提高深层下传能量地震采集方法研究
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摘要
“提高深层下传能量地震采集方法研究”论文，是针对发展深层地震勘探技术而提出的。随着油气勘探向新层序、新领域、新区块发展的同时，深层油气勘探已成为今后石油工业发展的新热点，而作为油气勘探的先行军，事必在深层地震勘探采集技术有新的突破，而深层地震勘探的关键技术是解决能量下传的问题。本文较全面分析了深层地震勘探枝术从资料采集、数据处理、资料解释中存在的技术难点，突出了原始资料采集中的困难，结合开展深层地震勘探技术研究的可行性和发展现状，从波的传播规律入手，通过理论模型计算，研究了有效波传播的吸收与衰减问题，取得了三点基本认识。通过激发爆炸机理的初步探讨，从理论研究到模型分析，较系统地研究了激发方式、药包的几何形状、药量与能量、频率、子波特征之间的关系，系统地从理论到实践，总结了多级延迟爆炸这种新型震源的应用效果。多级延迟爆炸技术的应用，改变了传统的激发方式，提高了弹性波下传的有效能量，对提高有效波频带宽度、在提高分辨率、信噪比、压制干扰各方面，都具有独特的作用，具有很好的推广价值。通过不同观测系统对提高深层反射信号的影响，采用地震数值模拟射线追踪方法，分析了观测系统中最大炮检距、道距、覆盖次数及检波器埋置，对提高深层反射信号能量的影响，从理论到实践总结了“面元叠加”采集技术的应用效果。面元叠加技术，是高精度三维地震的延续，它有效地把采集技术和处理技术紧密结合为一体，通过小面元采集、扩大面元处理，提高CMP面元的叠加次数，以达到提深层反射能量、提高分辨率、信噪比的目的。面元叠加技术既可应用于三维勘探，也可在二维勘探中推广。通过对激发和接收两个重要环节的研究，总结了一套适应在深层地震勘探提高下传能量的采集新技求、新方法，较好地解决了激发能量的下传和接收问题。并通过生产实践证明，对提高深层地震勘探反射品质，取得了明显的效果。为深层地震勘探枝术创出了一条新思路，具有较好的推广和应用价值。深层地震勘探枝术的发展，为深层油气勘探的发展开辟了新的局面，必将为发现更多的深层油气田、为解决后备能源储量接替，做出新的贡献。提高深层下传能量地震采集方法研究成果，可推广到复杂地震勘探的各个领域。
This article is brought forward aiming at developing deep layer acquisition technology. Besides development in new sequence, area and block, deep layer has become another new hot area in oil/gas exploration. As the frontier of oil/gas exploration, there must be some breakthrough in deep layer acquisition technology, in which the key is to solve the problem in downging energy. Based on the technical difficulties in data acquisition, processing and interpretation, especially the difficulties in acquisition stage, combined with the feasibility and present situation in acquisition technology research, started from wave propagation theory, this article studies the absorption and attenuation of the effective wave and gets three basic recognitions. Through primary study in charging theory, from theory to model study, systematically study the relationship between charging, geometric shape of charge, size and energy, frequency and character of wavelet, this article summarize, in both theory and practice, the,application result of multi-level delay charging, a new type source. The application of multi-level delay charging method has change the conventional charging method and increase the effective energy in downgoing elastic wave, which has unique effect in increasing the bandwidth of effective wave, resolution, S/N ration and interference attenuation and is worth to propagate. Through observing the influence of different geometry to reflect wave in deep layer, using seismic digital simulation tracing method, analyzing the influence of max-offset, trace interval, fold and geophone planting to reflecting energy, this article, summarizes, in both theory and practice, the application result of "bin stack" acquisition method. Bin stack technology, effectively integrating acquisition and processing technology, is the continuity of high precision 3D acquisition, aiming at increasing reflecting energy, resolution and S/N ration through small bin size acquisition, enlarged bin size processing and increasing CMP fold times. Besides 3D acquisition, bin stack can also be used in 2D acquisition. Through study in charging and reception, this article summarizes a whole set of new technology in increasing downgoing energy, which is proved, through production practice, to be effective in improving the reflecting wave quality, creates a new idea for the acquisition technology development and worth to propagate and apply in practice. The development in deep layer exploration technology create a new field in oil/gas exploration, it will contribute more in finding more deep layer reservoir and solving the energy substitution. The research result of improving downgoing energy in deep layer can also be used in other field in complicated seismic exploration area.
This article is brought forward aiming at developing deep layer acquisition technology. Besides development in new sequence, area and block, deep layer has become another new hot area in oil/gas exploration. As the frontier of oil/gas exploration, there must be some breakthrough in deep layer acquisition technology, in which the key is to solve the problem in downging energy. Based on the technical difficulties in data acquisition, processing and interpretation, especially the difficulties in acquisition stage, combined with the feasibility and present situation in acquisition technology research, started from wave propagation theory, this article studies the absorption and attenuation of the effective wave and gets three basic recognitions. Through primary study in charging theory, from theory to model study, systematically study the relationship between charging, geometric shape of charge, size and energy, frequency and character of wavelet, this article summarize, in both theory and practice, the,application result of multi-level delay charging, a new type source. The application of multi-level delay charging method has change the conventional charging method and increase the effective energy in downgoing elastic wave, which has unique effect in increasing the bandwidth of effective wave, resolution, S/N ration and interference attenuation and is worth to propagate. Through observing the influence of different geometry to reflect wave in deep layer, using seismic digital simulation tracing method, analyzing the influence of max-offset, trace interval, fold and geophone planting to reflecting energy, this article, summarizes, in both theory and practice, the application result of "bin stack" acquisition method. Bin stack technology, effectively integrating acquisition and processing technology, is the continuity of high precision 3D acquisition, aiming at increasing reflecting energy, resolution and S/N ration through small bin size acquisition, enlarged bin size processing and increasing CMP fold times. Besides 3D acquisition, bin stack can also be used in 2D acquisition. Through study in charging and reception, this article summarizes a whole set of new technology in increasing downgoing energy, which is proved, through production practice, to be effective in improving the reflecting wave quality, creates a new idea for the acquisition technology development and worth to propagate and apply in practice. The development in deep layer exploration technology create a new field in oil/gas exploration, it will contribute more in finding more deep layer reservoir and solving the energy substitution. The research result of improving downgoing energy in deep layer can also be used in other field in complicated seismic exploration area.
引文
[1] 欧庆贤著，《石油物探文选》，石油工业出版社，1995年8月。12-24
[2] 裘慰庭等编，《地震勘探采集技术论文集》，石油工业出版社，1993年5月。24-31
[3] 钱绍瑚编著，《实用高分辨率地震勘探数据采集技术》，中国地质大学出版社，1998年4月。21-44
[4] 马恩泽著，《地震勘探论文集》，石油工业出版社，1996年3月。88-106
[5] 陆基孟主编，《地震勘探原理》上、下册，石油工业出版社，1996年8月第二次印刷。336-436
[6] 马在田著，《地震成象技术——有限差分法偏移》，石油工业出版社，1989年。65-78
[7] 王华忠，1997年，三维地震波场最优外推算子及其在深度偏移成像中的应用，同济大学博士论文。67-124
[8] 陆金甫，关治著，《偏微分方程数值解法》，清华大学出版社，1987年 36-42
[9] 牟永光主编，《地震勘探资料数字处理方法》，石油工业出版社，1986年3月北京第三次印刷。131-157
[10] 李庆忠著，《走向精确勘探的道路》，石油工业出版社，1994年8月。31-60
[11] 傅朝奎，“关于地震采集中的井深和药量的研究”，《石油地球物理勘探》，第33卷增刊1，1998年6月。83-86
[12] 刘怀山、王玉岭，“组合爆炸法在高分辨率地震勘探中的应用”，《石油地球物理勘探》，第25卷第六期，1990年12月。734-743
[13] 阎世信、谢文导，“三维地震观测方式应用的几点意见”，《石油地球物理勘探》，第33卷第六期，1998年12月。45-49
[14] 刘治凡，准噶儿盆地沙漠区深层弱反射地震方法研究，新疆石油地质，1993．3，228-234。
[15] 宋国良，深部薄砂层的高分辨率三维地震勘探，石油物探译丛，1992．5，46-57。
[16] 任俞，超深油气藏物探方法的发展和改进，世界石油工业，1996．7，4-7。
[17] 徐明才、高景华，深反射地震资料处理和解释的初步研究，物探与化探，1995．5，360-368。
[18] "Stratigraphic modeling and interpretation ——Geophysical principles and techniques.", AAPG Memoir Vol. 26, 1977, 389-416.
[19] Geoff Bennett, "3-D seismic refraction for deep exploration targets." The Leading Edge, 1999, Vol. 18, No.2.
[20] Baysal, E., Kosloff, D. D., and Sherwood, J. C., 1983, Reverse time migration: Geophysics, 48, 1514-1524
[21] Baysal, E., Kosloff, D., and Sherwood, J.W.C., 1984, A two-way nonreflecting wave equation: Geophysics, 49, 132-141.
[22] Claerbout, J. E, 1985, Imaging of earth's interior: Blackwell Scientific Publications, Inc. 142-248
[23] Clayton, R. W., and Engquist, B., 1980, Absorbing boundary conditions for wave-equation migration: Geophysics, 45, 895-904.
[24] Dablain, M. A., 1986, The application of high-order differencing to the scalar wave equation: Geophysics, 51, 54-66.
[25] Fei, Tong, and Larner, K., 1995, Elimination of numerical dispersion in finite-difference modeling and migration by flux-corrected transport: Geophysics, 60, 1830-1842.
[26] Gazdag, J., 1978, Wave equation migration with the phase-shift method: Geophysics, 43, 1342-1351.
[27] Kosloff, D. D.,and Baysal, E., 1983, Migration with the fall acoustic wave equation: Geophysics, 48, 677-687.
[28] Hubral, R, 1977, Time Migration — some ray theoretical aspects: Geophysical Prospecting, 25, 738-745.
[29] Mufti, I. R., 1990, Large-scale three-dimensional seismic models and their interpretive significance: Geophysics, 55, 1166-1182.
[30] Mufti, I. R., Pita, J. A., and Huntley, R. W., 1996, Finite-difference depth migration of exploration-scale 3-D seismic data: Geophysics,61,776-794.
[31] Stolt, R. H., 1978, Migration by Fourier Transform: Geophysics,43,23-48.
[32] Wu, Wew-Jing, Larry, R. L., and Lu, Han-Xing, 1996, Analysis of higher-order finite-difference schemes in 3D reverse-time migration: Geophysics, 61, 85-856
[2] 裘慰庭等编，《地震勘探采集技术论文集》，石油工业出版社，1993年5月。24-31
[3] 钱绍瑚编著，《实用高分辨率地震勘探数据采集技术》，中国地质大学出版社，1998年4月。21-44
[4] 马恩泽著，《地震勘探论文集》，石油工业出版社，1996年3月。88-106
[5] 陆基孟主编，《地震勘探原理》上、下册，石油工业出版社，1996年8月第二次印刷。336-436
[6] 马在田著，《地震成象技术——有限差分法偏移》，石油工业出版社，1989年。65-78
[7] 王华忠，1997年，三维地震波场最优外推算子及其在深度偏移成像中的应用，同济大学博士论文。67-124
[8] 陆金甫，关治著，《偏微分方程数值解法》，清华大学出版社，1987年 36-42
[9] 牟永光主编，《地震勘探资料数字处理方法》，石油工业出版社，1986年3月北京第三次印刷。131-157
[10] 李庆忠著，《走向精确勘探的道路》，石油工业出版社，1994年8月。31-60
[11] 傅朝奎，“关于地震采集中的井深和药量的研究”，《石油地球物理勘探》，第33卷增刊1，1998年6月。83-86
[12] 刘怀山、王玉岭，“组合爆炸法在高分辨率地震勘探中的应用”，《石油地球物理勘探》，第25卷第六期，1990年12月。734-743
[13] 阎世信、谢文导，“三维地震观测方式应用的几点意见”，《石油地球物理勘探》，第33卷第六期，1998年12月。45-49
[14] 刘治凡，准噶儿盆地沙漠区深层弱反射地震方法研究，新疆石油地质，1993．3，228-234。
[15] 宋国良，深部薄砂层的高分辨率三维地震勘探，石油物探译丛，1992．5，46-57。
[16] 任俞，超深油气藏物探方法的发展和改进，世界石油工业，1996．7，4-7。
[17] 徐明才、高景华，深反射地震资料处理和解释的初步研究，物探与化探，1995．5，360-368。
[18] "Stratigraphic modeling and interpretation ——Geophysical principles and techniques.", AAPG Memoir Vol. 26, 1977, 389-416.
[19] Geoff Bennett, "3-D seismic refraction for deep exploration targets." The Leading Edge, 1999, Vol. 18, No.2.
[20] Baysal, E., Kosloff, D. D., and Sherwood, J. C., 1983, Reverse time migration: Geophysics, 48, 1514-1524
[21] Baysal, E., Kosloff, D., and Sherwood, J.W.C., 1984, A two-way nonreflecting wave equation: Geophysics, 49, 132-141.
[22] Claerbout, J. E, 1985, Imaging of earth's interior: Blackwell Scientific Publications, Inc. 142-248
[23] Clayton, R. W., and Engquist, B., 1980, Absorbing boundary conditions for wave-equation migration: Geophysics, 45, 895-904.
[24] Dablain, M. A., 1986, The application of high-order differencing to the scalar wave equation: Geophysics, 51, 54-66.
[25] Fei, Tong, and Larner, K., 1995, Elimination of numerical dispersion in finite-difference modeling and migration by flux-corrected transport: Geophysics, 60, 1830-1842.
[26] Gazdag, J., 1978, Wave equation migration with the phase-shift method: Geophysics, 43, 1342-1351.
[27] Kosloff, D. D.,and Baysal, E., 1983, Migration with the fall acoustic wave equation: Geophysics, 48, 677-687.
[28] Hubral, R, 1977, Time Migration — some ray theoretical aspects: Geophysical Prospecting, 25, 738-745.
[29] Mufti, I. R., 1990, Large-scale three-dimensional seismic models and their interpretive significance: Geophysics, 55, 1166-1182.
[30] Mufti, I. R., Pita, J. A., and Huntley, R. W., 1996, Finite-difference depth migration of exploration-scale 3-D seismic data: Geophysics,61,776-794.
[31] Stolt, R. H., 1978, Migration by Fourier Transform: Geophysics,43,23-48.
[32] Wu, Wew-Jing, Larry, R. L., and Lu, Han-Xing, 1996, Analysis of higher-order finite-difference schemes in 3D reverse-time migration: Geophysics, 61, 85-856