MIMO信道容量与射频前端的研究与仿真
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摘要
新一代移动通信对于高速率、高可靠性数据传输设计和应用有很高的期望。为了满足期望数据传输速率的高质量服务,有很多困难有待解决。无线信道的设置受到整个传输系统的限制,随时间的多径衰减是限制无线信道容量的主要原因之一。空时分集是克服多径衰减的常用办法。MIMO(Multiple Input Multiple Output)技术就是在这种情况下被提出。它利用空时分集技术,可以在传输特性恶劣的无线信道中实现高速数据传输,具有广阔的应用前景。
本论文针对MIMO系统的信道容量和射频前端收发系统进行研究,提出系统方案并对收发系统方案的主要模块进行分析和仿真。该系统采用时分双工方式,包括收发切换电路、本地振荡源,三路发射通道和三路接收通道。射频通道工作于2.4GHz,发射机采用直接调制方案,接收机采用超外差方案。每路发射通道包括I/Q正交调制、预放、自动功率控制(APC)、功放和收发切换等子电路模块。每路接收通道包括低噪声放大器、变频器、声表面波滤波器和中频调制等子电路模块。发射模块提供与基带处理部分的接口,可以和接收模块一同构成完整的MIMO实验通信系统。
本文首先就MIMO系统信道容量进行分析,研究了分布式MIMO系统中天线选择对于系统信道容量的影响,得出在传输矩阵秩小于发射天线数时,在不降低传输矩阵秩的情况下,对基站和基站的发射天线数目进行选择可以提高系统的信道容量。
然后根据射频前端的指标要求,讨论了射频收发系统的设计方法,确定了系统的收发方案,对发射机和接收机的主要模块进行仿真,并分析了各子模块主要的性能指标,达到试验目的。
最后对论文工作进行了总结,分析了不足之处,并给出建议,为进一步的后续研究提供参考。
New generation wireless communication needs high speed and reliable data transmission. In order to deliver the desired data rates with high quality of service several difficulties has to be overcome. The wireless channel sets the limit for all transmissions. Time varying multipath fading is one of the major limitations in wireless channels. Diversity in space and time is a common way to defeat the multipath fading. MIMO(Multiple Input Multiple Ourput) technique is presented in this situation. The Space-Time coding is used by MIMO to achieve high speed data transmission in a limited frequency bandwidth with comparably low cost.
This article focuses on the research of channel capacity of MIMO system and transmitting module of RF front-end for MIMO mobile terminal, provides a scheme of transmit and receive system based on software simulations. The transmitting module,which is TDD scheme,works at 2.4GHz and consists of a T/R switch,a local oscillator, three transmitter channels and three receiver channels. The transmitter adopt the scheme of direct modulation which consists of several circuits elements such as an I/Q Quadrature Modulator, a Pre-Amplifier,an AGC circuit, a Power Amplifier , a T/R switch and a PLL Frequency Synthesizers, etc. The receiver adopt the scheme of superheterodyne which consists of several circuits elements such as a Low noise amplifier, a Transducer, a surface acoustic wave filter and a Intermediate frequency Modulator, ect. The transmitter and the receiver can be combined with the Baseband Processing Module to build up an MIMO demonstration communication system.
First , the channel capacity of MIMO system is discussed, and the channel capacity with antennas selection is calculated. When the order of the transmit matrix is lower than the number of transmit antennas, without reduce the order of the transmit matrix, the selection of base stations and the number of transmit antennas can enhance the channel capacity.
Secondly, according to the demands of the MIMO system, the design theories of the RF transmitter and receiver is discussed. The important modules of the transmitter and the receiver are analyzed and simulated.
In the end of this article, the deficiencies of the work are pointed out, and the suggestions are made for future research.
本论文针对MIMO系统的信道容量和射频前端收发系统进行研究,提出系统方案并对收发系统方案的主要模块进行分析和仿真。该系统采用时分双工方式,包括收发切换电路、本地振荡源,三路发射通道和三路接收通道。射频通道工作于2.4GHz,发射机采用直接调制方案,接收机采用超外差方案。每路发射通道包括I/Q正交调制、预放、自动功率控制(APC)、功放和收发切换等子电路模块。每路接收通道包括低噪声放大器、变频器、声表面波滤波器和中频调制等子电路模块。发射模块提供与基带处理部分的接口,可以和接收模块一同构成完整的MIMO实验通信系统。
本文首先就MIMO系统信道容量进行分析,研究了分布式MIMO系统中天线选择对于系统信道容量的影响,得出在传输矩阵秩小于发射天线数时,在不降低传输矩阵秩的情况下,对基站和基站的发射天线数目进行选择可以提高系统的信道容量。
然后根据射频前端的指标要求,讨论了射频收发系统的设计方法,确定了系统的收发方案,对发射机和接收机的主要模块进行仿真,并分析了各子模块主要的性能指标,达到试验目的。
最后对论文工作进行了总结,分析了不足之处,并给出建议,为进一步的后续研究提供参考。
New generation wireless communication needs high speed and reliable data transmission. In order to deliver the desired data rates with high quality of service several difficulties has to be overcome. The wireless channel sets the limit for all transmissions. Time varying multipath fading is one of the major limitations in wireless channels. Diversity in space and time is a common way to defeat the multipath fading. MIMO(Multiple Input Multiple Ourput) technique is presented in this situation. The Space-Time coding is used by MIMO to achieve high speed data transmission in a limited frequency bandwidth with comparably low cost.
This article focuses on the research of channel capacity of MIMO system and transmitting module of RF front-end for MIMO mobile terminal, provides a scheme of transmit and receive system based on software simulations. The transmitting module,which is TDD scheme,works at 2.4GHz and consists of a T/R switch,a local oscillator, three transmitter channels and three receiver channels. The transmitter adopt the scheme of direct modulation which consists of several circuits elements such as an I/Q Quadrature Modulator, a Pre-Amplifier,an AGC circuit, a Power Amplifier , a T/R switch and a PLL Frequency Synthesizers, etc. The receiver adopt the scheme of superheterodyne which consists of several circuits elements such as a Low noise amplifier, a Transducer, a surface acoustic wave filter and a Intermediate frequency Modulator, ect. The transmitter and the receiver can be combined with the Baseband Processing Module to build up an MIMO demonstration communication system.
First , the channel capacity of MIMO system is discussed, and the channel capacity with antennas selection is calculated. When the order of the transmit matrix is lower than the number of transmit antennas, without reduce the order of the transmit matrix, the selection of base stations and the number of transmit antennas can enhance the channel capacity.
Secondly, according to the demands of the MIMO system, the design theories of the RF transmitter and receiver is discussed. The important modules of the transmitter and the receiver are analyzed and simulated.
In the end of this article, the deficiencies of the work are pointed out, and the suggestions are made for future research.
引文
[1] R. Berezdivin, R. Breinig, and R. Topp. Next generation wireless communications concepts and technologies. IEEE communications Magazine, 2002, 40(3): 108-116
[2] Ari Hottinen 等著, 苏东林译. 第三代及未来移动通信系统的多天线收发技术. 中国铁道出版社, 2004.2: 128-140
[3] D. P. McNamara, M. A. Beach, &P. N. Fletcher. Temporal Variation of Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) Channels in Indoor Environments. IEE Int. Conf. On Antennas&Propagation, April 2001, 2: 578-582
[4] Inaki Berenguer and Xiaodong Wang. Space-Time Coding and Signal Processing for MIMO Communications. J. comput. sci. &Technol., Nov. 2003, 18(6)
[5] 叶卓映, 耿国桐, 吴伟陵. MIMO 无线技术研究. 数据通信, 2004(3): 6-7
[6] Department of Signals, Sensors and SystemsRoyal Institute of Technology, KTH, Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)Smart Antenna Over Radio, June 2, 2003: 25-28
[7] 龚耀寰. 多入多出智能天线技术. 未来移动通信技术, 2002(44). 12: 81-85
[8] 梁美婧. 移动无线环境中的 MIMO 自适应传输策略研究, [硕士学位论文]. 保存地点: 华中科技大学, 2005
[9] 张功国, 陈路, 徐成伍. 下一代移动通信中的多天线技术. 无线通信技术, 2004(1): 67-70
[10] Hochwald B. M., Marzetta T. L Unitary space-time modulation for multiple-antenna communications in Rayleigh flat fading, Information Theory. IEEE Transactions, 2000, 46(2): 543-564
[11] Bauch G, Al-Dhahir N. Reduced-complexity space-time turbo-equalization for frequency-selective MIMO channels. In Wireless Communications. IEEE Transactions, 2002, 1(4): 819-828
[12] Z. Liu, G. B. Giannakis, B. Muquet, et al. Space-time coding for broadband wireless communications. Wireless Syst. Mobile Comput., 2001, 1(1): 33-53
[13] G. J. Foschini. Layered space-time architecture for wireless communication in a fading environment when using multi-element antennas. Bell Labs Tech. J., 1996, 1(2): 41-59
[14] 肖征荣, 余智, 吴伟陵. MIMO 无线通信系统研究进展. 重庆邮电学院学报(自然科学版), 2004, 16(4): 25-29
[15] Teladar E. Capacity of Multiantenna Gaussian channels. AT&T-Bell Lab Internal Tech Memo, 1995: 243-251
[16] G. Klang and A. F. Naguib. Transmit diversity based on space-time block codes in frequency selective Rayleigh fadingDS-CDMA systems, in Proc. IEEE Veh, Technol, Conf., May 2000, 1: 264-268
[17] D. A. Gore, R. U. Nabar, A. Paulraj, Selection an optimal set of transmit antennas for a low rank matrix channel, IEEE ICASSP, Istanbul, Turkey, 2000, 2785-2788
[18] A. F. Molisch, M. Z. Win, J. H. Winters, Capacity of MIMO systems with antenna selection, IEEE ICC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 2001, 570-574
[19] ROH W, PAULRAJ A. MIMO channel capacity for the distributed antenna[A]. Proc IEEE Veh Technol Conf’02[C]. 2002. 706-709
[20] S. Sandhu, R. U. Nabar, D. A. Gore, A. Paulraj. Near-optimal selection of transmit antennas for a MIMO channel based on Shannon capacity. IEEE the 34th Asimomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers, Princeton New Jersey, 2000, 567-571
[21] 李汉强, 郭伟, 郑辉. 分布式天线系统 MIMO 信道容量分析. 通信学报, 2005, 26(8): 134-138
[22] 黎海涛, 张靖, 陆建华. 天线选择对 MIMO 信道容量的影响. 电子与信息学报, 2002, 25(7): 1000-1005
[23] 张奇. 多输入多输出(MIMO)编码技术研究, [硕士学位论文]. 保存地点: 华中科技大学, 2005
[24] 程云鹏. 矩阵论(第二版). 西北工业大学出版社, 1989: 178-233
[25] C. N. Chuah, JM Kahn and RA Valenzuela. Capacity scaling in MIMO wireless systems under correlated fading. IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, 2002, 48(3): 637-650
[26] Lin Dai, Sfar S, Letaief, K. B. Receive antenna selection for MIMO systems in correlated channels, Communications. 2004 IEEE International Conference, June 2004, 5: 20-24
[27] 康炜. MIMO 移动终端射频前端发射模块的研制, [硕士学位论文]. 保存地点: 东南大学, 2005
[28] Behzad Razavi. RF Transmitter Architectures and Cricuits. IEEE 1999 CustomIntegrated Circuits Conference, 1999, 3: 2365-2369
[29] Jin Liu, Jianyi Zhou, Xiaowei Zhu, Jixin Chen, Wei Hong. W-CDMA RF Module Design With Direct Modulation. IEEE Commun. Lett., 2002, 6(8): 233-235
[30] Jeshl, L, Mehta. Transceiver architectures for wireless ICS. RF Design 2001, 3: 150-155
[31] Behzad Razavi. RF Transceiver Design. IEEE Cricuit and Devices Conference, 1996, 3: 195-198
[32] Mark Curtin, Paul O’Brien. Phase-Locked Loops for High-Frequency Receivers and Transmitters. Analog Dialogue 33-3, 1999
[33] 陈朝阳, 张平, 李卫东 “蜂窝移动通信系统中的发送功率控制. 现代电信科技, 2001. 8
[34] Ulrich L. Rohde, David P. Newkirk. RF/Microwave Circuit Design For Wireless Applications. John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2000: 256-264
[35] Kai Chang. RF and Microwave Wireless Systems. John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2000: 64-75
[36] 张肃文, 陆兆熊. 高频电子线路. 高等教育出版社, 1993: 99-114
[37] Reinhold Ludwig 等著, 王子宇等译. 射频电路设计. 电子工业出版社, 2002: 160-174
[38] HMC273MS10G 5-Bit Digtal Attenuator. Hittitc Microwave Corporation, 2001: 39-46
[39] Nakaya Y, Toda T, Hara S, Takada J-I, Oishi Y. Incorporation of RF-adaptive array antenna into MIMO receivers, Wireless Communication Technology. 2003. IEEE Topical Conference, 15-17 Oct. 2003, 297-298
[40] Sanghyun Woo, Dongjun Lee, Kiho Kim, Yungsik Hur, Chang-Ho Lee, Laskar J. Combined effects of RF impairments in the future IEEE 802. 11n WLAN systems, Vehicular Technology Conference, 2005. VTC 2005-Spring. 2005 IEEE 61st, 30 May-1 June 2005, 2: 1346-1349
[41] Nakaya, Y, Toda T, Hara S, Oishi Y. MIMO receiver using an RF-adaptive array antenna with a novel control method, Communications. 2004 IEEE International Conference, 20-24 June 2004, 5: 2568-2572
[42] RF 2484 High Frequency LNA/Mixer. RF Micro Devices Inc, 2001: 1342-1351
[2] Ari Hottinen 等著, 苏东林译. 第三代及未来移动通信系统的多天线收发技术. 中国铁道出版社, 2004.2: 128-140
[3] D. P. McNamara, M. A. Beach, &P. N. Fletcher. Temporal Variation of Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) Channels in Indoor Environments. IEE Int. Conf. On Antennas&Propagation, April 2001, 2: 578-582
[4] Inaki Berenguer and Xiaodong Wang. Space-Time Coding and Signal Processing for MIMO Communications. J. comput. sci. &Technol., Nov. 2003, 18(6)
[5] 叶卓映, 耿国桐, 吴伟陵. MIMO 无线技术研究. 数据通信, 2004(3): 6-7
[6] Department of Signals, Sensors and SystemsRoyal Institute of Technology, KTH, Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)Smart Antenna Over Radio, June 2, 2003: 25-28
[7] 龚耀寰. 多入多出智能天线技术. 未来移动通信技术, 2002(44). 12: 81-85
[8] 梁美婧. 移动无线环境中的 MIMO 自适应传输策略研究, [硕士学位论文]. 保存地点: 华中科技大学, 2005
[9] 张功国, 陈路, 徐成伍. 下一代移动通信中的多天线技术. 无线通信技术, 2004(1): 67-70
[10] Hochwald B. M., Marzetta T. L Unitary space-time modulation for multiple-antenna communications in Rayleigh flat fading, Information Theory. IEEE Transactions, 2000, 46(2): 543-564
[11] Bauch G, Al-Dhahir N. Reduced-complexity space-time turbo-equalization for frequency-selective MIMO channels. In Wireless Communications. IEEE Transactions, 2002, 1(4): 819-828
[12] Z. Liu, G. B. Giannakis, B. Muquet, et al. Space-time coding for broadband wireless communications. Wireless Syst. Mobile Comput., 2001, 1(1): 33-53
[13] G. J. Foschini. Layered space-time architecture for wireless communication in a fading environment when using multi-element antennas. Bell Labs Tech. J., 1996, 1(2): 41-59
[14] 肖征荣, 余智, 吴伟陵. MIMO 无线通信系统研究进展. 重庆邮电学院学报(自然科学版), 2004, 16(4): 25-29
[15] Teladar E. Capacity of Multiantenna Gaussian channels. AT&T-Bell Lab Internal Tech Memo, 1995: 243-251
[16] G. Klang and A. F. Naguib. Transmit diversity based on space-time block codes in frequency selective Rayleigh fadingDS-CDMA systems, in Proc. IEEE Veh, Technol, Conf., May 2000, 1: 264-268
[17] D. A. Gore, R. U. Nabar, A. Paulraj, Selection an optimal set of transmit antennas for a low rank matrix channel, IEEE ICASSP, Istanbul, Turkey, 2000, 2785-2788
[18] A. F. Molisch, M. Z. Win, J. H. Winters, Capacity of MIMO systems with antenna selection, IEEE ICC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 2001, 570-574
[19] ROH W, PAULRAJ A. MIMO channel capacity for the distributed antenna[A]. Proc IEEE Veh Technol Conf’02[C]. 2002. 706-709
[20] S. Sandhu, R. U. Nabar, D. A. Gore, A. Paulraj. Near-optimal selection of transmit antennas for a MIMO channel based on Shannon capacity. IEEE the 34th Asimomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers, Princeton New Jersey, 2000, 567-571
[21] 李汉强, 郭伟, 郑辉. 分布式天线系统 MIMO 信道容量分析. 通信学报, 2005, 26(8): 134-138
[22] 黎海涛, 张靖, 陆建华. 天线选择对 MIMO 信道容量的影响. 电子与信息学报, 2002, 25(7): 1000-1005
[23] 张奇. 多输入多输出(MIMO)编码技术研究, [硕士学位论文]. 保存地点: 华中科技大学, 2005
[24] 程云鹏. 矩阵论(第二版). 西北工业大学出版社, 1989: 178-233
[25] C. N. Chuah, JM Kahn and RA Valenzuela. Capacity scaling in MIMO wireless systems under correlated fading. IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, 2002, 48(3): 637-650
[26] Lin Dai, Sfar S, Letaief, K. B. Receive antenna selection for MIMO systems in correlated channels, Communications. 2004 IEEE International Conference, June 2004, 5: 20-24
[27] 康炜. MIMO 移动终端射频前端发射模块的研制, [硕士学位论文]. 保存地点: 东南大学, 2005
[28] Behzad Razavi. RF Transmitter Architectures and Cricuits. IEEE 1999 CustomIntegrated Circuits Conference, 1999, 3: 2365-2369
[29] Jin Liu, Jianyi Zhou, Xiaowei Zhu, Jixin Chen, Wei Hong. W-CDMA RF Module Design With Direct Modulation. IEEE Commun. Lett., 2002, 6(8): 233-235
[30] Jeshl, L, Mehta. Transceiver architectures for wireless ICS. RF Design 2001, 3: 150-155
[31] Behzad Razavi. RF Transceiver Design. IEEE Cricuit and Devices Conference, 1996, 3: 195-198
[32] Mark Curtin, Paul O’Brien. Phase-Locked Loops for High-Frequency Receivers and Transmitters. Analog Dialogue 33-3, 1999
[33] 陈朝阳, 张平, 李卫东 “蜂窝移动通信系统中的发送功率控制. 现代电信科技, 2001. 8
[34] Ulrich L. Rohde, David P. Newkirk. RF/Microwave Circuit Design For Wireless Applications. John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2000: 256-264
[35] Kai Chang. RF and Microwave Wireless Systems. John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2000: 64-75
[36] 张肃文, 陆兆熊. 高频电子线路. 高等教育出版社, 1993: 99-114
[37] Reinhold Ludwig 等著, 王子宇等译. 射频电路设计. 电子工业出版社, 2002: 160-174
[38] HMC273MS10G 5-Bit Digtal Attenuator. Hittitc Microwave Corporation, 2001: 39-46
[39] Nakaya Y, Toda T, Hara S, Takada J-I, Oishi Y. Incorporation of RF-adaptive array antenna into MIMO receivers, Wireless Communication Technology. 2003. IEEE Topical Conference, 15-17 Oct. 2003, 297-298
[40] Sanghyun Woo, Dongjun Lee, Kiho Kim, Yungsik Hur, Chang-Ho Lee, Laskar J. Combined effects of RF impairments in the future IEEE 802. 11n WLAN systems, Vehicular Technology Conference, 2005. VTC 2005-Spring. 2005 IEEE 61st, 30 May-1 June 2005, 2: 1346-1349
[41] Nakaya, Y, Toda T, Hara S, Oishi Y. MIMO receiver using an RF-adaptive array antenna with a novel control method, Communications. 2004 IEEE International Conference, 20-24 June 2004, 5: 2568-2572
[42] RF 2484 High Frequency LNA/Mixer. RF Micro Devices Inc, 2001: 1342-1351