红火蚁觅食行为学及毒饵诱杀系统研究
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摘要
红火蚁(Solenopsis invcita Buren)属膜翅目,蚁科,切叶蚁亚科,火蚁属。原产于南美洲巴拉那河流域,2004年传入中国以后,专家们采用了火烧、挖巢浸泡、机械破坏、蚁巢熏蒸、蚁巢沸水处理、蚁巢灌药、毒饵诱杀等方法紧急处理红火蚁蚁巢以期达到控制红火蚁的进一步扩散,但处理过的地区红火蚁并未得到有效的控制,反而加速了红火蚁的扩散。本研究着眼于红火蚁在中国发生区内的的入侵行为特点,筛选出了有效的引诱剂和毒杀成分,并将制成的毒饵与目前使用的其他毒饵进行诱杀效果比较,还研究了毒饵投放的最佳条件,且在试验该毒饵野外防治效果的同时做出了毒饵对生态环境的安全性评估。本研究的主要结果如下：
1.红火蚁入侵行为学研究
红火蚁的巢体间有明显的领域行为,一巢红火蚁要占据另外一巢的领地,必将发生激烈的斗争,斗争的总体趋势是,大型工蚁更倾向于发起主动攻击,相互斗争时的大小工蚁数量基本相同,但斗争后小型工蚁的死亡数要显著大于大型工蚁。而斗争的结局并非一方完全取代另一方,可以融合,发生并巢现象。
室内观察红火蚁有翅雌蚁的产卵行为发现,有翅处女蚁后的产卵高峰出现在脱离原蚁巢的第10d和第14d,且在有无光照、有无幼蚁、有翅处女雌蚁存在条件下的总产卵量没有显著差异,而工蚁的存在对有翅处女雌蚁的产卵量有显著差异。
室内观察红火蚁与小黑蚁斗争行为发现,红火蚁的小型工蚁比中型和大型工蚁更倾向于发起主动攻击,但是与小黑蚁打斗后小型工蚁的死亡数要显著高于太型工蚁的。此外不同类型的红火蚁工蚁的斗争力都要强于小黑蚁的。野外观察红火蚁与土著蚂蚁种类对食物的竞争,结果显示红火蚁和土著蚂蚁种类可以共同生活在同一领地,红火蚁与土著蚂蚁种类的竞争主要经过食物的掠夺,红火蚁通过土著蚂蚁的觅食道发现食物,等待同伴并达到一定数量后在食物上快速爬行干扰其它蚂蚁的取食,然后驱赶并释放信息素,最后完全占领。
采取人为捣毁、灌水、灌药等方法处理红火蚁蚁巢,并不能有效控制红火蚁的种群数量,反而会惊扰红火蚁,使其发生迁巢,会加速红火蚁种群的扩散。
2.红火蚁毒饵的研制
通过对几种引诱剂的筛选发现,玉米粉+20%M+30%N+15%白砂糖和玉米粉+20%M+30%N+10%色拉油对红火蚁的诱食效果最为明显。
毒力测定结果表明,苯氧威和氟虫脲在各个观测时段对红火蚁大小型工蚁的毒杀效果不明显。吡虫啉在药后3天对小工蚁就已表现出很高的毒杀活性,毒杀效果比较迅速,但对大型工蚁的毒杀效果不明显,且毒杀活性变化不大。药剂A和Y对红火蚁大小型工蚁的毒杀效果随着观测时间的延长有明显的增强,药后6天对大小型工蚁开始发挥显著的毒杀活性。Y+A混剂的5个配比中,(1：4)Y+A混剂对红火蚁大、小型工蚁药后1d、3d、6d和9d的CTC值均显著大于100,表现出显著的增效作用,且毒杀效果随着作用时间的延长有明显的增强。在诱饵搬运量和诱集工蚁数上,50μg/g、100μg/g、200μg/g、400μg/g的Y+A混剂诱饵与各自对照诱饵均无显著差异。
Y+A混配毒饵的传递性试验结果表明,传毒3d时,400、200μg/g Y+A混配毒饵对应的受毒小工蚁死亡数均显著高于对照诱饵的；传递6d时,400、200μg/g Y+A混配毒饵对应的受毒大工蚁死亡数均显著高于对照诱饵的。此外,传毒工蚁数量的增加并不能加快Y+A混配毒饵的传递速度。
3.Y+A混配毒饵的野外防治效果
野外施用100.200.400μg/g Y+A混配毒饵结果表明,第5周的全巢死亡率分别为65%、79%和83%。野外比较4种毒饵结果表明,毒饵Ⅰ导致大量工蚁和一些有翅繁殖蚁死亡,全巢死亡率达47%。毒饵Ⅱ导致28%的蚁巢死亡和8%的蚁巢发生了迁移。毒饵Ⅲ仅导致少量工蚁死亡,并且所有蚁巢在1周后都发生了迁移。Y+A混配诱杀剂的蚁巢死亡率达86.7%。
4.诱杀剂的投放技术
引诱剂野外诱集红火蚁结果显示,最佳诱杀条件为：引诱剂投放在距离土丘基部到50cm范围内；投放时间在早晨露水干后至中午前；投放方式为点投；诱集点以少为宜。
5.Y+A混配毒饵的安全性评估
Y+A毒饵对小鼠无毒,并在毒饵野外投放试验后对土著蚂蚁种类的调查显示,该毒饵对土著蚂蚁种群并没有较大的影响。
The red imported fire ant Solenopsis invicta Buren is Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Myrmicinae, Solenopsis.It originates in the Parana River of South America and discoveries at the coast of mainland of China in 2004. Since S. invicta introduced into China, the experts adopted a fire, digging nests, mechanical destruction, nest fumigation, nest boiling water treatment, nest perfusing pesticides, bait method and other urgent control methods. But the treated areas of S. invicta had not been effectively controlled, on the contrary accelerated the ants spread. This study focused on the ants characteristics of behavior, selected the effective attractant and insecticidal components, the comparison between the bait made by outselves and the baits currently on the market sold, study on the best conditions for running the bait, and in the field tested the control effect of the bait and made the bait safety assessment on the ecological environment. The main results of this study were as follows.
1.Study on the intrusion behavior of S. invicta
There were scopes among S. invicta nests, and they would struggle when other individuals occupied the scopes. The general trend of struggle were those:big workers would tend to initiate active attack, and the workers number of fight each other was almost equal.But after fight the number of dead small workers was more than the number of big dead workers. But the outcome of struggle was not completely replaced by the other party, and was possibly compatible.
In the laboratory, the results of oviposition behavior of virgin females showed that there were two spawning peaks respectively at the 10th and 14th after leaving the mother nest. There were no significant differences about fecundity on the condition of having or no light, larva and virgin females, contrary to the workers.
In the laborary, the results of struggle behavior between the S. invicta and Monomorium minimum (Buckley) showed that they would struggle each other when S. invicta encountered with M.minimum, and the fighting capability of S. invicta workers were stronger than that the M. mininum workers. The small workers of S. invicta were more than the medium and large workers to launch active attacks. In the field, the results showed that S. invcita and M. minimum could live together in the same territory. The competition between S. invcita and the native ants was mainly though looting food. S.invicta workers found food though the foraging road of native ants, waited for the partner, reached the food quickly and drove the native ants away, and released pheromone, finally occupied completely.
In the field, the results showed that the methods could not effectively control the S. invcita populations such as excavating the mounds, pouring water and pouring pesticides. On the contrary they accelerated the spread of S. invcita.
2.The development of poison bait for S. invicta
We found the components of maize flour+20% M+30% N+15% sugar and maize flour+20% M+30% N+10% salad oil had obvious magnetic by screening few attractant.
The toxicity results showed that Fenoxycarb and Fipronil had not obvious toxic effect for small and big workers of S. invcta in all observation times.Imidacloprid after 3 days had a rapid toxic effect for S. invcita workers. The toxic effect of A and Y pesticides on the S. invcita big and small workers were increased as the observation time and had significant increase after 6 days, and the effect on big workers was less than that on the small workers.In the 5 Y+A mixture ratio, the CTC for big and small workers after 1d, 3d,6d,9d were significantly greater than 100, showed a significant synergies, and the toxic effect for big and small workers strengthened as the observation time. The transporting capacity and the number of attraction between the baits of 400μg/g,200μg/g, 100μg/g,50μg/g and the control respectively had not significant differences.
The results of the test on transfer of Y+A poison baits showed that the dead small workers of been fed 400 ug/g and 200 ug/g Y+A poison baits had significant differences than the control bait after 3 days, and the dead big workers of been fed 400 ug/g and 200ug/g Y+A poison baits had significant differences than the control bait after 6 days. Moreover, the increased workers of been fed toxic bait could not speed up the transmission of Y+A poison bait.
3.The field control effect of Y+A poison bait
The results of the field test on decision of Y+A poison bait dosage showed that the mortality of nests were respectively 65%,79% and 83% for 100,200,400μg/g Y+A poison baits.The results of the comparison on the toxicity of 4 poison baits showed that the poison baitⅠled to the death of a large number of workers and many winged reproductives, and the mortality of nest achieved 47%.The mortality and the mobility of nest for poison baitⅡ(0.015% spinosad) respectively achieved 28% and 8% after 5 weeks. The poison baitⅢled to a little deaths and all nests transported after 1 week. The nest mortality was 86.7% after applying 400μg/g Y+A poison bait.
4.The applying technology of attractant
The results of field baiting on the best conditions showed that the appropriate distance of the attractant was from the mound base to 50cm. The appropriate time of applied attractant was the morning and the dew dried. The attractant rickles should be few around the mound and the overall attractant rickles should be relatively plentiful.
5.The safety evaluation of Y+A poison bait
The Y+A poison bait was non-toxic for Kunming mice and not greatly effect on the native ants diversity in the field test.
1.红火蚁入侵行为学研究
红火蚁的巢体间有明显的领域行为,一巢红火蚁要占据另外一巢的领地,必将发生激烈的斗争,斗争的总体趋势是,大型工蚁更倾向于发起主动攻击,相互斗争时的大小工蚁数量基本相同,但斗争后小型工蚁的死亡数要显著大于大型工蚁。而斗争的结局并非一方完全取代另一方,可以融合,发生并巢现象。
室内观察红火蚁有翅雌蚁的产卵行为发现,有翅处女蚁后的产卵高峰出现在脱离原蚁巢的第10d和第14d,且在有无光照、有无幼蚁、有翅处女雌蚁存在条件下的总产卵量没有显著差异,而工蚁的存在对有翅处女雌蚁的产卵量有显著差异。
室内观察红火蚁与小黑蚁斗争行为发现,红火蚁的小型工蚁比中型和大型工蚁更倾向于发起主动攻击,但是与小黑蚁打斗后小型工蚁的死亡数要显著高于太型工蚁的。此外不同类型的红火蚁工蚁的斗争力都要强于小黑蚁的。野外观察红火蚁与土著蚂蚁种类对食物的竞争,结果显示红火蚁和土著蚂蚁种类可以共同生活在同一领地,红火蚁与土著蚂蚁种类的竞争主要经过食物的掠夺,红火蚁通过土著蚂蚁的觅食道发现食物,等待同伴并达到一定数量后在食物上快速爬行干扰其它蚂蚁的取食,然后驱赶并释放信息素,最后完全占领。
采取人为捣毁、灌水、灌药等方法处理红火蚁蚁巢,并不能有效控制红火蚁的种群数量,反而会惊扰红火蚁,使其发生迁巢,会加速红火蚁种群的扩散。
2.红火蚁毒饵的研制
通过对几种引诱剂的筛选发现,玉米粉+20%M+30%N+15%白砂糖和玉米粉+20%M+30%N+10%色拉油对红火蚁的诱食效果最为明显。
毒力测定结果表明,苯氧威和氟虫脲在各个观测时段对红火蚁大小型工蚁的毒杀效果不明显。吡虫啉在药后3天对小工蚁就已表现出很高的毒杀活性,毒杀效果比较迅速,但对大型工蚁的毒杀效果不明显,且毒杀活性变化不大。药剂A和Y对红火蚁大小型工蚁的毒杀效果随着观测时间的延长有明显的增强,药后6天对大小型工蚁开始发挥显著的毒杀活性。Y+A混剂的5个配比中,(1：4)Y+A混剂对红火蚁大、小型工蚁药后1d、3d、6d和9d的CTC值均显著大于100,表现出显著的增效作用,且毒杀效果随着作用时间的延长有明显的增强。在诱饵搬运量和诱集工蚁数上,50μg/g、100μg/g、200μg/g、400μg/g的Y+A混剂诱饵与各自对照诱饵均无显著差异。
Y+A混配毒饵的传递性试验结果表明,传毒3d时,400、200μg/g Y+A混配毒饵对应的受毒小工蚁死亡数均显著高于对照诱饵的；传递6d时,400、200μg/g Y+A混配毒饵对应的受毒大工蚁死亡数均显著高于对照诱饵的。此外,传毒工蚁数量的增加并不能加快Y+A混配毒饵的传递速度。
3.Y+A混配毒饵的野外防治效果
野外施用100.200.400μg/g Y+A混配毒饵结果表明,第5周的全巢死亡率分别为65%、79%和83%。野外比较4种毒饵结果表明,毒饵Ⅰ导致大量工蚁和一些有翅繁殖蚁死亡,全巢死亡率达47%。毒饵Ⅱ导致28%的蚁巢死亡和8%的蚁巢发生了迁移。毒饵Ⅲ仅导致少量工蚁死亡,并且所有蚁巢在1周后都发生了迁移。Y+A混配诱杀剂的蚁巢死亡率达86.7%。
4.诱杀剂的投放技术
引诱剂野外诱集红火蚁结果显示,最佳诱杀条件为：引诱剂投放在距离土丘基部到50cm范围内；投放时间在早晨露水干后至中午前；投放方式为点投；诱集点以少为宜。
5.Y+A混配毒饵的安全性评估
Y+A毒饵对小鼠无毒,并在毒饵野外投放试验后对土著蚂蚁种类的调查显示,该毒饵对土著蚂蚁种群并没有较大的影响。
The red imported fire ant Solenopsis invicta Buren is Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Myrmicinae, Solenopsis.It originates in the Parana River of South America and discoveries at the coast of mainland of China in 2004. Since S. invicta introduced into China, the experts adopted a fire, digging nests, mechanical destruction, nest fumigation, nest boiling water treatment, nest perfusing pesticides, bait method and other urgent control methods. But the treated areas of S. invicta had not been effectively controlled, on the contrary accelerated the ants spread. This study focused on the ants characteristics of behavior, selected the effective attractant and insecticidal components, the comparison between the bait made by outselves and the baits currently on the market sold, study on the best conditions for running the bait, and in the field tested the control effect of the bait and made the bait safety assessment on the ecological environment. The main results of this study were as follows.
1.Study on the intrusion behavior of S. invicta
There were scopes among S. invicta nests, and they would struggle when other individuals occupied the scopes. The general trend of struggle were those:big workers would tend to initiate active attack, and the workers number of fight each other was almost equal.But after fight the number of dead small workers was more than the number of big dead workers. But the outcome of struggle was not completely replaced by the other party, and was possibly compatible.
In the laboratory, the results of oviposition behavior of virgin females showed that there were two spawning peaks respectively at the 10th and 14th after leaving the mother nest. There were no significant differences about fecundity on the condition of having or no light, larva and virgin females, contrary to the workers.
In the laborary, the results of struggle behavior between the S. invicta and Monomorium minimum (Buckley) showed that they would struggle each other when S. invicta encountered with M.minimum, and the fighting capability of S. invicta workers were stronger than that the M. mininum workers. The small workers of S. invicta were more than the medium and large workers to launch active attacks. In the field, the results showed that S. invcita and M. minimum could live together in the same territory. The competition between S. invcita and the native ants was mainly though looting food. S.invicta workers found food though the foraging road of native ants, waited for the partner, reached the food quickly and drove the native ants away, and released pheromone, finally occupied completely.
In the field, the results showed that the methods could not effectively control the S. invcita populations such as excavating the mounds, pouring water and pouring pesticides. On the contrary they accelerated the spread of S. invcita.
2.The development of poison bait for S. invicta
We found the components of maize flour+20% M+30% N+15% sugar and maize flour+20% M+30% N+10% salad oil had obvious magnetic by screening few attractant.
The toxicity results showed that Fenoxycarb and Fipronil had not obvious toxic effect for small and big workers of S. invcta in all observation times.Imidacloprid after 3 days had a rapid toxic effect for S. invcita workers. The toxic effect of A and Y pesticides on the S. invcita big and small workers were increased as the observation time and had significant increase after 6 days, and the effect on big workers was less than that on the small workers.In the 5 Y+A mixture ratio, the CTC for big and small workers after 1d, 3d,6d,9d were significantly greater than 100, showed a significant synergies, and the toxic effect for big and small workers strengthened as the observation time. The transporting capacity and the number of attraction between the baits of 400μg/g,200μg/g, 100μg/g,50μg/g and the control respectively had not significant differences.
The results of the test on transfer of Y+A poison baits showed that the dead small workers of been fed 400 ug/g and 200 ug/g Y+A poison baits had significant differences than the control bait after 3 days, and the dead big workers of been fed 400 ug/g and 200ug/g Y+A poison baits had significant differences than the control bait after 6 days. Moreover, the increased workers of been fed toxic bait could not speed up the transmission of Y+A poison bait.
3.The field control effect of Y+A poison bait
The results of the field test on decision of Y+A poison bait dosage showed that the mortality of nests were respectively 65%,79% and 83% for 100,200,400μg/g Y+A poison baits.The results of the comparison on the toxicity of 4 poison baits showed that the poison baitⅠled to the death of a large number of workers and many winged reproductives, and the mortality of nest achieved 47%.The mortality and the mobility of nest for poison baitⅡ(0.015% spinosad) respectively achieved 28% and 8% after 5 weeks. The poison baitⅢled to a little deaths and all nests transported after 1 week. The nest mortality was 86.7% after applying 400μg/g Y+A poison bait.
4.The applying technology of attractant
The results of field baiting on the best conditions showed that the appropriate distance of the attractant was from the mound base to 50cm. The appropriate time of applied attractant was the morning and the dew dried. The attractant rickles should be few around the mound and the overall attractant rickles should be relatively plentiful.
5.The safety evaluation of Y+A poison bait
The Y+A poison bait was non-toxic for Kunming mice and not greatly effect on the native ants diversity in the field test.
引文
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