创业自我效能及其与创业意向关系研究
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摘要
创业是理解改革开放以来中国经济飞速发展的一个关键概念,关系到中华民族振兴大业。如何制定行之有效的创业政策和措施、发展创业教育,促进创业行动是各级政府机关、教育结构和社会多方面所关注的重要问题。关键之一在于对创业者为何选择创业的心理认知机制以及动力源的洞悉。而在理论研究方面,创业者的行动理由和行为方式也是亟待研究的命题。其中认知观点被认为将会揭示创业过程最为关键的方面,本文在总结前人研究的基础上,归纳出创业自我效能与创业意向将是联结创业领域特质研究、创业行为和认知研究的关键概念和切入点。
本文研究以创业理论为基点,从认知观视角出发,涉及与认知心理、社会认知和领导学的三个交叉研究领域。从个体层面考察创业自我效能结构及影响因素;创业自我效能与创业意向的影响关系及机制;以及创业自我效能对创业意向影响过程中态度因素(行为控制知觉)和认知因素(认知风格)所起的作用。依据研究命题,本文在对相关理论和文献研究基础之上提出三类研究假设:变量结构假设、变量差异性假设和变量关系假设。以社会公众和在校大学生作为研究对象,分别采用方便抽样和主观抽样,进行了三阶段的问卷调查,包括预试、初试和主试,问卷回收率71%(在校大学生),共收集有效问卷956份。在调查数据的基础上,运用多种统计分析方法,对假设进行了检验,并就研究结果及其局限性分别结合历史、文化、社会背景进行了解释和讨论。总的来说,主要研究结论和创新点包括以下几个方面:
(1)在理论研究方面,本文在管理者角色研究的基础上,通过引入科特领导力理论,发展了基于创业者角色的创业自我效能三因素模型,简化了研究结构,增强了模型的适用性和解释力,为本研究开展和进一步拓展研究奠定了基础;使用中国地区样本,探讨了对创业自我效能产生影响的三类因素、验证了创业自我效能对创业意向的影响及其作用机制;综合社会认知与行为计划理论,分析了作为态度/动机因素的行为控制知觉对创业自我效能与创业意向的部分中介作用;证明了认知风格对创业自我效能的影响,进一步发现了原创性认知对创业自我效能与创业意向调节作用,并揭示了认知因素(原创性认知)和态度因素(行为控制知觉)共同作用对创业自我效能与创业意向影响的机制,为进一步深入了解个体创业的心理和认知过程创造了条件和进行了理论准备。本文最后还就从个体层次的创业者认知研究上升到组织认知研究,探索领导力与文化的形成过程提供了研究思路。
(2)在方法研究方面,本文的研究发展了DeNoble(1999a, 1999b)的创业自我效能量表,为创业自我效能研究提供了改进测量工具,基于创业者角色的测量简化了创业自我效能量表结构,增强了实用性和适用性;考虑了调查研究过程中共同方法偏差的影响并进行了程序控制;对创业自我效能到创业意向认知过程中的调节变量和中介变量进行了统计检验,检验手段除了根据研究需要使用层次回归、结构方程模型路径分析外,还采用了温忠麟等人总结的中介效应检验程序,在一定程度上简化了统计过程;充分考虑调节变量与中介变量之间作用,根据温忠麟等人的建议分别进行了有中介的调节效应检验和有调节的中介效应检验,揭示了原创性认知的调节作用完全通过行为控制知觉的中介实现的机制。针对从后实证主义知识观和方法论出发研究的局限,本文提出了借鉴结构主义方法论的研究思路。
(3)在实践应用方面,本文的研究证明了创业教育对创业者塑造过程中发挥的重要作用,论证了创业教育是提高全社会创业水平的有效途径,并且就创业教育的关注重点、创业教育的内容结构和方式方法在实证的基础上提出改进观点。同时,本文的相关研究及发展的量表将会为政策制定、人力资源开发、创业教育和测评提供工具和方法指导。
Entrepreneurship is one of the key concepts to understand Chinese rapid economic growth after the reformation and opening towards the world, which relate to the revitalization of the Chinese nation. How to formulate effective entrepreneurship policies and promote the entrepreneurship education to facilitate the entrepreneurship were important issues concerned by government, education institutions and social commonalties. So it is necessary to explore the psychological and cognitive mechanisms of people“why he choose to be an entrepreneur”, along with his/her power source of being an entrepreneur. In the theoretical research, entrepreneur’s source of entrepreneurial action and behavior was the hot issue for the entrepreneurial research. And cognitive perspective, which was considered and recommended by many famous scholars, would reveal the critical aspect of entrepreneurial process. Based on the previous studies,“entrepreneurial self-efficacy (ESE)”and“entrepreneurial intention (EI)”were generalized in this paper as the main research concepts of linking the research of traits, behavior and cognitive studies in the field of entrepreneurship.
From the cognitive perspective and based on the entrepreneurial theories, this paper involved three cross-field researches: cognitive psychology, social cognition and leadership research, and included the following subjects: structure and influence factors of ESE from the individual level; the influence process and mechanism of ESE towards EI; the impact of attitude (perceive behavior control, PBC) and cognitive (cognitive style) factors in this process. According to the research propositions, three kinds of hypotheses, which were variable structure hypotheses, variable discrepancy hypotheses and variable relationship hypotheses, were presented on the bases of related theories study and literature review. The data were collected from the public communities in random sampling and college students in subjective sampling. The survey were conducted in three stages, including pre-survey, pilot survey and main survey; response rate was 71% (college students); and 956 valid copies of questionnaire were collected. Many statistical methods were used on the data to test the hypotheses. The results and the limitations of the research were discussed and explained combined with the Chinese history, culture and social backgrounds. In general, the main conclusions and originalities of the study included as followings:
(1) On the aspect of theoretical studies. By the reference of the previous studies on the manager’s role, and through the introduction of Kotter’s leadership theory, the paper developed three-factor ESE model based on the entrepreneur’s role, which simplified the structure and enhanced its scope of the interpretation and application. And ESE role model was the foundation for the further studies in this paper. By using the data collected from Chinese sample, the paper discussed three sources of influence factors for ESE; proved the influence and mechanism of ESE towards EI. On the grounds of social cognitive theory and planning behavior theory, the paper analyzed partial mediating effect of PBC, which considered as the attitude/motivation factor, in the process of ESE on the EI. It testified the impact of cognitive style on the ESE, and the further investigation found the moderating role of“Sufficiency of Originality cognition”(SO cognition) on the ESE and EI. The paper also disclosed the influence mechanism of both cognitive factor (SO cognition) and attitude factor (PBC) on the ESE and EI, which would make the theoretical foundation and preparations for the further investigation to reveal the individual’s psychological and cognitive process for the business venturing. Finally, the paper provided some research thoughts for the organizational cognition research on the base of present entrepreneur cognition, and the exploring formation process of leadership and organizational culture.
(2) On the aspect of research methods, the paper’s research developed and simplified the DeNoble’s ESE scale, which provided the modified instrument for ESE measurement and extended the scope of its application and practicability. The paper fully considered the influence of common method bias during the investigation and made the program control on it. It testified the mediator and moderator during the cognitive process of ESE towards EI. On the statistical methods, besides the t-test, correlation analysis, hierarchical regression, SEM path analysis, etc., the paper also adopted mediator testing method generalized by When and his comrades, which reduced the statistic procedure. According to When and his comrades’recommendation, the paper fully considered the effect of the moderated mediator and the mediated moderator, disclosed the mechanism of the SO cognition’s moderating effect being fully through the PBC’s mediating role. As the limitation of paradigm and the methodology originated from Postpositivism, the paper presented the view that borrowing ideas from the Structuralism.
(3) On the aspect of practical application, the paper proved the important role of entrepreneurial education on the shaping process to the entrepreneurs. It demonstrated that entrepreneurial education is an effective way of enhancing the whole society’s entrepreneurship. Based on the empirical study, the paper pointed the view of improving the current entrepreneurial education on the focus of attention, structure and content, teaching methods, etc. Also the related research results and the modified ESE scale would provide the guidance and tool for the policy making, human resources development, entrepreneurial education and performance evaluation.
本文研究以创业理论为基点,从认知观视角出发,涉及与认知心理、社会认知和领导学的三个交叉研究领域。从个体层面考察创业自我效能结构及影响因素;创业自我效能与创业意向的影响关系及机制;以及创业自我效能对创业意向影响过程中态度因素(行为控制知觉)和认知因素(认知风格)所起的作用。依据研究命题,本文在对相关理论和文献研究基础之上提出三类研究假设:变量结构假设、变量差异性假设和变量关系假设。以社会公众和在校大学生作为研究对象,分别采用方便抽样和主观抽样,进行了三阶段的问卷调查,包括预试、初试和主试,问卷回收率71%(在校大学生),共收集有效问卷956份。在调查数据的基础上,运用多种统计分析方法,对假设进行了检验,并就研究结果及其局限性分别结合历史、文化、社会背景进行了解释和讨论。总的来说,主要研究结论和创新点包括以下几个方面:
(1)在理论研究方面,本文在管理者角色研究的基础上,通过引入科特领导力理论,发展了基于创业者角色的创业自我效能三因素模型,简化了研究结构,增强了模型的适用性和解释力,为本研究开展和进一步拓展研究奠定了基础;使用中国地区样本,探讨了对创业自我效能产生影响的三类因素、验证了创业自我效能对创业意向的影响及其作用机制;综合社会认知与行为计划理论,分析了作为态度/动机因素的行为控制知觉对创业自我效能与创业意向的部分中介作用;证明了认知风格对创业自我效能的影响,进一步发现了原创性认知对创业自我效能与创业意向调节作用,并揭示了认知因素(原创性认知)和态度因素(行为控制知觉)共同作用对创业自我效能与创业意向影响的机制,为进一步深入了解个体创业的心理和认知过程创造了条件和进行了理论准备。本文最后还就从个体层次的创业者认知研究上升到组织认知研究,探索领导力与文化的形成过程提供了研究思路。
(2)在方法研究方面,本文的研究发展了DeNoble(1999a, 1999b)的创业自我效能量表,为创业自我效能研究提供了改进测量工具,基于创业者角色的测量简化了创业自我效能量表结构,增强了实用性和适用性;考虑了调查研究过程中共同方法偏差的影响并进行了程序控制;对创业自我效能到创业意向认知过程中的调节变量和中介变量进行了统计检验,检验手段除了根据研究需要使用层次回归、结构方程模型路径分析外,还采用了温忠麟等人总结的中介效应检验程序,在一定程度上简化了统计过程;充分考虑调节变量与中介变量之间作用,根据温忠麟等人的建议分别进行了有中介的调节效应检验和有调节的中介效应检验,揭示了原创性认知的调节作用完全通过行为控制知觉的中介实现的机制。针对从后实证主义知识观和方法论出发研究的局限,本文提出了借鉴结构主义方法论的研究思路。
(3)在实践应用方面,本文的研究证明了创业教育对创业者塑造过程中发挥的重要作用,论证了创业教育是提高全社会创业水平的有效途径,并且就创业教育的关注重点、创业教育的内容结构和方式方法在实证的基础上提出改进观点。同时,本文的相关研究及发展的量表将会为政策制定、人力资源开发、创业教育和测评提供工具和方法指导。
Entrepreneurship is one of the key concepts to understand Chinese rapid economic growth after the reformation and opening towards the world, which relate to the revitalization of the Chinese nation. How to formulate effective entrepreneurship policies and promote the entrepreneurship education to facilitate the entrepreneurship were important issues concerned by government, education institutions and social commonalties. So it is necessary to explore the psychological and cognitive mechanisms of people“why he choose to be an entrepreneur”, along with his/her power source of being an entrepreneur. In the theoretical research, entrepreneur’s source of entrepreneurial action and behavior was the hot issue for the entrepreneurial research. And cognitive perspective, which was considered and recommended by many famous scholars, would reveal the critical aspect of entrepreneurial process. Based on the previous studies,“entrepreneurial self-efficacy (ESE)”and“entrepreneurial intention (EI)”were generalized in this paper as the main research concepts of linking the research of traits, behavior and cognitive studies in the field of entrepreneurship.
From the cognitive perspective and based on the entrepreneurial theories, this paper involved three cross-field researches: cognitive psychology, social cognition and leadership research, and included the following subjects: structure and influence factors of ESE from the individual level; the influence process and mechanism of ESE towards EI; the impact of attitude (perceive behavior control, PBC) and cognitive (cognitive style) factors in this process. According to the research propositions, three kinds of hypotheses, which were variable structure hypotheses, variable discrepancy hypotheses and variable relationship hypotheses, were presented on the bases of related theories study and literature review. The data were collected from the public communities in random sampling and college students in subjective sampling. The survey were conducted in three stages, including pre-survey, pilot survey and main survey; response rate was 71% (college students); and 956 valid copies of questionnaire were collected. Many statistical methods were used on the data to test the hypotheses. The results and the limitations of the research were discussed and explained combined with the Chinese history, culture and social backgrounds. In general, the main conclusions and originalities of the study included as followings:
(1) On the aspect of theoretical studies. By the reference of the previous studies on the manager’s role, and through the introduction of Kotter’s leadership theory, the paper developed three-factor ESE model based on the entrepreneur’s role, which simplified the structure and enhanced its scope of the interpretation and application. And ESE role model was the foundation for the further studies in this paper. By using the data collected from Chinese sample, the paper discussed three sources of influence factors for ESE; proved the influence and mechanism of ESE towards EI. On the grounds of social cognitive theory and planning behavior theory, the paper analyzed partial mediating effect of PBC, which considered as the attitude/motivation factor, in the process of ESE on the EI. It testified the impact of cognitive style on the ESE, and the further investigation found the moderating role of“Sufficiency of Originality cognition”(SO cognition) on the ESE and EI. The paper also disclosed the influence mechanism of both cognitive factor (SO cognition) and attitude factor (PBC) on the ESE and EI, which would make the theoretical foundation and preparations for the further investigation to reveal the individual’s psychological and cognitive process for the business venturing. Finally, the paper provided some research thoughts for the organizational cognition research on the base of present entrepreneur cognition, and the exploring formation process of leadership and organizational culture.
(2) On the aspect of research methods, the paper’s research developed and simplified the DeNoble’s ESE scale, which provided the modified instrument for ESE measurement and extended the scope of its application and practicability. The paper fully considered the influence of common method bias during the investigation and made the program control on it. It testified the mediator and moderator during the cognitive process of ESE towards EI. On the statistical methods, besides the t-test, correlation analysis, hierarchical regression, SEM path analysis, etc., the paper also adopted mediator testing method generalized by When and his comrades, which reduced the statistic procedure. According to When and his comrades’recommendation, the paper fully considered the effect of the moderated mediator and the mediated moderator, disclosed the mechanism of the SO cognition’s moderating effect being fully through the PBC’s mediating role. As the limitation of paradigm and the methodology originated from Postpositivism, the paper presented the view that borrowing ideas from the Structuralism.
(3) On the aspect of practical application, the paper proved the important role of entrepreneurial education on the shaping process to the entrepreneurs. It demonstrated that entrepreneurial education is an effective way of enhancing the whole society’s entrepreneurship. Based on the empirical study, the paper pointed the view of improving the current entrepreneurial education on the focus of attention, structure and content, teaching methods, etc. Also the related research results and the modified ESE scale would provide the guidance and tool for the policy making, human resources development, entrepreneurial education and performance evaluation.
引文
①参见胡锦涛.高举中国特色社会主义伟大旗帜,为夺取全面建设小康社会新胜利而奋斗——在中国共产党第十七次全国代表大会上的报告[R].北京, 2007年10月15日.
②来源:2008年4月2日中央电视二台“YBC中国青年创业国际计划”节目录像资料
④翻译取自“张玉利.创业研究:如何走出学术殿堂[R].南开大学讲义. 2007年通过网络获得.”
⑤引自“张玉利.创业研究:如何走出学术殿堂[R].南开大学讲义. 2007年通过网络获得.”
⑥本部分内容参考了“郑美玲.女性创业家创业经验与生命历程之研究[D].嘉义:国立中正大学企业管理研究所硕士学位论文, 2001.”和“张玉琳.组织创业精神导向、市场导向以及组织学习类型对组织绩效之关系探讨[D].台北:国立政治大学企业管理研究所博士学位论文, 2003.”的文献综述部分。
⑦翻译转引自“杨俊,张玉利.国外PSED项目研究述评及其对我国创业研究的启示[J].外国经济与管理, 2007, 29(8): 1-9.”
⑧转引自“钱永红.创业意向影响因素研究[J].浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版), 2007, 37(4): 144-152.”的翻译
17转引自“杨治良,郭力平.认知风格的研究进展[J].心理科学, 2001, 24(3): 326-329.”
39部分文字参考了“何斌.创业策略、创业认知与绩效关系研究[D].杭州:浙江大学管理学院硕士学位论文, 2004.”
40具体文献请参考弗雷德·鲁森斯.组织行为学[M].王垒等译,北京:人民邮电出版社. 2003.第九章参考文献129,p486-487.
16本段文字节选自龙立荣.结构方程心理学方法变革的逻辑[J].自然辩证法通讯, 2001, 23(5): 26-30.
17本段文字源于“龙立荣.结构方程心理学方法变革的逻辑[J].自然辩证法通讯, 2001, 23(5): 26-30.”的研究综述
18源自温忠麟,侯杰泰,马什赫伯特.结构方程模型检验:拟合指数与卡方准则[J].心理学报, 2004, 36(2): 184-194.
21依据“黄芳铭.结构方程模式——理论与应用[M].北京:中国税务出版社, 2005.”、“侯杰泰,温忠麟,成子娟.结构方程模型及其应用[M].北京:教育科学出版社,2004”中的内容整理而成
23本段部分内容转引自“杜建政,赵国祥,刘金平.测评中的共同方法偏差[J].心理科学, 2005, 28(2): 420-422.”
①部分文字引自“张鼎昆,方俐洛,凌文辁.自我效能感的理论及研究现状[J].心理学动态, 1999 , (1): 39-43.”
⑥引自“李伟明.多元描述统计方法[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社,2001.”
19本部分内容参考了“王云峰.领导力理论溯源及创业领导研究方向[J].技术经济, 2008. (in press)”
③源于“张辉华.管理者的情绪智力及其与工作绩效的关系研究[D].暨南大学,博士学位论文, 2006.”
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②来源:2008年4月2日中央电视二台“YBC中国青年创业国际计划”节目录像资料
④翻译取自“张玉利.创业研究:如何走出学术殿堂[R].南开大学讲义. 2007年通过网络获得.”
⑤引自“张玉利.创业研究:如何走出学术殿堂[R].南开大学讲义. 2007年通过网络获得.”
⑥本部分内容参考了“郑美玲.女性创业家创业经验与生命历程之研究[D].嘉义:国立中正大学企业管理研究所硕士学位论文, 2001.”和“张玉琳.组织创业精神导向、市场导向以及组织学习类型对组织绩效之关系探讨[D].台北:国立政治大学企业管理研究所博士学位论文, 2003.”的文献综述部分。
⑦翻译转引自“杨俊,张玉利.国外PSED项目研究述评及其对我国创业研究的启示[J].外国经济与管理, 2007, 29(8): 1-9.”
⑧转引自“钱永红.创业意向影响因素研究[J].浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版), 2007, 37(4): 144-152.”的翻译
17转引自“杨治良,郭力平.认知风格的研究进展[J].心理科学, 2001, 24(3): 326-329.”
39部分文字参考了“何斌.创业策略、创业认知与绩效关系研究[D].杭州:浙江大学管理学院硕士学位论文, 2004.”
40具体文献请参考弗雷德·鲁森斯.组织行为学[M].王垒等译,北京:人民邮电出版社. 2003.第九章参考文献129,p486-487.
16本段文字节选自龙立荣.结构方程心理学方法变革的逻辑[J].自然辩证法通讯, 2001, 23(5): 26-30.
17本段文字源于“龙立荣.结构方程心理学方法变革的逻辑[J].自然辩证法通讯, 2001, 23(5): 26-30.”的研究综述
18源自温忠麟,侯杰泰,马什赫伯特.结构方程模型检验:拟合指数与卡方准则[J].心理学报, 2004, 36(2): 184-194.
21依据“黄芳铭.结构方程模式——理论与应用[M].北京:中国税务出版社, 2005.”、“侯杰泰,温忠麟,成子娟.结构方程模型及其应用[M].北京:教育科学出版社,2004”中的内容整理而成
23本段部分内容转引自“杜建政,赵国祥,刘金平.测评中的共同方法偏差[J].心理科学, 2005, 28(2): 420-422.”
①部分文字引自“张鼎昆,方俐洛,凌文辁.自我效能感的理论及研究现状[J].心理学动态, 1999 , (1): 39-43.”
⑥引自“李伟明.多元描述统计方法[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社,2001.”
19本部分内容参考了“王云峰.领导力理论溯源及创业领导研究方向[J].技术经济, 2008. (in press)”
③源于“张辉华.管理者的情绪智力及其与工作绩效的关系研究[D].暨南大学,博士学位论文, 2006.”
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