鞘内注射万古霉素治疗开颅术后颅内感染疗效分析
|
摘要
目的:评价鞘内注射万古霉素治疗开颅术后颅内感染的临床疗效与安全性。
方法:回顾性分析2年来在我院治疗的开颅术后并发颅内感染患者33例,其中采用鞘内注射万古霉素18例,单纯应用抗生素静脉用药15例,对比两者间在临床疗效、感染控制天数及费用的差异,并判断万古霉素对颅内感染致病菌的敏感性,鞘内用药量和感染相关指标的相关性,及其中枢神经系统毒副反应。
结果:万古霉素对颅内感染致病菌的敏感比例为9/9(100%),治疗组18例患者中痊愈16例(88.9%),显效1例(5.6%),进步0例,无效1例(5.6%),颅内感染痊愈(显效)时间平均8天,花费18956.59元。对照组15例中痊愈8例(53.3%),显效4例(26.7%),进步1例(6.7%),无效2例(13.3%),其中死亡1例(6.7%),颅内感染痊愈(显效)时间平均24天,花费25481.38元。治疗组总体疗效好于对照组(u=2.15,P<0.05),并且节省用药时间和用药费用(P<0.05)。万古霉素鞘注后,患者颅内感染迅速得到控制,在鞘内给药3-5天后脑脊液中白细胞数、蛋白含量及颅内压明显下降,糖含量明显上升。鞘注药物总量和脑脊液中白细胞计数、糖定量、蛋白含量,均呈显著的相关性(r=0.539,r=-0.594,r=0.551,P<0.05)。仅1例患者出现神经根刺激症状,并很快恢复。
结论:万古霉素对大多数颅内感染的致病菌敏感,临床疗效显著,减少住院时间,节省住院费用,无明显CNS毒性作用。
Objective: To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of intrathecal Vancomycin in the treatment of intracranial infection after craniotomy.
Methods: A retrospective study was made to 33 cases of intracranial infection after craniotomy in recent 2 years, 18 cases treated with intrathecal Vancomycin were divided into treatment group, and 15 cases treated with intravenous antibiotics were divided into control group. Compared the clinical efficacy, the period and cost spent to control the infection, and evaluated the sensitivity of Vancomycin against the germs which lead to the intracranial infections, the relations of intrathecal doses with therapeutic period and the CNS toxicity effect were also considered.
Results: The sensitivity ratio of Vancomycin against etiologic agent in intracranial infections was 9 in 9(100%). In the treatment team, 16 cases were healed completely, 1 case was excellenced, 1 failed, while in control team, 8 cases were healed completely and 4 cases were excellenced, 1 was improved partly, 2 failed in which 1 died. Meanwhile the time of therapy was 16 days shorter after intrathecal Vancomycin, and the costs were about RMB6500 less for the treatment group. The clinical signs and symptoms of intracranial infection could be improved rapidly after intrathecal vancomycin administration. There was a relativity between the general doses of Vancomycin and monitoring parameters of intracranial infection such as WBC counts of CSF, glucose and protein value of CSF, (r=0.539,r=-0.594 r=0.551, P<0.05). Only 1 cases showed moderate CNS neurotoxic effects, and recovered in short time.
Conclusion: Most of etiologic agents of intracranial infections are susceptible to Vancomycin, it showed perfect clinical efficacy and would shorten the costs and days for the control of infection, also no apparent neurotoxic effects are observed.
方法:回顾性分析2年来在我院治疗的开颅术后并发颅内感染患者33例,其中采用鞘内注射万古霉素18例,单纯应用抗生素静脉用药15例,对比两者间在临床疗效、感染控制天数及费用的差异,并判断万古霉素对颅内感染致病菌的敏感性,鞘内用药量和感染相关指标的相关性,及其中枢神经系统毒副反应。
结果:万古霉素对颅内感染致病菌的敏感比例为9/9(100%),治疗组18例患者中痊愈16例(88.9%),显效1例(5.6%),进步0例,无效1例(5.6%),颅内感染痊愈(显效)时间平均8天,花费18956.59元。对照组15例中痊愈8例(53.3%),显效4例(26.7%),进步1例(6.7%),无效2例(13.3%),其中死亡1例(6.7%),颅内感染痊愈(显效)时间平均24天,花费25481.38元。治疗组总体疗效好于对照组(u=2.15,P<0.05),并且节省用药时间和用药费用(P<0.05)。万古霉素鞘注后,患者颅内感染迅速得到控制,在鞘内给药3-5天后脑脊液中白细胞数、蛋白含量及颅内压明显下降,糖含量明显上升。鞘注药物总量和脑脊液中白细胞计数、糖定量、蛋白含量,均呈显著的相关性(r=0.539,r=-0.594,r=0.551,P<0.05)。仅1例患者出现神经根刺激症状,并很快恢复。
结论:万古霉素对大多数颅内感染的致病菌敏感,临床疗效显著,减少住院时间,节省住院费用,无明显CNS毒性作用。
Objective: To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of intrathecal Vancomycin in the treatment of intracranial infection after craniotomy.
Methods: A retrospective study was made to 33 cases of intracranial infection after craniotomy in recent 2 years, 18 cases treated with intrathecal Vancomycin were divided into treatment group, and 15 cases treated with intravenous antibiotics were divided into control group. Compared the clinical efficacy, the period and cost spent to control the infection, and evaluated the sensitivity of Vancomycin against the germs which lead to the intracranial infections, the relations of intrathecal doses with therapeutic period and the CNS toxicity effect were also considered.
Results: The sensitivity ratio of Vancomycin against etiologic agent in intracranial infections was 9 in 9(100%). In the treatment team, 16 cases were healed completely, 1 case was excellenced, 1 failed, while in control team, 8 cases were healed completely and 4 cases were excellenced, 1 was improved partly, 2 failed in which 1 died. Meanwhile the time of therapy was 16 days shorter after intrathecal Vancomycin, and the costs were about RMB6500 less for the treatment group. The clinical signs and symptoms of intracranial infection could be improved rapidly after intrathecal vancomycin administration. There was a relativity between the general doses of Vancomycin and monitoring parameters of intracranial infection such as WBC counts of CSF, glucose and protein value of CSF, (r=0.539,r=-0.594 r=0.551, P<0.05). Only 1 cases showed moderate CNS neurotoxic effects, and recovered in short time.
Conclusion: Most of etiologic agents of intracranial infections are susceptible to Vancomycin, it showed perfect clinical efficacy and would shorten the costs and days for the control of infection, also no apparent neurotoxic effects are observed.
引文
1. Reichert M, Medeiros E, Ferraz F: Hospital acquired meningitis in patients undergoing craniotomy: incidence, evolution, and risk factors. Am J Infect Control 2002;30:158-164.
2. De BD, Korinek AM, Bismut HR: Empirical treatment of adult postsurgical nosocomial meningitis. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2002;144:989-995.
3. Korinek A, George B, Haines S: Risk factors for neurosurgical site infections after craniotomy: a prospective multicenter study of 2944 patients. Neurosurgery 1997;41:1073-1081.
4. 刘窗溪, 万登济, 李健龙: 颅脑手术后颅内感染分析. 中华医院感染学杂志 2000;4:426.
5. 尚爱加, 程东源, 周定标: 清洁开颅手术后颅内感染的治疗. 中华医院感染学杂志 2002;12:84-86.
6. 袁源, 刘运林, 付鹏: 开颅术后颅内感染临床分析. 中会医院感染学杂志 2001;11:363 转 395.
7. 赵新亮, 申长虹, 甄自刚: 神经外科术后颅内感染的临床研究. 中华医院感染学杂志 2006;16:277-280.
8. Blomsted G: Infections in neurosurgery: A retrospective study of 1143 patients and 1517 operations. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1985;78:81-90.
9. 刘旭, 穆锦江, 陈亚民: 86 例神经外科术后颅内感染分析. 中华医院感染学杂志 2004;14:635.
10. Kourbeti IS, Jacobs AV, Koslow M: Risk factors associated with postcraniotomy meningitis. Neurosurgery 2007;60:317-326.
11. 时忠华, 蔡学见, 陈铮立, 王玉海, 董吉荣: 鞘内给药治疗颅内细菌感染. 江苏医药 2005;32:170-171.
12. Dempsey R, Rapp R, Yong B: Prophylatic parenteral antibiotics in clean neurosurgical procedures: a review. J of Neurosurgery 1998;69:52.
13. Briggs S, Ellis-Pegler R, Raymond N, Thomas M, Wilkinson L: Gram-negative bacillary meningitis after cranial surgery or trauma in adults. Scand J Infect 2004;36:165-173.
14. Brinquin L, Rousseau JM, Boulesteix G, Diraison Y, Bonsignour JP: Continuous infusion of vancomycin in post-neurosurgical staphylococcal meningitis in adults. Presse Med 1993;22:1815-1817.
15. Gulati S, Kapil A, Das B, Dwivedi S, Mahapatra A: Nosocomial infections due to Acinetobacter baumannii in a neurosurgery ICU. Neurol India 2001;49:134-137.
16. Harder E, Moller K, Skinhoj P: Enterobacteriaceae meningitis in adults: A review of 20 consecutive cases 1977-97. Scand J Infect Dis 1999;31:287-291.
17. Hsu G, Young T, Chou J, Peng M: Gram-negative bacillary meningitis in adults. J Formos Med Assoc 1993;92:317-323.
18. Lu C, Chang W, Chuang Y, Chang H: Gram-negative bacillary meningitis in adult post-neurosurgical patients. Surg Neurol1999;52:1073-1081.
19. Wroblewska MM, Dijkshoorn L, Marchel H, van den Barselaar M, Swoboda-Kopec E: Outbreak of nosocomial meningitis caused by Acinetobacter baumannii in neurosurgical patients. J Hosp Infect 2004;57:300-307.
20. Singh R, Yeh J: Wound infection with meningitis caused by Salmonella typhimurium. Br J Neurosurg 1993;7:311-313.
21. Korinek A: Prevention of meningitis after craniotomy in scheduled surgery. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 1993;11:711-715.
22. Korinek A: Risk factors for neurosurgical site infections after craniotomy: A prospective multicenter study of 2944 patients. The French Study Group of Neurosurgical Infections, the SEHP, and the C-CLIN Paris-Nord. Service Epidemiologie Hygiene et Prevention. Neurosurgery 1997;41:1073-1081.
23. Narotam P, van Dellen J, Du Trevou M, Gouws E: Operative sepsis in neurosurgery: A method of classifying surgical cases. Neurosurgery 1994;34:409-416.
24. van EB, Bakker F, van Dulken H, Dijkmans B: Infections after craniotomy: A retrospective study. J Infect 1986;12:105-109.
25. Wright R: A survey of possible etiologic agents in postoperative craniotomy infections. J Neurosurg 1966;25:125-132.
26. Balch RE: Wound infections complicating neurosurgical procedures. J Neurosurg 1967;26:41-45.
27. Brown EM: Antimicrobial prophylaxis in neurosurgery. JAntimicrob Chemother 1993;31:49-63.
28. Mollman HD, Haines SJ: Risk factors for postoperative neurosurgical wound infection: A case-control study. J of Neurosurgery 1986;64:902-906.
29. Narotam PK, van Dellen JR, Du MD T, E G: Operative sepsis in neurosurgery: A method of classifying surgical cases. Neurosurgery 1994;34:409-416.
30. Tenney JH, Vlahov D, Salcman M, Ducker TB: Wide variation in risk of wound infection following clean neurosurgery: Implications for perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis. J of Neurosurgery 1985;62:243-247.
31. Yogev R: Cerebrospinal fluid shunt infections: a personal view. Pediatr Infect Dis 1985;4:113-118.
32. Ronan A, Hogg GG, GL K: Cerebrospinal fluid shunt infections in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1995;14:782-786.
33. 汤浩, 雷霆, 李龄: 脑积水分流术后感染的研究新进展. Chin J Clin Neurosurg 2005;10:472-474.
34. Turgut M, Alabaz D, Erbey F: Cerebrospinal fluid shunt infections in children. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2005;41:131-136.
35. Brown EM, Richard J, Pople IK: Conservative management of patients with cerebrospinal fluid shunt infections. Neurosurgery 2006;58:657- 664.
36. 杜浩, 秦尚振, 马廉亭, 潘力: 脑室-腹腔分流术后颅内感染的原因及治疗措施. 中国临床神经外科杂志 2004;9: 335-337.
37. Vinchon M, Lemaitre MP, Vallee L: Late shunt infection: incidence, pathogenesis, and therapeutic implications. Neuropediatrics 2002;33:169-173.
38. Baird C, Pittman DO'T: Late shunt infection. Pediatr Neurosurg 1999;31:269-273.
39. Anderson EJ, Yogev R: A Rational Approach to the Management of Ventricular Shunt Infections. Concise Reviews of Pediatric infectious disease. 2005;24:557-558.
40. 王秉玉: 脑积水分流失败的有关因素. 国外医学神经病学神经外科学分册 1997;24:89-91.
41. Kulkarni AV, Drake JM, Lamberti Z, Pasculli M: Cerebrospinal fluid shunt infection: a prospective study of risk factors. Neurosurgery 2001;94:195.
42. Tulipan N, Cleves MA: Effect of an intraoperative double- gloving strategy on the incidence of cerebrospinal fluid shunt infection. J Neurosurg-Spine 2006;104:528.
43. Haines SJ, Walters BC: Antibiotic prophylaxis for CSF shunts: a meta- analysis. Neurosurgery 1994;34:87-92.
44. Langley JM, LeBlanc J, Drake T: Efficacy of antimicrobial prophylaxis in placement of cerebrospinal fluid shunts: Meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 1993;17:98-103.
45. 何俊平, 王刚, 吴玉新, 贺利祯, 高喆: 儿童脑积水脑室腹腔分流术后感染的临床分析. 临床小儿外科杂志 2005;4: 380-382.
46. Bagdatoglu H, Ildan F, Cetinalp E: The clinical presentation of intracranial abscesses. A study of seventy-eight cases. J Neurosurg Sci 1992;36:139-143.
47. Kagawa M, Takeshita M, Yato S: Brain abscess in congenital cyanotic heart disease. J Neurosurg-Spine 1983;58:913-917.
48. Miller ES, Dias PS, Uttley D: CT scanning in the management of intracranial abscess: a review of 100 cases. J Neurosurg- Spine 1988;2:439-446.
49. Yang SY: Brain abscess: a review of 400 cases. J Neurosurg- Spine 1981;55:794-799.
50. LU C-, CHANG W-, LIN Y-: Bacterial brain abscess: microbiological features, epidemiological trends and therapeutic outcomes. Q J Med 2002;95:501-509.
51. Rappaport ZH, Vajda J: Intracranial Abscess: Current Concepts in Management. Neurosurg Quart 2002;12:238-259.
52. 于佶, 周良辅: 颅内细菌性感染; in 周良辅 (ed): 现代神经外科学. 上海, 复旦大学出版社, 2004, vol21, p300.
53. Nicolosi A, Hauser WA, Musicco M, Kurland L: Incidence and prognosis of brain abscess in a defined population: Olmsted. Neuroepidemiology 1991;10:122-131.
54. Yen PT, Chan ST, Huang TS: Brain abscess: with special reference to otolaryngologic sources of infection. Otolaryng Head Neck 1995;113:15-22.
55. 郑峥, 宿英英: 脑脓肿治疗研究进展. 中国神经免疫学和神经病学杂志 2006;13:60-63.
56. 曾力, 张友东: 脑脓肿 112 例回顾性研究. 临床神经外科学杂志 2002;4:113.
57. Osenbach RK: Pyogenic brain abscess; in SM Z, RK O (eds): Infections in Neurological Surgery, Philadelphia Lippincott- Raven publisher, 1999,p101-118.
58. 吴锋, 蔡琦: 鞘内注射治疗颅内感染的临床进展. 中国综合临床 2002;18:1059-1060.
59. Lasser EC, Lamkin GE: Effects of intrathecal injection of diatrizoate on dopamine receptor. Acad Radiol 2002;9:826-829.
60. Guimaraes R, Becker H: A new technique for the use of intrathecal fluorescein in the pair of cerebrospinalfluid rhinorrhea using a hypodense diluent. Revue de Laryngologie Otologle Rhinologle 2002;82:191-193.
61. 陈东亮, 陈凤坤, 姚振秀: 腰椎蛛网膜下腔持续引流治疗颅内感染的研究. 广西医学 2004;26:662-663.
62. 陈锷, 唐建建, 张俊卿: 腰大池持续引流治疗术后颅内感染. 临床和实验医学杂志 2004;3:143-145.
63. 翟卫东, 钟建卫, 王涛, 袁俊, 孙永峰, 尚传强: 腰蛛网膜下腔 持 续 引 流 治 疗 颅 内 感 染 临 床 分 析 . 实 用 医 学 杂 志 2006;22:164.
64. 钟景灿, 张嘉林: 腰大池置管持续引流治疗重症颅内感染. 2006;24:377-378.
65. 刘丽丹, 刘军, 季学成: 持续腰大池引流治疗重症颅内感染.中华医院感染学杂志 2006;16:642-643.
66. Watanbe L, Hodeges GR, Rzack DI: Neurotoxicity of intrathecal: a case report and experiment study. A nn Neurol 1978;4:5764- 5772.
67. 杨平, 谭方伦: 鞘内注射庆大霉素致脊髓功能严重障碍 3 例. 中国神经精神疾病杂志 1999;25:229.
68. 姚一, 吴家阳, 江建东, 欧阳玲: 庆大霉素脊髓鞘内注射致下肢功能障碍 1 例. 第三军医大学学报 2004;26:77.
69. 杨占利, 徐福平, 赵钦花: 腰池内注入硫酸庆大霉素致马尾神经损伤 3 例报告. 滨州医学院学报 2001;24:307.
70. Block CS, Lassel R, Kornof HJ: Klebsiella meningitis treated with intrathecal amikacin. The Lancet 1977;25:1371- 1372.
71. Bruce H, Panos IM: Intrathecal Amikacin administration, Use in the treatment of gen-tamicin resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae meningitis. JAMA 1976;236: 1973-1974.
72. 吴锋, 蔡琦, 刘吉祥, 任洪波: 阿米卡星鞘内注射治疗开颅术后颅内感染的应用研究. 中国现代医学杂志 2006;16: 2514-2516.
73. 孙辉, 马骏: 鞘内注射阿米卡星及地塞米松治疗开颅术后颅内感染 21 例. 2003;28:241-242.
74. Wirt TC, Mcgee ZA, Oldfield EH: Intraventricular administration of amikacin for complicated Gram- negative meningitis and ventriculitis. J Neurosurg-Spine 1979;50:95-99.
75. 孔文琴, 马淑萍, 张培元: 鞘内注入丁胺卡那霉素脑脊液浓度动态观察. 中国防痨杂志 1998;20:121-122.
76. Zavascki AP, Goldani LZ, Li J, Nation RL: Polymyxin B for the treatment of multidrug-resistant pathogens:a critical review. J Antimicrob Chemoth 2007;60:1206-1215.
77. Evans ME, Feola DJ, Rapp RP: Polymyxin B sulfate and colistin: old antibiotics for emerging multiresistant gram- negative bacteria. Ann Pharmacother 1999;33:960-967.
78. Hermsen ED, Sullivan CJ, Rotschafer JC: Polymyxins: pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and clinical applications. Infect Dis Clin N Am 2003;17:545-562.
79. Falagas ME, Kasiakou SK: Colistin: the revival of polymyxins for the management of multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacterial infections. Clin Infect Dis 2005;40:1333-1341.
80. Li J, Nation RL, Turnidge JD: Colistin: the re-emerging antibiotic for multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections. 2006;6:589-601.
81. John NG, Gosbell IB, Kelly JA, Boyle MJ: Cure of multiresistant Acinetobacter baumannii central nervous system infections with intraventricular or intrathecal colistin: case series and literature review. J Antimicrob Chemoth 2006;58: 1078-1081.
82. Enfanto CM, Shin S: Treatment With Intrathecal Colistin of a Resistant Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in the Cerebrospinal Fluid. Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice 2007;15:274-276.
83. 李忠民, 杨风海, 孙学礼: 硫酸妥布霉素鞘内注射治疗中枢性感染. 中国抗生素杂志 1998;23:399.
84. Fuhr U, Hafner S: CSF pharmacokinetics of ceftazidime in neurosurgical patients with an external ventriculostomy. Infection 1989;17.
85. 李巧玉, 袁志诚, 陆军: 头孢噻肟钠鞘内注射治疗开颅术. 新医学 1990;30:4198.
86. 朱士广, 杨树源, 张建宁: 神经外科术后颅内感染及其治疗. 中国神经精神疾病杂志 1998;24:215.
87. 王鹏程, 王宇田, 罗光华, 陈健龙, 李俊驹, 颜业民: 腰穿置管引流头饱他啶治疗颅内感染. 中国医院感染学杂志 2000;10:281-282.
88. 张建宏, 范建中: 鞘内注射罗氏芬治疗颅内感染疗效观察. 中国康复理论与实践 2005;11:286-287.
89. 迟金臣, 李伟, 迟红艳: 鞘内注射罗氏芬治疗脑脊液漏颅内感染 6 例. 现代诊断与治疗 2001;12:71.
90. 李文胜, 郭英, 王辉, 梁潮峰, 龚瑾: 静脉及鞘内联合用药治疗 脑 室 外 引 流 术 后 颅 内 感 染 . 中 华 神 经 医 学 杂 志 2006;5:1048-1049.
91. Sarosi GA, Araphotericin B: Still the gold standard for antigungal therapy. Postgrad Med 1990;88:151.
92. 陈国光: 隐球菌性脑膜炎四种不同治疗方法的疗效比较. 广东医学院学报 2001;19:139-140.
93. 吕田明, 尹恝, 刘晓加, 王群: 两性霉素 B 椎管内持续给药治疗新型隐球菌性脑膜炎(附首例报告). 南方医科大学学报 2007;27:1461.
94. Wang Q, Shi Z, Wang J, Shi G, Wang S, Zhou J: Postoperatively administered vancomycin reaches therapeutic concentration in the cerebral spinal fluid of neurosurgical patients. Surg Neurol 2007;28:423-425.
95. Pfausler B, Spiss H, Beer R: Treatment of staphylococcal ventricultis associated with external CSF drains: a prospective randomized trial with intravenous vs intraventricular vancomycin therapy. J Neurosurg 2003;98:1040-1044..
96. Luer MS, Hatton J: Vancomycin administration into the cerebrospinal fluid: a review. Ann Pharmacother 1993;27: 912-921.
97. Everett ED, Strausbaugh LJ: Antimicrobial agents and the central nervous system. Neurosurgery 1980;6:691-714.
98. Kawamoto H, Inagawa T, Ikawa F: Intrathecal Administration of Vancomycin for Coagulase-Negative Staphylococcal Meningitis in a Patient with Blunt Head Injury: Case Report. The Journal of TRAUMA 2002;53:1010-1012.
99. Plotkin SA, McKitrick JC: Nosocomial meningitis of the newborn caused by a Flavobacterium. Journal of the American Medical Association 1966;198:662-664.
100. Collede CL, Mckenzie T: Monitorning vancomycin concentrations in CSF after intraventricular administration. JAntimicrob Chemoth 1988;21:262.
101. Sutherland GE, Palitang EG, Marr JJ: Sterilization of ommaya reservoir by insillation of vancomycin. Am J Med 1981;71: 1068.
102. Congeni BL, Tan J, Salstorm SJ: Kinetics of Vancomycin after intraventricular and intravenous adminstration (abstrct). Pesiatr Res 1979;13:459.
103. Pfausler B, HP HPH, Kampfl A: Cecebrospinal fluid pharmacokinetics of intraventricular vancomycin in patients with staphylococcal ventriculitis associated with external CSF drainage. Clin Infect Dis 1997;25:733.
104. McLaurin RL, Frame PT: Treatment of infections of cerebrospinal fluid shunts. Rev Infect Dis 1987;9:595-601.
105. Bayston R, Hart CA, Barnicoat M: Intraventricular vancomycin in the treatment of ventriculitis associated with cerebrospinal fluid shunting and drainage. J Neurol 1987;50:1419-1423.
1. 尚爱加, 程东源, 周定标: 清洁开颅手术后颅内感染的治疗. 中华医院感染学杂志 2002;12:84-86.
2. Reichert MC, Medeiros EA, Ferraz FA: Hospital acquired meningitis in patients undergoing craniotomy: incidence, evolution, and risk factors. Am J Infect Control 2002;30: 158-164.
3. 袁源, 刘运林, 付鹏: 开颅术后颅内感染临床分析. 中华医院感染学杂志 2001;11:363 转 395.
4. 刘窗溪, 万登济, 李健龙: 颅脑手术后颅内感染分析. 中华医院感染学杂志 2000;4:426.
5. Korinek AM, George B, Haines SJ: Risk factors for neurosurgical site infections after craniotomy: a prospective multicenter study of 2944 patients. Neurosurgery 1997;41:1073- 1081.
6. De BD, Korinek A, Bismut HR: Empirical treatment of adult post surgical nosocomial meningitis. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2002;144:989-995.
7. 舒航, 李昭杰, 林志俊: 脑室冲洗治疗颅脑术后继发颅内感染. 实用医学杂志 2000;16:386-387.
8. 刘旭, 穆锦江, 陈亚民: 86 例神经外科术后颅内感染分析. 中华医院感染学杂志 2004;14.
9. Kourbeti IS, Jacobs AV, Koslow M: Risk factors associated with postcraniotomy meningitis. Neurosurgery 2007;60:317-326.
10. 赵新亮, 申长虹, 甄自刚: 神经外科术后颅内感染的临床研究. 中华医院感染学杂志 2006;16:277-280.
11. 时忠华, 蔡学见, 陈铮立, 王玉海, 董吉荣: 鞘内给药治疗颅内细菌感染. 江苏医药 2005;32:170-171.
12. 吴锋, 蔡琦: 鞘内注射治疗颅内感染的临床进展. 中国综合临床 2002;18:1059-1060.
13. Lasser EC, Lamkin GE: Effects of intrathecal injection of diatrizoate on dopamine receptor. Acad Radiol 2002;9:826-829.
14. Guimaraes R, Becker H: A new technique for the use of intrathecal fluorescein in the pair of cerebrospinalfluid rhinorrhea using a hypodense diluent. Revue de Laryngologie Otologle Rhinologle 2002;82:191-193.
15. 陈东亮, 陈凤坤, 姚振秀: 腰椎蛛网膜下腔持续引流治疗颅内感染的研究. 广西医学 2004;26:662-663.
16. Pafir R: Risk factors in Postoperative neurosurgical infection. Atta Nearochi 1992;19:80.
17. Dempsey R, Rapp R, Yong B: Prophylatic parenteral antibiotics in clean neurosurgical procedures: a review. J of Neurosurgery 1998;69:52.
18. Korinek A: Prevention of meningitis after craniotomy in scheduled surgery. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 1993;11:711-715.
19. Korinek A: Risk factors for neurosurgical site infections after craniotomy: A prospective multicenter study of 2944 patients. The French Study Group of Neurosurgical Infections, the SEHP, andthe C-CLIN Paris-Nord. Service Epidemiologie Hygiene et Prevention. Neurosurgery 1997;41:1073-1081.
20. Narotam P, van Dellen J, Du Trevou, E G: Operative sepsis in neurosurgery: A method of classifying surgical cases. Neurosurgery 1994;34:409-416.
21. Singh R, Yeh J: Wound infection with meningitis caused by Salmonella typhimurium. Br J Neurosurg 1993;7:311-313.
22. van B E, FP B, van H D, BA D: Infections after craniotomy: A retrospective study. J Infect 1986;12:105-109.
23. Wright R: A survey of possible etiologic agents in postoperative craniotomy infections. J Neurosurg 1966;25:125-132.
24. Wang Q, Shi Z, Wang J, Shi G, Wang S, Zhou J: Postoperatively administered vancomycin reaches therapeutic concentration in the cerebral-spinal fluid of neurosurgical patients. Surg Neurol 2007;28:423-425.
25. Pfausler B, Haring HP, Kampfl A: Cecebrospinal fluid pharmacokinetics of intraventricular vancomycin in patients with staphylococcal ventriculitis associated with external CSF drainage. Clin Infect Dis 1997;25:733.
26. Kawamoto H, Inagawa T, Ikawa F: Intrathecal Administration of Vancomycin for Coagulase-Negative Staphylococcal Meningitis in a Patient with Blunt Head Injury: Case Report. The Journal of TRAUMA 2002;53:1010-1012.
27. Luer MS, Hatton J: Vancomycin administration into thecerebrospinal fluid: a review. Ann Pharmacother 1993;27:912- 921.
28. Everett ED, Strausbaugh LJ: Antimicrobial agents and the central nervous system. Neurosurgery 1980;6:691-714.
29. Plotkin S, McKitrick J: Nosocomial meningitis of the newborn caused by a Flavobacterium. Journal of the American Medical Association 1966;198:662-664.
30. 何俊平, 王刚, 吴玉新, 贺利祯, 高喆: 儿童脑积水脑室腹腔分流术后感染的临床分析. 临床小儿外科杂志 2005;4: 380-382.
31. Yogev R: Cerebrosp inal fluid shunt infections: a personal view. Pediatr Infect Dis 1985;4:113-118.
32. Turgut M, Alabaz D, Erbey F: Cerebrospinal fluid shunt infections in children. Pediatr Neurosurg 2005;41:131-136.
33. Shah S, Smith M, Zaoutis T: Device-related infections in children. Pediatr Clin N Am 2005;52:1189-1208.
34. Schreffler R, Schreffler A, Wittler R: Treatment of cerebrospinal fluid shunt infections: a decision analysis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2002;35:66-71.
35. Bennett M, YMA T, Symonds J: Staphylococcal meningitis following Synchromed intrathecal pump implant: a case report. Pain 1994;56:243-244.
36. 杜浩, 秦尚振, 马廉亭, 潘力: 脑室-腹腔分流术后颅内感染的原因及治疗措施. 中国临床神经外科杂志 2004;9:335-337.
37. 杨平, 谭方伦: 鞘内注射庆大霉素致脊髓功能严重障碍 3 例.中国神经精神疾病杂志 1999;25:229.
38. 姚一, 吴家阳, 江建东, 欧阳玲: 庆大霉素脊髓鞘内注射致下肢功能障碍 1 例. 第三军医大学学报 2004;26:77.
39. 杨占利, 徐福平, 赵钦花: 腰池内注入硫酸庆大霉素致马尾神经损伤 3 例报告. 滨州医学院学报 2001;24:307.
40. Sutherland G, Palitang E, Marr J: Sterilization of ommaya reservoir by insillation of vancomycin. Am J Med 1981;71:1068.
41. Collede C, Mckenzie T: Monitorning vancomycin concentrations in CSF after intraventricular administration. J Antimicrob Chemoth 1988;21:262.
42. Congeni R, Tan J, Salstorm S: Kinetics of Vancomycin after intraventricular and intravenous adminstration (abstrct). Pesiatr Res 1979;13:459.
43. Pfausler B, Haring H, Kampfl A: Cecebrospinal fluid pharmacokinetics of intraventricular vancomycin in patients with staphylococcal ventriculitis associated with external CSF drainage. Clin Infect Dis 1997;25:733.
44. Brown EM, Richard J, Pople IK: Conservative management of patients with cerebrospinal fluid shunt infections. Neurosurgery 2006;58:657-664.
2. De BD, Korinek AM, Bismut HR: Empirical treatment of adult postsurgical nosocomial meningitis. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2002;144:989-995.
3. Korinek A, George B, Haines S: Risk factors for neurosurgical site infections after craniotomy: a prospective multicenter study of 2944 patients. Neurosurgery 1997;41:1073-1081.
4. 刘窗溪, 万登济, 李健龙: 颅脑手术后颅内感染分析. 中华医院感染学杂志 2000;4:426.
5. 尚爱加, 程东源, 周定标: 清洁开颅手术后颅内感染的治疗. 中华医院感染学杂志 2002;12:84-86.
6. 袁源, 刘运林, 付鹏: 开颅术后颅内感染临床分析. 中会医院感染学杂志 2001;11:363 转 395.
7. 赵新亮, 申长虹, 甄自刚: 神经外科术后颅内感染的临床研究. 中华医院感染学杂志 2006;16:277-280.
8. Blomsted G: Infections in neurosurgery: A retrospective study of 1143 patients and 1517 operations. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1985;78:81-90.
9. 刘旭, 穆锦江, 陈亚民: 86 例神经外科术后颅内感染分析. 中华医院感染学杂志 2004;14:635.
10. Kourbeti IS, Jacobs AV, Koslow M: Risk factors associated with postcraniotomy meningitis. Neurosurgery 2007;60:317-326.
11. 时忠华, 蔡学见, 陈铮立, 王玉海, 董吉荣: 鞘内给药治疗颅内细菌感染. 江苏医药 2005;32:170-171.
12. Dempsey R, Rapp R, Yong B: Prophylatic parenteral antibiotics in clean neurosurgical procedures: a review. J of Neurosurgery 1998;69:52.
13. Briggs S, Ellis-Pegler R, Raymond N, Thomas M, Wilkinson L: Gram-negative bacillary meningitis after cranial surgery or trauma in adults. Scand J Infect 2004;36:165-173.
14. Brinquin L, Rousseau JM, Boulesteix G, Diraison Y, Bonsignour JP: Continuous infusion of vancomycin in post-neurosurgical staphylococcal meningitis in adults. Presse Med 1993;22:1815-1817.
15. Gulati S, Kapil A, Das B, Dwivedi S, Mahapatra A: Nosocomial infections due to Acinetobacter baumannii in a neurosurgery ICU. Neurol India 2001;49:134-137.
16. Harder E, Moller K, Skinhoj P: Enterobacteriaceae meningitis in adults: A review of 20 consecutive cases 1977-97. Scand J Infect Dis 1999;31:287-291.
17. Hsu G, Young T, Chou J, Peng M: Gram-negative bacillary meningitis in adults. J Formos Med Assoc 1993;92:317-323.
18. Lu C, Chang W, Chuang Y, Chang H: Gram-negative bacillary meningitis in adult post-neurosurgical patients. Surg Neurol1999;52:1073-1081.
19. Wroblewska MM, Dijkshoorn L, Marchel H, van den Barselaar M, Swoboda-Kopec E: Outbreak of nosocomial meningitis caused by Acinetobacter baumannii in neurosurgical patients. J Hosp Infect 2004;57:300-307.
20. Singh R, Yeh J: Wound infection with meningitis caused by Salmonella typhimurium. Br J Neurosurg 1993;7:311-313.
21. Korinek A: Prevention of meningitis after craniotomy in scheduled surgery. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 1993;11:711-715.
22. Korinek A: Risk factors for neurosurgical site infections after craniotomy: A prospective multicenter study of 2944 patients. The French Study Group of Neurosurgical Infections, the SEHP, and the C-CLIN Paris-Nord. Service Epidemiologie Hygiene et Prevention. Neurosurgery 1997;41:1073-1081.
23. Narotam P, van Dellen J, Du Trevou M, Gouws E: Operative sepsis in neurosurgery: A method of classifying surgical cases. Neurosurgery 1994;34:409-416.
24. van EB, Bakker F, van Dulken H, Dijkmans B: Infections after craniotomy: A retrospective study. J Infect 1986;12:105-109.
25. Wright R: A survey of possible etiologic agents in postoperative craniotomy infections. J Neurosurg 1966;25:125-132.
26. Balch RE: Wound infections complicating neurosurgical procedures. J Neurosurg 1967;26:41-45.
27. Brown EM: Antimicrobial prophylaxis in neurosurgery. JAntimicrob Chemother 1993;31:49-63.
28. Mollman HD, Haines SJ: Risk factors for postoperative neurosurgical wound infection: A case-control study. J of Neurosurgery 1986;64:902-906.
29. Narotam PK, van Dellen JR, Du MD T, E G: Operative sepsis in neurosurgery: A method of classifying surgical cases. Neurosurgery 1994;34:409-416.
30. Tenney JH, Vlahov D, Salcman M, Ducker TB: Wide variation in risk of wound infection following clean neurosurgery: Implications for perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis. J of Neurosurgery 1985;62:243-247.
31. Yogev R: Cerebrospinal fluid shunt infections: a personal view. Pediatr Infect Dis 1985;4:113-118.
32. Ronan A, Hogg GG, GL K: Cerebrospinal fluid shunt infections in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1995;14:782-786.
33. 汤浩, 雷霆, 李龄: 脑积水分流术后感染的研究新进展. Chin J Clin Neurosurg 2005;10:472-474.
34. Turgut M, Alabaz D, Erbey F: Cerebrospinal fluid shunt infections in children. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2005;41:131-136.
35. Brown EM, Richard J, Pople IK: Conservative management of patients with cerebrospinal fluid shunt infections. Neurosurgery 2006;58:657- 664.
36. 杜浩, 秦尚振, 马廉亭, 潘力: 脑室-腹腔分流术后颅内感染的原因及治疗措施. 中国临床神经外科杂志 2004;9: 335-337.
37. Vinchon M, Lemaitre MP, Vallee L: Late shunt infection: incidence, pathogenesis, and therapeutic implications. Neuropediatrics 2002;33:169-173.
38. Baird C, Pittman DO'T: Late shunt infection. Pediatr Neurosurg 1999;31:269-273.
39. Anderson EJ, Yogev R: A Rational Approach to the Management of Ventricular Shunt Infections. Concise Reviews of Pediatric infectious disease. 2005;24:557-558.
40. 王秉玉: 脑积水分流失败的有关因素. 国外医学神经病学神经外科学分册 1997;24:89-91.
41. Kulkarni AV, Drake JM, Lamberti Z, Pasculli M: Cerebrospinal fluid shunt infection: a prospective study of risk factors. Neurosurgery 2001;94:195.
42. Tulipan N, Cleves MA: Effect of an intraoperative double- gloving strategy on the incidence of cerebrospinal fluid shunt infection. J Neurosurg-Spine 2006;104:528.
43. Haines SJ, Walters BC: Antibiotic prophylaxis for CSF shunts: a meta- analysis. Neurosurgery 1994;34:87-92.
44. Langley JM, LeBlanc J, Drake T: Efficacy of antimicrobial prophylaxis in placement of cerebrospinal fluid shunts: Meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 1993;17:98-103.
45. 何俊平, 王刚, 吴玉新, 贺利祯, 高喆: 儿童脑积水脑室腹腔分流术后感染的临床分析. 临床小儿外科杂志 2005;4: 380-382.
46. Bagdatoglu H, Ildan F, Cetinalp E: The clinical presentation of intracranial abscesses. A study of seventy-eight cases. J Neurosurg Sci 1992;36:139-143.
47. Kagawa M, Takeshita M, Yato S: Brain abscess in congenital cyanotic heart disease. J Neurosurg-Spine 1983;58:913-917.
48. Miller ES, Dias PS, Uttley D: CT scanning in the management of intracranial abscess: a review of 100 cases. J Neurosurg- Spine 1988;2:439-446.
49. Yang SY: Brain abscess: a review of 400 cases. J Neurosurg- Spine 1981;55:794-799.
50. LU C-, CHANG W-, LIN Y-: Bacterial brain abscess: microbiological features, epidemiological trends and therapeutic outcomes. Q J Med 2002;95:501-509.
51. Rappaport ZH, Vajda J: Intracranial Abscess: Current Concepts in Management. Neurosurg Quart 2002;12:238-259.
52. 于佶, 周良辅: 颅内细菌性感染; in 周良辅 (ed): 现代神经外科学. 上海, 复旦大学出版社, 2004, vol21, p300.
53. Nicolosi A, Hauser WA, Musicco M, Kurland L: Incidence and prognosis of brain abscess in a defined population: Olmsted. Neuroepidemiology 1991;10:122-131.
54. Yen PT, Chan ST, Huang TS: Brain abscess: with special reference to otolaryngologic sources of infection. Otolaryng Head Neck 1995;113:15-22.
55. 郑峥, 宿英英: 脑脓肿治疗研究进展. 中国神经免疫学和神经病学杂志 2006;13:60-63.
56. 曾力, 张友东: 脑脓肿 112 例回顾性研究. 临床神经外科学杂志 2002;4:113.
57. Osenbach RK: Pyogenic brain abscess; in SM Z, RK O (eds): Infections in Neurological Surgery, Philadelphia Lippincott- Raven publisher, 1999,p101-118.
58. 吴锋, 蔡琦: 鞘内注射治疗颅内感染的临床进展. 中国综合临床 2002;18:1059-1060.
59. Lasser EC, Lamkin GE: Effects of intrathecal injection of diatrizoate on dopamine receptor. Acad Radiol 2002;9:826-829.
60. Guimaraes R, Becker H: A new technique for the use of intrathecal fluorescein in the pair of cerebrospinalfluid rhinorrhea using a hypodense diluent. Revue de Laryngologie Otologle Rhinologle 2002;82:191-193.
61. 陈东亮, 陈凤坤, 姚振秀: 腰椎蛛网膜下腔持续引流治疗颅内感染的研究. 广西医学 2004;26:662-663.
62. 陈锷, 唐建建, 张俊卿: 腰大池持续引流治疗术后颅内感染. 临床和实验医学杂志 2004;3:143-145.
63. 翟卫东, 钟建卫, 王涛, 袁俊, 孙永峰, 尚传强: 腰蛛网膜下腔 持 续 引 流 治 疗 颅 内 感 染 临 床 分 析 . 实 用 医 学 杂 志 2006;22:164.
64. 钟景灿, 张嘉林: 腰大池置管持续引流治疗重症颅内感染. 2006;24:377-378.
65. 刘丽丹, 刘军, 季学成: 持续腰大池引流治疗重症颅内感染.中华医院感染学杂志 2006;16:642-643.
66. Watanbe L, Hodeges GR, Rzack DI: Neurotoxicity of intrathecal: a case report and experiment study. A nn Neurol 1978;4:5764- 5772.
67. 杨平, 谭方伦: 鞘内注射庆大霉素致脊髓功能严重障碍 3 例. 中国神经精神疾病杂志 1999;25:229.
68. 姚一, 吴家阳, 江建东, 欧阳玲: 庆大霉素脊髓鞘内注射致下肢功能障碍 1 例. 第三军医大学学报 2004;26:77.
69. 杨占利, 徐福平, 赵钦花: 腰池内注入硫酸庆大霉素致马尾神经损伤 3 例报告. 滨州医学院学报 2001;24:307.
70. Block CS, Lassel R, Kornof HJ: Klebsiella meningitis treated with intrathecal amikacin. The Lancet 1977;25:1371- 1372.
71. Bruce H, Panos IM: Intrathecal Amikacin administration, Use in the treatment of gen-tamicin resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae meningitis. JAMA 1976;236: 1973-1974.
72. 吴锋, 蔡琦, 刘吉祥, 任洪波: 阿米卡星鞘内注射治疗开颅术后颅内感染的应用研究. 中国现代医学杂志 2006;16: 2514-2516.
73. 孙辉, 马骏: 鞘内注射阿米卡星及地塞米松治疗开颅术后颅内感染 21 例. 2003;28:241-242.
74. Wirt TC, Mcgee ZA, Oldfield EH: Intraventricular administration of amikacin for complicated Gram- negative meningitis and ventriculitis. J Neurosurg-Spine 1979;50:95-99.
75. 孔文琴, 马淑萍, 张培元: 鞘内注入丁胺卡那霉素脑脊液浓度动态观察. 中国防痨杂志 1998;20:121-122.
76. Zavascki AP, Goldani LZ, Li J, Nation RL: Polymyxin B for the treatment of multidrug-resistant pathogens:a critical review. J Antimicrob Chemoth 2007;60:1206-1215.
77. Evans ME, Feola DJ, Rapp RP: Polymyxin B sulfate and colistin: old antibiotics for emerging multiresistant gram- negative bacteria. Ann Pharmacother 1999;33:960-967.
78. Hermsen ED, Sullivan CJ, Rotschafer JC: Polymyxins: pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and clinical applications. Infect Dis Clin N Am 2003;17:545-562.
79. Falagas ME, Kasiakou SK: Colistin: the revival of polymyxins for the management of multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacterial infections. Clin Infect Dis 2005;40:1333-1341.
80. Li J, Nation RL, Turnidge JD: Colistin: the re-emerging antibiotic for multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections. 2006;6:589-601.
81. John NG, Gosbell IB, Kelly JA, Boyle MJ: Cure of multiresistant Acinetobacter baumannii central nervous system infections with intraventricular or intrathecal colistin: case series and literature review. J Antimicrob Chemoth 2006;58: 1078-1081.
82. Enfanto CM, Shin S: Treatment With Intrathecal Colistin of a Resistant Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in the Cerebrospinal Fluid. Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice 2007;15:274-276.
83. 李忠民, 杨风海, 孙学礼: 硫酸妥布霉素鞘内注射治疗中枢性感染. 中国抗生素杂志 1998;23:399.
84. Fuhr U, Hafner S: CSF pharmacokinetics of ceftazidime in neurosurgical patients with an external ventriculostomy. Infection 1989;17.
85. 李巧玉, 袁志诚, 陆军: 头孢噻肟钠鞘内注射治疗开颅术. 新医学 1990;30:4198.
86. 朱士广, 杨树源, 张建宁: 神经外科术后颅内感染及其治疗. 中国神经精神疾病杂志 1998;24:215.
87. 王鹏程, 王宇田, 罗光华, 陈健龙, 李俊驹, 颜业民: 腰穿置管引流头饱他啶治疗颅内感染. 中国医院感染学杂志 2000;10:281-282.
88. 张建宏, 范建中: 鞘内注射罗氏芬治疗颅内感染疗效观察. 中国康复理论与实践 2005;11:286-287.
89. 迟金臣, 李伟, 迟红艳: 鞘内注射罗氏芬治疗脑脊液漏颅内感染 6 例. 现代诊断与治疗 2001;12:71.
90. 李文胜, 郭英, 王辉, 梁潮峰, 龚瑾: 静脉及鞘内联合用药治疗 脑 室 外 引 流 术 后 颅 内 感 染 . 中 华 神 经 医 学 杂 志 2006;5:1048-1049.
91. Sarosi GA, Araphotericin B: Still the gold standard for antigungal therapy. Postgrad Med 1990;88:151.
92. 陈国光: 隐球菌性脑膜炎四种不同治疗方法的疗效比较. 广东医学院学报 2001;19:139-140.
93. 吕田明, 尹恝, 刘晓加, 王群: 两性霉素 B 椎管内持续给药治疗新型隐球菌性脑膜炎(附首例报告). 南方医科大学学报 2007;27:1461.
94. Wang Q, Shi Z, Wang J, Shi G, Wang S, Zhou J: Postoperatively administered vancomycin reaches therapeutic concentration in the cerebral spinal fluid of neurosurgical patients. Surg Neurol 2007;28:423-425.
95. Pfausler B, Spiss H, Beer R: Treatment of staphylococcal ventricultis associated with external CSF drains: a prospective randomized trial with intravenous vs intraventricular vancomycin therapy. J Neurosurg 2003;98:1040-1044..
96. Luer MS, Hatton J: Vancomycin administration into the cerebrospinal fluid: a review. Ann Pharmacother 1993;27: 912-921.
97. Everett ED, Strausbaugh LJ: Antimicrobial agents and the central nervous system. Neurosurgery 1980;6:691-714.
98. Kawamoto H, Inagawa T, Ikawa F: Intrathecal Administration of Vancomycin for Coagulase-Negative Staphylococcal Meningitis in a Patient with Blunt Head Injury: Case Report. The Journal of TRAUMA 2002;53:1010-1012.
99. Plotkin SA, McKitrick JC: Nosocomial meningitis of the newborn caused by a Flavobacterium. Journal of the American Medical Association 1966;198:662-664.
100. Collede CL, Mckenzie T: Monitorning vancomycin concentrations in CSF after intraventricular administration. JAntimicrob Chemoth 1988;21:262.
101. Sutherland GE, Palitang EG, Marr JJ: Sterilization of ommaya reservoir by insillation of vancomycin. Am J Med 1981;71: 1068.
102. Congeni BL, Tan J, Salstorm SJ: Kinetics of Vancomycin after intraventricular and intravenous adminstration (abstrct). Pesiatr Res 1979;13:459.
103. Pfausler B, HP HPH, Kampfl A: Cecebrospinal fluid pharmacokinetics of intraventricular vancomycin in patients with staphylococcal ventriculitis associated with external CSF drainage. Clin Infect Dis 1997;25:733.
104. McLaurin RL, Frame PT: Treatment of infections of cerebrospinal fluid shunts. Rev Infect Dis 1987;9:595-601.
105. Bayston R, Hart CA, Barnicoat M: Intraventricular vancomycin in the treatment of ventriculitis associated with cerebrospinal fluid shunting and drainage. J Neurol 1987;50:1419-1423.
1. 尚爱加, 程东源, 周定标: 清洁开颅手术后颅内感染的治疗. 中华医院感染学杂志 2002;12:84-86.
2. Reichert MC, Medeiros EA, Ferraz FA: Hospital acquired meningitis in patients undergoing craniotomy: incidence, evolution, and risk factors. Am J Infect Control 2002;30: 158-164.
3. 袁源, 刘运林, 付鹏: 开颅术后颅内感染临床分析. 中华医院感染学杂志 2001;11:363 转 395.
4. 刘窗溪, 万登济, 李健龙: 颅脑手术后颅内感染分析. 中华医院感染学杂志 2000;4:426.
5. Korinek AM, George B, Haines SJ: Risk factors for neurosurgical site infections after craniotomy: a prospective multicenter study of 2944 patients. Neurosurgery 1997;41:1073- 1081.
6. De BD, Korinek A, Bismut HR: Empirical treatment of adult post surgical nosocomial meningitis. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2002;144:989-995.
7. 舒航, 李昭杰, 林志俊: 脑室冲洗治疗颅脑术后继发颅内感染. 实用医学杂志 2000;16:386-387.
8. 刘旭, 穆锦江, 陈亚民: 86 例神经外科术后颅内感染分析. 中华医院感染学杂志 2004;14.
9. Kourbeti IS, Jacobs AV, Koslow M: Risk factors associated with postcraniotomy meningitis. Neurosurgery 2007;60:317-326.
10. 赵新亮, 申长虹, 甄自刚: 神经外科术后颅内感染的临床研究. 中华医院感染学杂志 2006;16:277-280.
11. 时忠华, 蔡学见, 陈铮立, 王玉海, 董吉荣: 鞘内给药治疗颅内细菌感染. 江苏医药 2005;32:170-171.
12. 吴锋, 蔡琦: 鞘内注射治疗颅内感染的临床进展. 中国综合临床 2002;18:1059-1060.
13. Lasser EC, Lamkin GE: Effects of intrathecal injection of diatrizoate on dopamine receptor. Acad Radiol 2002;9:826-829.
14. Guimaraes R, Becker H: A new technique for the use of intrathecal fluorescein in the pair of cerebrospinalfluid rhinorrhea using a hypodense diluent. Revue de Laryngologie Otologle Rhinologle 2002;82:191-193.
15. 陈东亮, 陈凤坤, 姚振秀: 腰椎蛛网膜下腔持续引流治疗颅内感染的研究. 广西医学 2004;26:662-663.
16. Pafir R: Risk factors in Postoperative neurosurgical infection. Atta Nearochi 1992;19:80.
17. Dempsey R, Rapp R, Yong B: Prophylatic parenteral antibiotics in clean neurosurgical procedures: a review. J of Neurosurgery 1998;69:52.
18. Korinek A: Prevention of meningitis after craniotomy in scheduled surgery. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 1993;11:711-715.
19. Korinek A: Risk factors for neurosurgical site infections after craniotomy: A prospective multicenter study of 2944 patients. The French Study Group of Neurosurgical Infections, the SEHP, andthe C-CLIN Paris-Nord. Service Epidemiologie Hygiene et Prevention. Neurosurgery 1997;41:1073-1081.
20. Narotam P, van Dellen J, Du Trevou, E G: Operative sepsis in neurosurgery: A method of classifying surgical cases. Neurosurgery 1994;34:409-416.
21. Singh R, Yeh J: Wound infection with meningitis caused by Salmonella typhimurium. Br J Neurosurg 1993;7:311-313.
22. van B E, FP B, van H D, BA D: Infections after craniotomy: A retrospective study. J Infect 1986;12:105-109.
23. Wright R: A survey of possible etiologic agents in postoperative craniotomy infections. J Neurosurg 1966;25:125-132.
24. Wang Q, Shi Z, Wang J, Shi G, Wang S, Zhou J: Postoperatively administered vancomycin reaches therapeutic concentration in the cerebral-spinal fluid of neurosurgical patients. Surg Neurol 2007;28:423-425.
25. Pfausler B, Haring HP, Kampfl A: Cecebrospinal fluid pharmacokinetics of intraventricular vancomycin in patients with staphylococcal ventriculitis associated with external CSF drainage. Clin Infect Dis 1997;25:733.
26. Kawamoto H, Inagawa T, Ikawa F: Intrathecal Administration of Vancomycin for Coagulase-Negative Staphylococcal Meningitis in a Patient with Blunt Head Injury: Case Report. The Journal of TRAUMA 2002;53:1010-1012.
27. Luer MS, Hatton J: Vancomycin administration into thecerebrospinal fluid: a review. Ann Pharmacother 1993;27:912- 921.
28. Everett ED, Strausbaugh LJ: Antimicrobial agents and the central nervous system. Neurosurgery 1980;6:691-714.
29. Plotkin S, McKitrick J: Nosocomial meningitis of the newborn caused by a Flavobacterium. Journal of the American Medical Association 1966;198:662-664.
30. 何俊平, 王刚, 吴玉新, 贺利祯, 高喆: 儿童脑积水脑室腹腔分流术后感染的临床分析. 临床小儿外科杂志 2005;4: 380-382.
31. Yogev R: Cerebrosp inal fluid shunt infections: a personal view. Pediatr Infect Dis 1985;4:113-118.
32. Turgut M, Alabaz D, Erbey F: Cerebrospinal fluid shunt infections in children. Pediatr Neurosurg 2005;41:131-136.
33. Shah S, Smith M, Zaoutis T: Device-related infections in children. Pediatr Clin N Am 2005;52:1189-1208.
34. Schreffler R, Schreffler A, Wittler R: Treatment of cerebrospinal fluid shunt infections: a decision analysis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2002;35:66-71.
35. Bennett M, YMA T, Symonds J: Staphylococcal meningitis following Synchromed intrathecal pump implant: a case report. Pain 1994;56:243-244.
36. 杜浩, 秦尚振, 马廉亭, 潘力: 脑室-腹腔分流术后颅内感染的原因及治疗措施. 中国临床神经外科杂志 2004;9:335-337.
37. 杨平, 谭方伦: 鞘内注射庆大霉素致脊髓功能严重障碍 3 例.中国神经精神疾病杂志 1999;25:229.
38. 姚一, 吴家阳, 江建东, 欧阳玲: 庆大霉素脊髓鞘内注射致下肢功能障碍 1 例. 第三军医大学学报 2004;26:77.
39. 杨占利, 徐福平, 赵钦花: 腰池内注入硫酸庆大霉素致马尾神经损伤 3 例报告. 滨州医学院学报 2001;24:307.
40. Sutherland G, Palitang E, Marr J: Sterilization of ommaya reservoir by insillation of vancomycin. Am J Med 1981;71:1068.
41. Collede C, Mckenzie T: Monitorning vancomycin concentrations in CSF after intraventricular administration. J Antimicrob Chemoth 1988;21:262.
42. Congeni R, Tan J, Salstorm S: Kinetics of Vancomycin after intraventricular and intravenous adminstration (abstrct). Pesiatr Res 1979;13:459.
43. Pfausler B, Haring H, Kampfl A: Cecebrospinal fluid pharmacokinetics of intraventricular vancomycin in patients with staphylococcal ventriculitis associated with external CSF drainage. Clin Infect Dis 1997;25:733.
44. Brown EM, Richard J, Pople IK: Conservative management of patients with cerebrospinal fluid shunt infections. Neurosurgery 2006;58:657-664.