotaxic proportional coordinates.AJNR Am J Neuroradiol,1990,11:1123-1130
11 Sobel DF,Gallen CC,Schwartz BJ,etal Locating the central sulcus:Comparison of MRI anatomic and magnetoencephalographic function methods.AJNR,Am,J Neuroradiol,1993,14:915-925
12 刘树伟,李传富,丁娟,等.大脑沟回在冠状面上定位的初步探讨.解剖学报,1998,29,增刊:50-53
13 刘树伟.我国断层影像解剖学的发展现状与前景展望.中国断层影像解剖学杂志,2000,4(1):1-8
14 Nadich TP,Brighrbill TC.The intraparietal sulcus:A landmark for localization of pathology on axial CT scan.Int J Neuroriadiol,1996,1:3
15 丁娟,刘树伟.成人大脑沟回在断面上的定位.中国断层影像解剖学杂志,1999,3(1):68-72
16 Shoichiro Otake,Daigo Yamana,Hirokazu Mizutani,etal.Reference lines for oblique axial MRI imaging of the brain.Radiology,1996,198:906-907
17 Coffey CE,Wilkinson WE,Parashos IA,etal.Quantitative cerebral anatomy of the aging human brain:a crass-sectional study using MRI.Neurology,1992,42:527-535
18 Steinmetz H,Huang Y.Two-dimensional mapping of brain surface anatomy J.AJNR,1991,12:997-1000
19 Nadich TP,Brighrbill TC.Systems for localizing frontal-parietal gyri and sulci on axial CT and MRI.Int J Neuroradiol,1996,2:313
20 Daniel K.Kido,Marjorie Lemay,Andrew W.Levinson,etal.Computer tomographic localization of the precentralgyrus.Radiology,1998,35:373-377
21 沈宗文,林祥通,刘永昌,等.脑SPECT横位图像的皮质机能定位和动脉配布.临床医学影像杂志,1994,5(4):204-209
22 沈宗文,林祥通,刘永昌,等.脑矢状SPECT图像与脑矢状位断面标本对照观察.临床医学影像杂志,1997,8(2):116-118
23 沈宗文,林祥通,刘永昌,等.脑冠状SPECT图像的皮质机能定位和大脑动脉的血流配布.临床医学影像杂志,1995,6(3):149-154
24 沈宗文,滑炎卿,戴正寿,等.脑MRI图像的皮质机能定位和大脑动脉的血流配布.临床医学影像杂志,1993,4(4):199-203
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27 耿道颖,沈天真,等.大脑凸面脑沟的CT和MRI定位体系的临床应用价值初探.国外医学/临床放射学杂志,1997,20(6):331-333
28 Lemay M,Kido DK.Asymmetries of the cerebral hemisphere on computed tomogram.J Comput Asist Tomogr,1978,2:471
29 Marjo S.van der Knaap,Gerda van Wezel-Meijler,Peter G.Barth,etal.Normal gyration and sulcation in preterm and term neonates:appearance on MRI.Radiology,1996,200:389-396
30 Martin E,Kikinis R,Zuerrer M,et al.Developmental stages of human brain:an MRI study.J Comput Assist Tomogr,1988,12:917-922
31 王培林.神经解剖学.北京.人民卫生出版社.1987
32 崔志潭,陈仲欣,黄璇英.国人大脑半球脑沟的形态.解剖学报,1980,11(2):182-193
33 焦守恕.大脑半球的不对称性.北京第二医学院学报,1998,(4):365-368
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36 Tsuchiya K,Mizutani Y,Hachiya J.Surface anatomy MRI scanning of the brain using HASTE sequences.AJR,1996,167:1585-1587
37 Harkey HL,AL-mefty O,Haines DE,et al.The surgical anatomy of the cerebral sulci.Neurosurgery,1989,24:651
38 Hayakawa K,Konishi Y,Kuriyama M,et al.Normal brain maturation in MRI.Eur J Radiol,1990,12:208
39 Hittmair K,Winberger D,Rand T,et al.MRI assessment of brain maturation:comparison of sequences.AJNR,1994,15:425-433
40 Hansen PE,Ballesteros MC,Soila K,etal.MRI imaging of the developing human brain.RadioGraphics,1993,13:21-36
41 王跃,姜均本.大脑语言区断面解剖学研究.重庆医科大学学报,1992,17(2):100-102
42 王跃,姜均本.大脑语言区不对称性与半球不对称性的定量分析.重庆医科大学学报,1992,17(1):19-25
43 刘丰春.大脑皮质机能区CT定位的研究.中国临床解剖学杂志,1998,16(1):1-4
44 唐勇,李开华,杨正伟,等.人大脑半球皮质体积和表面积的定量研究.解剖学杂志,1993,16(6):123-126
45 常丽荣,李云生,张文波.内侧颞叶结构的断层解剖学研究.中国断层影像解剖杂志,2000,4(1):9-11
46 李振平。丁娟,刘树伟,等.成人大脑沟回MRI矢状图像上的定位研究.解剖学报,1998,29,增刊:46-49
47 Ebeling U,Steinmetz H.Anatomy of the parietal lobe:mapping the individual pattern.J.Acta Neurochir Wien,1995,136(1～2):8-11
48 耿道颖,沈天地.沈馨亚,等.低中凸面 脑沟回矢状面MRI定位体系的临床应用价值初探.中国医学计算机成像杂志,1999,5(1):1-4
49 耿道颖,沈馨亚,沈宗文,等.正常人低中凸面脑沟回定位体系MRI 研究.解剖学杂志,1999,22(2):128-131
50 刘树伟.断层解剖学.北京.人民卫生出版.1998
51 姜均本.人体断面解剖学彩色图谱与CT、NRI应用.北京.科学出版社.1997
52 韩洵,刘丰春.颅脑五官CT解剖学.青岛.青岛海洋出版社.1993
53 吴德昌.人体断层解剖学(矢、冠、斜断断层).北京.科学出版社.1994
54 高元桂,蔡幼铨,蔡祖龙.磁共振成像诊断学.1994
55 Localization of language cortices by functional MRI imaging compared with intracarotid amobarbital hemispheric sedation.AJR,1997,169,August
55 Minoshima S,Koeppe RA,Mintun MA,et al.Automated detection of the interc ommissural line for stereotactic localization of functional brain images.J Nucl Med,1993,34:322-329
56 Nadich TP,Altman GN,Zimmerman RA,et al.The developing cerebral surface preliminary report on the patterns of sulcal and gyral maturation anatomy,ulrtasound,and magnetic resonance imaging.Neuroimag Clin North AM,1994,4:201
57 Malcolm Battin,Elia F Maalouf,Serena Counsell,etal.Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain of premature infants.The lancet,1997,Vol 349,June 14
58 Topogyaphy of the cortical motor hand area:prospective study with functional MRI and direct motor mapping at surgery.Radiology,1995,195:23-29
59 Michael W.Vannier,Barry S.Brunsden;Charles F.Hildebolt,etal.Brain surface cortical sulcal lengths:quantification with three-dimensional MRI.Radiology,1991,180:479-484
60 Kazuhiro Tsuchiya,Yoshiyuki Mizutani,Junichi Hachiya.Surface anatomy MRI scanning of the brain using HASTE sequences.AJR,1996,167,December
61 Lars-Olof Wahlund,Ingrid Agartz,Ore Almqvist,BA,etal.The brain in healthy aged individuals:MRI.Radiology,1990,174:675-679
62 Gabriel Gonzales-Portillo.Locolization Of The Central Sulcus.Surq Neurol,1996,46:97-99
63 Katada K.MRI imaging of brain surface structures:Surface anatomy scanning(SAS).Neuroradiology,1990,32:439-448
64 Habib M,Renucci RL,Vanier M,etal.Assessment of right-left asymmetries in the human cerebral cortex.J Comput Assist Tomogr,1984,8:922-927
65 Turner OA.Growth and development of the cerebral cortical pattern in man.Arch Neurol Psychiatry,1948,59:1-12
2 Nadich TP,Valavanis AG,Kubik S.Accurate anatomic localization of the major gyri and sulci along the low and mid convexity by sagittal MRI.Riv Neuroradiol,1992,5:299-307
3 Nadich TP,Invited lecture.MRI imaging of brain surface anatomy.Neuroradiology,1991,33(Suppl):s95-s99
4 Thoms P,Naidich,Anton G,et al.Anatomic relationships along the low-middle convexity:part 1-Normal specimens and MRI.Neurosurgery,Vol.36,No.3,March 1995
5 刘丰春.端脑髓突的断面解剖学观测.解剖学杂志,1998,21(3):189-191
6 刘丰春,夏玉军,单涛,等.大脑脑回脑叶CT定位的医学影像学研究.临床医学影像杂志,1997,8(3):208-210
7 刘丰春.端脑髓质不对称性研究.解剖学杂志,1998,21(3):193-195
8 Ebeling U,Steinmetz H,Huang Y,etal.Topography and identification of the inferior precentral sulcus in MRI imaging.AJNR Am J Neuroradiol,1989,10:937-942
9 Steinmetz.H,Furst G,Freund H-J.Variation of perisylvian and calcarine anatomic landmarks within stereotaxic proportional coordinates.AJNR Am J Neuroradiol,1990,11:1123-1130
10 Sobel DF,Gallen CC,Schwartz BJ,etal.Locating the central sulcus:Comparison of MRI anatomic and magnetoencephalographic function methods.AJNR,Am,J Neuroradiol,1993,14:915-925
11 刘树伟,李传富,丁娟,等.大脑沟回在冠状面上定位的初步探讨.解剖学报,1998,29,增刊:50-53
12 刘树伟.我国断层影像解剖学的发展现状与前景展望.中国断层影像解剖学杂志,2000,4(1):1-8
13 Nadich TP,Brighrbill TC.The intraparietal sulcus:A landmark for localization of pathology on axial CT scan.Int J Neuroriadiol,1996,1:3
14 丁娟,刘树伟.成人大脑沟回在断面上的定位.中国断层影像解剖学杂志,1999,3(1):68-72
15 Shoichiro Otake,Daigo Yamana,Hirokazu Mizutani,etal.Reference lines for oblique axial MRI imaging of the brain.Radiology,1996,198:906-907
16 Coffey CE,Wilkinson WE,Parashos IA,etal.Quantitative cerebral anatomy of the aging human brain:a crass-sectional study using MRI.Neurology,1992,42:527-535
17 Steinmetz H,Huang Y.Two-dimensional mapping of brain surface anatomy J.AJNR,1991,12:997-1000
18 Nadich TP,Brighrbill TC.Systems for localizing frontal-parietal gyri and sulci on axial CT and MRI.Int J Neuroradiol,1996,2:313
19 Daniel K.Kido,Marjorie Lemay,Andrew W.Levinson,etal.Computer tomographic localization of theprecentralgyrus.Radiology,1998,135:373-377
20 沈宗文,林祥通,刘永昌,等.脑SPECT横位图像的皮质机能定位和动脉配布.临床医学影像杂志,1994,5(4):204
21 沈宗文,林祥通,刘永昌,等.脑矢状SPECT图像与脑矢状位断面标本对照观察.临床医学影像杂志,1997,8(2):116-118
22 沈宗文,林祥通,刘永昌,等.脑冠状SPECT图像的皮质机能定位和大脑动脉的血流配布.临床医学影像杂志,1995,6(3):149-154
23 沈宗文,滑炎卿,戴正寿,等.脑MRI图像的皮质机能定位和大脑动脉的血流配布.临床医学影像杂志,1993,4(4):199-203
24 王跃,姜均本.大脑语言区断面解剖学研究.重庆医科大学学报,1992,17(2):100-102
25 王跃,姜均本.大脑语言区不对称性与半球不对称性的定量分析.重庆医科大学学报,1992,17(1):19-25
26 Ebeling U,Steinmetz H.Anatomy of the parietal lobe:mapping the individual pattern.J.Acta Neurochir Wien,1995,136(1-2):8-11
27 崔志潭,陈仲欣,黄璇英.国人大脑半球脑沟的形态.解剖学报,1980,11(2):182-193
28 耿道颖,沈天真,等.大脑凸面脑沟的CT和MRI定位体系的临床应用价值初探.国外医学/临床放射学杂志,1997,20(6):331-333
29 李振平,丁娟,刘树伟,等.成人大脑沟回MRI矢状图像上的定位研究.解剖学报,1998,29,增刊:46-49
30 王晓明,陈丽英,杨洪涛,等.新生儿和婴儿正常脑发育MRI研究(关于髓鞘形成).中华放射学杂志,1996,30(10):654-658
31 Tsuchiya K,Mizutani-Y,Hachiya J.Surface anatomy MRI scanning of the brain using HASTE sequences.AJR,1996,167:1585-1587
32 Malcolm Battin, Elia F Maalouf, Serena Counsell, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain of premature infants.The lancet, 1997, Vol 349,June 14
33 Topogyaphy of the cortical motor hand area: prospective study with functional MRI and direct motor mapping at surgery. Radiology, 1995,195:23-29
34 Lemay M,Kido DK. Asymmetries of the cerebral hemisphere on computed tomogram. J Comput Asist Tomogr, 1978,2:471
35 Marjo S.van der Knaap, Gerda van Wezel-Meijler,Peter G. Barth,et al.Normal gyration and sulcation in preterm and term neonates: appearance on MRI. Radiology, 1996,200:389-396
36 Hayakawa K, Konishi Y, Kuriyama M, et al. Normal brain maturation in MRI. Eur J Radiol,1990,12:208
37 Hittmair K, Winberger D, Rand T, et al. MRI assessment of brain maturation: comparison of sequences. AJNR,1994,15:425-433
38 Hansen PE, Ballesteros MC, Soila K,et al. MRI imaging of the developing human brain. RadioGraphics, 1993,13:21-36
39 Michael W.Vannier, Barry S.Brunsden; Charles F.Hildebolt,et al. Brain surface cortical sulcal lengths: quantification with three-dimensional MRI. Radiology, 1991,180:479-484
40 Kazuhiro Tsuchiya, Yoshiyuki Mizutani, Junichi Hachiya. Surface anatomy MRI scanning of the brain using HASTE sequences. AJR,1996,167, December
41 Nadich TP, Altman GN, Zimmerman RA, et al. The developing cerebral surface preliminary report on the patterns of sulcal and gyral maturation anatomy,ulrtasound,and magnetic resonance imaging.Neuroimag Clin North AM,1994,4:201
42 耿道颖,沈天真.沈馨亚,等.低中凸面脑沟回矢状面MRI定位体系的临床应用价值初探.中国医学计算机成像杂志,1999,5(1):1-4
43 耿道颖,沈馨亚,沈宗文,等.正常人低中凸面脑沟回定位体系MRI 研究.解剖学杂志,1999,22(2):128-131
1 蒋文华.中枢神经解剖学.上海医科大学出版社.1992
2 Satoru Iwasaki,Hiroyuki Nakagawa,Akio Fukusumi,etal.Identification of pre-and postcentral gyri on CT and MRI on the basis of the medullary pattern of cerebral white matter.Radiology,1991,179:207-213
3 Nadich TP,Valavanis AG,Kubik S.Accurate anatomic localization of the major gyri and sulci along the low and mid convexity by sagittal MRI.Riv Neuroradiol,1992,5:299-307
4 Nadich TP,Invited lecture.MRI imaging of brain surface anatomy.Neuroradiology,1991,33(Suppl):s95-s99
5 Thoms P,Naidich,Anton G,et al.Anatomic relationships along the low-middle convexity:part 1-Normal specimens and MRI.Neurosurgery,Vol.36,No.3,March 1995
6 刘丰春.端脑髓突的断面解剖学观测.解剖学杂志,1998,21(3):189-191
7 刘丰春,夏玉军,单涛,等.大脑脑回脑叶CT定位的医学影像学研究.临床医学影像杂志,1997,8(3):208-210
8 刘丰春.端脑髓质不对称性研究.解剖学杂志,1998,21(3):193-195
9 Ebeling U,Steinmetz H,Huang Y,etal.Topography and identification of the inferior precentral sulcus in MRI imaging.AJNR Am J Neuroradiol,1989,10:937-942
10 Steinmetz H,Furst G,Freund H-J.Variation of perisylvian and calcarine anatomic landmarks within stereotaxic proportional coordinates.AJNR Am J Neuroradiol,1990,11:1123-1130
11 Sobel DF,Gallen CC,Schwartz BJ,etal Locating the central sulcus:Comparison of MRI anatomic and magnetoencephalographic function methods.AJNR,Am,J Neuroradiol,1993,14:915-925
12 刘树伟,李传富,丁娟,等.大脑沟回在冠状面上定位的初步探讨.解剖学报,1998,29,增刊:50-53
13 刘树伟.我国断层影像解剖学的发展现状与前景展望.中国断层影像解剖学杂志,2000,4(1):1-8
14 Nadich TP,Brighrbill TC.The intraparietal sulcus:A landmark for localization of pathology on axial CT scan.Int J Neuroriadiol,1996,1:3
15 丁娟,刘树伟.成人大脑沟回在断面上的定位.中国断层影像解剖学杂志,1999,3(1):68-72
16 Shoichiro Otake,Daigo Yamana,Hirokazu Mizutani,etal.Reference lines for oblique axial MRI imaging of the brain.Radiology,1996,198:906-907
17 Coffey CE,Wilkinson WE,Parashos IA,etal.Quantitative cerebral anatomy of the aging human brain:a crass-sectional study using MRI.Neurology,1992,42:527-535
18 Steinmetz H,Huang Y.Two-dimensional mapping of brain surface anatomy J.AJNR,1991,12:997-1000
19 Nadich TP,Brighrbill TC.Systems for localizing frontal-parietal gyri and sulci on axial CT and MRI.Int J Neuroradiol,1996,2:313
20 Daniel K.Kido,Marjorie Lemay,Andrew W.Levinson,etal.Computer tomographic localization of the precentralgyrus.Radiology,1998,35:373-377
21 沈宗文,林祥通,刘永昌,等.脑SPECT横位图像的皮质机能定位和动脉配布.临床医学影像杂志,1994,5(4):204-209
22 沈宗文,林祥通,刘永昌,等.脑矢状SPECT图像与脑矢状位断面标本对照观察.临床医学影像杂志,1997,8(2):116-118
23 沈宗文,林祥通,刘永昌,等.脑冠状SPECT图像的皮质机能定位和大脑动脉的血流配布.临床医学影像杂志,1995,6(3):149-154
24 沈宗文,滑炎卿,戴正寿,等.脑MRI图像的皮质机能定位和大脑动脉的血流配布.临床医学影像杂志,1993,4(4):199-203
25 岩崎圣,田冈俊昭,福住明夫,等.脑肿疡の局在诊断た必要な脑解剖.画像诊断.1997,17(12):1254-1265
26 Achten E,Jachon GD,Camerm JA,et al.Presturgical evaluation of the motor hand area with functional MRI imaging inpatients with tumors and dysplastic lesions.Radiology.1999,210:529-538
27 耿道颖,沈天真,等.大脑凸面脑沟的CT和MRI定位体系的临床应用价值初探.国外医学/临床放射学杂志,1997,20(6):331-333
28 Lemay M,Kido DK.Asymmetries of the cerebral hemisphere on computed tomogram.J Comput Asist Tomogr,1978,2:471
29 Marjo S.van der Knaap,Gerda van Wezel-Meijler,Peter G.Barth,etal.Normal gyration and sulcation in preterm and term neonates:appearance on MRI.Radiology,1996,200:389-396
30 Martin E,Kikinis R,Zuerrer M,et al.Developmental stages of human brain:an MRI study.J Comput Assist Tomogr,1988,12:917-922
31 王培林.神经解剖学.北京.人民卫生出版社.1987
32 崔志潭,陈仲欣,黄璇英.国人大脑半球脑沟的形态.解剖学报,1980,11(2):182-193
33 焦守恕.大脑半球的不对称性.北京第二医学院学报,1998,(4):365-368
34 焦守恕,李楠,丁卫国,等.中国人脑语言区不对称性的定量分析.北京第二医学院学报,1984,(1):15-18
35 陈汉其,李少华,高豫中,等.大脑左右半球不对称的形态观察及临床意义.中国临床解剖学杂志,1997,15(4):365
36 Tsuchiya K,Mizutani Y,Hachiya J.Surface anatomy MRI scanning of the brain using HASTE sequences.AJR,1996,167:1585-1587
37 Harkey HL,AL-mefty O,Haines DE,et al.The surgical anatomy of the cerebral sulci.Neurosurgery,1989,24:651
38 Hayakawa K,Konishi Y,Kuriyama M,et al.Normal brain maturation in MRI.Eur J Radiol,1990,12:208
39 Hittmair K,Winberger D,Rand T,et al.MRI assessment of brain maturation:comparison of sequences.AJNR,1994,15:425-433
40 Hansen PE,Ballesteros MC,Soila K,etal.MRI imaging of the developing human brain.RadioGraphics,1993,13:21-36
41 王跃,姜均本.大脑语言区断面解剖学研究.重庆医科大学学报,1992,17(2):100-102
42 王跃,姜均本.大脑语言区不对称性与半球不对称性的定量分析.重庆医科大学学报,1992,17(1):19-25
43 刘丰春.大脑皮质机能区CT定位的研究.中国临床解剖学杂志,1998,16(1):1-4
44 唐勇,李开华,杨正伟,等.人大脑半球皮质体积和表面积的定量研究.解剖学杂志,1993,16(6):123-126
45 常丽荣,李云生,张文波.内侧颞叶结构的断层解剖学研究.中国断层影像解剖杂志,2000,4(1):9-11
46 李振平。丁娟,刘树伟,等.成人大脑沟回MRI矢状图像上的定位研究.解剖学报,1998,29,增刊:46-49
47 Ebeling U,Steinmetz H.Anatomy of the parietal lobe:mapping the individual pattern.J.Acta Neurochir Wien,1995,136(1～2):8-11
48 耿道颖,沈天地.沈馨亚,等.低中凸面 脑沟回矢状面MRI定位体系的临床应用价值初探.中国医学计算机成像杂志,1999,5(1):1-4
49 耿道颖,沈馨亚,沈宗文,等.正常人低中凸面脑沟回定位体系MRI 研究.解剖学杂志,1999,22(2):128-131
50 刘树伟.断层解剖学.北京.人民卫生出版.1998
51 姜均本.人体断面解剖学彩色图谱与CT、NRI应用.北京.科学出版社.1997
52 韩洵,刘丰春.颅脑五官CT解剖学.青岛.青岛海洋出版社.1993
53 吴德昌.人体断层解剖学(矢、冠、斜断断层).北京.科学出版社.1994
54 高元桂,蔡幼铨,蔡祖龙.磁共振成像诊断学.1994
55 Localization of language cortices by functional MRI imaging compared with intracarotid amobarbital hemispheric sedation.AJR,1997,169,August
55 Minoshima S,Koeppe RA,Mintun MA,et al.Automated detection of the interc ommissural line for stereotactic localization of functional brain images.J Nucl Med,1993,34:322-329
56 Nadich TP,Altman GN,Zimmerman RA,et al.The developing cerebral surface preliminary report on the patterns of sulcal and gyral maturation anatomy,ulrtasound,and magnetic resonance imaging.Neuroimag Clin North AM,1994,4:201
57 Malcolm Battin,Elia F Maalouf,Serena Counsell,etal.Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain of premature infants.The lancet,1997,Vol 349,June 14
58 Topogyaphy of the cortical motor hand area:prospective study with functional MRI and direct motor mapping at surgery.Radiology,1995,195:23-29
59 Michael W.Vannier,Barry S.Brunsden;Charles F.Hildebolt,etal.Brain surface cortical sulcal lengths:quantification with three-dimensional MRI.Radiology,1991,180:479-484
60 Kazuhiro Tsuchiya,Yoshiyuki Mizutani,Junichi Hachiya.Surface anatomy MRI scanning of the brain using HASTE sequences.AJR,1996,167,December
61 Lars-Olof Wahlund,Ingrid Agartz,Ore Almqvist,BA,etal.The brain in healthy aged individuals:MRI.Radiology,1990,174:675-679
62 Gabriel Gonzales-Portillo.Locolization Of The Central Sulcus.Surq Neurol,1996,46:97-99
63 Katada K.MRI imaging of brain surface structures:Surface anatomy scanning(SAS).Neuroradiology,1990,32:439-448
64 Habib M,Renucci RL,Vanier M,etal.Assessment of right-left asymmetries in the human cerebral cortex.J Comput Assist Tomogr,1984,8:922-927
65 Turner OA.Growth and development of the cerebral cortical pattern in man.Arch Neurol Psychiatry,1948,59:1-12