基于时分的水声传感器网络MAC协议的研究
摘要
随着水声通信技术研究深入,水声传感器网络在海洋环境监测、矿物资源开发、辅助导航、自然灾情预防、战略指挥等方面都有了广泛的应用。相比成熟的陆地无线通信,水声传感器网络存在可用带宽窄、传播时延长、信号衰减大等特点。因此,陆地无线通信MAC协议不能直接适用于水声通信,需专门研究适用于水声网络的专属MAC协议。
通过参考大量国内外文献,本论文认为水声网络中主要需要解决几个问题:延时、能耗、公平性及可扩展性。传统的基于多次握手机制的MAC协议只会进一步加大水声通信延时,降低网络的吞吐量;而无序发送引发的数据包频率碰撞,严重浪费了节点的能量;延时导致的公平性失衡等现象也严重影响着网络的整体性能;新节点的加入或者旧节点的失效需要网络具备良好的可扩展性。
针对多到一的监测型水声传感器网络,本论文结合水声信道的特点设计了一种基于TDMA的水声传感器网络MAC协议(UN-TD)。其基本设计思想是:汇聚节点基于动态感知到的监测节点到它的时延信息,集中调度各个监测节点的数据发送时隙、侦听时隙以及睡眠时隙,从而实现在无数据碰撞前提下,最大化网络整体吞吐量和能量利用效率。
在NS2平台下,基于吞吐量、能量效率、平均时延、公平性这四个网络性能指标,本文将UN-TD与ALOHA协议、DACAP协议进行了仿真对比。仿真结果表明:在牺牲一定时延性能的代价下,UN-TD能够最大化水声信道的利用效率以及能量利用效率,适用于对时延不敏感的多至一的监测型的单跳水声传感器网络。
With the fast development of underwater acoustic communication techniques, underwater acoustic sensor network (UAN) is being more and more used in the marine environment monitoring, development of mineral resources, navigation aid, natural disaster prevention, strategic command, and other aspects of the wide range of applications. Compared to the mature terrestrial radio communications, underwater acoustic sensor network has distinct characteristics, such as narrow available bandwidth, long propagation delay, and strong signal attenuation. Therefore, MAC protocols originated from the terrestrial wireless communication can not be directly applied to underwater acoustic communication, and dedicated MAC protocols should be proposed.
By reviewing a large number of domestic and foreign researches under UAN, we identify several key problems that need to be addressed for designing MAC of UAN: delay, power consumption and fairness. Traditional handshake mechanism will worsen the acoustic communication delays and decrease the network throughput; unordered data transmissions lead to collisions and serious waste of energy; delay-induced unfairness impairs the overall network performance; the network is required to extendible enough to handle frequent entrance of new node or expiration of old nodes.
Regarding to the special characteristics of underwater acoustic channel, we propose a dedicated Underwater TDMA MAC protocol (UN-TD) for the many-to-one underwater monitoring sensor network. Its basic idea is that, by dynamically monitoring the delay from the node to itself, the gate node or AP node schedules the sending slot, sleeping slot and listening slot for each client node in a centralized way, so as to maximize the overall network throughput and energy efficiency in the premise of guaranteeing collision-free packet transmission.
We also compare UN-TD’s performance of throughput, energy efficiency, average delay, fairness against ALOHA and DACAP. Simulation results show that: UN-TD outperforms the other three protocols in throughput, energy efficiency and fairness, at the expense of inducing longer delay. It is suitable for delay-insensitive many-to-one underwater monitoring sensor network.
通过参考大量国内外文献,本论文认为水声网络中主要需要解决几个问题:延时、能耗、公平性及可扩展性。传统的基于多次握手机制的MAC协议只会进一步加大水声通信延时,降低网络的吞吐量;而无序发送引发的数据包频率碰撞,严重浪费了节点的能量;延时导致的公平性失衡等现象也严重影响着网络的整体性能;新节点的加入或者旧节点的失效需要网络具备良好的可扩展性。
针对多到一的监测型水声传感器网络,本论文结合水声信道的特点设计了一种基于TDMA的水声传感器网络MAC协议(UN-TD)。其基本设计思想是:汇聚节点基于动态感知到的监测节点到它的时延信息,集中调度各个监测节点的数据发送时隙、侦听时隙以及睡眠时隙,从而实现在无数据碰撞前提下,最大化网络整体吞吐量和能量利用效率。
在NS2平台下,基于吞吐量、能量效率、平均时延、公平性这四个网络性能指标,本文将UN-TD与ALOHA协议、DACAP协议进行了仿真对比。仿真结果表明:在牺牲一定时延性能的代价下,UN-TD能够最大化水声信道的利用效率以及能量利用效率,适用于对时延不敏感的多至一的监测型的单跳水声传感器网络。
With the fast development of underwater acoustic communication techniques, underwater acoustic sensor network (UAN) is being more and more used in the marine environment monitoring, development of mineral resources, navigation aid, natural disaster prevention, strategic command, and other aspects of the wide range of applications. Compared to the mature terrestrial radio communications, underwater acoustic sensor network has distinct characteristics, such as narrow available bandwidth, long propagation delay, and strong signal attenuation. Therefore, MAC protocols originated from the terrestrial wireless communication can not be directly applied to underwater acoustic communication, and dedicated MAC protocols should be proposed.
By reviewing a large number of domestic and foreign researches under UAN, we identify several key problems that need to be addressed for designing MAC of UAN: delay, power consumption and fairness. Traditional handshake mechanism will worsen the acoustic communication delays and decrease the network throughput; unordered data transmissions lead to collisions and serious waste of energy; delay-induced unfairness impairs the overall network performance; the network is required to extendible enough to handle frequent entrance of new node or expiration of old nodes.
Regarding to the special characteristics of underwater acoustic channel, we propose a dedicated Underwater TDMA MAC protocol (UN-TD) for the many-to-one underwater monitoring sensor network. Its basic idea is that, by dynamically monitoring the delay from the node to itself, the gate node or AP node schedules the sending slot, sleeping slot and listening slot for each client node in a centralized way, so as to maximize the overall network throughput and energy efficiency in the premise of guaranteeing collision-free packet transmission.
We also compare UN-TD’s performance of throughput, energy efficiency, average delay, fairness against ALOHA and DACAP. Simulation results show that: UN-TD outperforms the other three protocols in throughput, energy efficiency and fairness, at the expense of inducing longer delay. It is suitable for delay-insensitive many-to-one underwater monitoring sensor network.
引文
[1]陶秀云.水声网络.声学与电子工程.2004年第一期.
[2]孙利民,李建中.无线传感器网络.清华大学出版社,2005
[3] Ethem M.Sozer,Milica Stojanovic,John G.Proakis.Underwater Acoustic Networks,IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering.VOL.25,NO.1,2008.01.
[4]许克平,许天增,许茹等.基于水声的水下无线通信研究.厦门大学学报(自然科学版).2001年第四十卷第二期.
[5]杨长清,孟桥,陆佶人.水声通信网若干问题的讨论.声学技术.2003.
[6] R.J.尤立克.水声原理[M].哈尔滨船舶工程学院出版社,1990年2月.
[7]陶秀云.水声网络.声学与电子工程.2004年第一期
[8] Chitre M.,reitag L.,Sozer E.,Shahabudeen S.,Stojanovic M.,Potter J.,An Architecture for Underwater Networks. OCEANS. May 2006.
[9]聂景楠.多址通信及其接入控制技术[M],北京:人民邮电出版社,2006年.
[10]张海滨.正交频分复用的基木原理与关键技术[M].北京:国防工业出版社,2006年.
[11]李淑秋,李启虎,张春华.水下声学传感器网络的发展和应用.声纳技术.2006年第十一期.
[12]夏海轮.无线Adhoc网络MAC协议及相关技术的研究.北京邮电大学博士论文.2007.05
[13] L.G.Roberts ALOHA Packet system with and without slots and capture[J].ACMSIGCOM ComPut.Commun.Rev.1975.
[14] P.Karn, MACA:A new channel access method for Packet radio [R].in ARRL/CRRL Amateur Radio 9th
[15] V. Bharghavan, A. Demers, S. Shenker, and L. Zhang,“MACAW: A media access protocol for wireless LAN’s,”in Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM Conference. London, UK: ACM, Sep. 1994, pp. 212–225. Computer Network Conf,Sept.1990.
[16]金纯,陈林星,杨吉云.IEEE802.11,无线局域网〔M〕,北京:电子工业出版社,2004年
[17] W. Ye,J. Heidemann,and D. Estrin,‘An energy-efficient MAC Protocol for wireless Sensor Networks,’in Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM 2002,vol.3,New York,NY,USA,June,PP.1567-1576.
[18] van Dam T, Langendoen K. An adaptive energy efficient mac protocol for wireless sensor networks[R].In: Proc. of the 1st ACM Conf. on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys).2003.171-180.
[19] Jun-Hong Cui,Jiejun Kong and Mario Gerla,Shengli Zhou.‘The Challenges of Building Scalable Mobile Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks for Aquatic Applications’. IEEE Network,PP.32-40,May/June 2006.
[20] I.F.Akyildiz,D.PomPili,and T.Melodia,“Challenges for Efficient Communication Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks,”ACM SIG BED Rev.,vol.1,no.1,PP. 71-74,July.2004.
[21] I. Akyildiz, D. Pompili, and T. Melodia,“Underwater acoustic sensor networks: research challenges,”Ad Hoc Networks, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 257–279, 2005.
[22] J. Wills, W. Ye, and J. Heidemann,“Low-power acoustic modem for dense underwater sensor networks,”in Proceedings of the First ACM International Workshop on Underwater Networks. Los Angeles, California, USA: ACM, September 2006, pp. 79–85.
[23]陆佶人,童峰.一种用于水声通信网的TDMA方案,通信学报.2003年第二十四卷第四期
[24]韩晶,黄建国,钟永信.水声通信网络介质访问控制协议的设计与仿真,电声技术,2010年第34卷第03期.
[25] G. G. Xie and J. Gibson,“A networking protocol for underwater acoustic networks,”Department of Computer Science, Naval Postgraduate School, Tech. Rep. TR-CS-00-02, Dec. 2000.
[26]王毅,高翔,方世良,郭延芬,Aloha_LPD:一种用于水声通信网的MAC协议,东南大学学报,2009年第39卷第1期.
[27]高明生,陆佶人,姜卫东,一种并行传输的水声Adhoc网络多址接入协议,电子学报,2005年第7期
[28] X. Guo, M. Frater, and M. Ryan,“A Propagation-delay-tolerant Collision Avoidance Protocol for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks,”OCEANS 2006-Asia Pacific, pp. 1–6, 2006.
[29] Affan A. Syed, Wei Ye, and John Heidemann. T-Lohi: A new class of MAC protocols for underwater acoustic sensor networks. In Proceedings of the IEEE InformationCommuncation, pages 231–235, Pheonix, AZ, April 2008.
[30] Borja Peleato , Milica Stojanovic,“Distance Aware Collision Avoidance Protocol for Ad-Hoc Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks”,in IEEE Communications Leters, VOL. 11, NO. 12, December 2007.
[31] Hong Lu,Guo Zhongwen, A TDMA-based MAC Protocol in Underwater Sensor Networks,[R]the 4th
[32]黄化吉,冯穗力,秦丽姣等编著,NS网络模拟与协议仿真,人民邮电出版社,2007.4. international conference on wireless communications ,networking and mobile computing.
[33] Albert F.Harris III , Michele Zorzi.Modeling the Underwater Acoustic Channel inNS2[C].Proc of WUWNet 2007.NewYork,ACM,2007.
[34] Pau1C.Etter.水声信道建模与仿真.北京:电子工业出版社,2005年
[35] R. Jain, W. Hawe, D. Chiu,“A Quantitative measure of fairness and discrimination for resource allocation in Shared Computer Systems,”DEC-TR-301, September 26, 1984.
[36]张国松,周士弘,一种精确的水声通信时间同步信号设计.声学与电子工程,2009年第1期.
[37] Li Liu, Yang Xiao, Jingyuan Zhang, A Linear Time Synchronization Algorithm for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks. IEEE ICC 2009.
[38]车活龙,陈志刚,能量高效无线传感器网络时间同步算法,兵工自动化,2010年第10期
[2]孙利民,李建中.无线传感器网络.清华大学出版社,2005
[3] Ethem M.Sozer,Milica Stojanovic,John G.Proakis.Underwater Acoustic Networks,IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering.VOL.25,NO.1,2008.01.
[4]许克平,许天增,许茹等.基于水声的水下无线通信研究.厦门大学学报(自然科学版).2001年第四十卷第二期.
[5]杨长清,孟桥,陆佶人.水声通信网若干问题的讨论.声学技术.2003.
[6] R.J.尤立克.水声原理[M].哈尔滨船舶工程学院出版社,1990年2月.
[7]陶秀云.水声网络.声学与电子工程.2004年第一期
[8] Chitre M.,reitag L.,Sozer E.,Shahabudeen S.,Stojanovic M.,Potter J.,An Architecture for Underwater Networks. OCEANS. May 2006.
[9]聂景楠.多址通信及其接入控制技术[M],北京:人民邮电出版社,2006年.
[10]张海滨.正交频分复用的基木原理与关键技术[M].北京:国防工业出版社,2006年.
[11]李淑秋,李启虎,张春华.水下声学传感器网络的发展和应用.声纳技术.2006年第十一期.
[12]夏海轮.无线Adhoc网络MAC协议及相关技术的研究.北京邮电大学博士论文.2007.05
[13] L.G.Roberts ALOHA Packet system with and without slots and capture[J].ACMSIGCOM ComPut.Commun.Rev.1975.
[14] P.Karn, MACA:A new channel access method for Packet radio [R].in ARRL/CRRL Amateur Radio 9th
[15] V. Bharghavan, A. Demers, S. Shenker, and L. Zhang,“MACAW: A media access protocol for wireless LAN’s,”in Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM Conference. London, UK: ACM, Sep. 1994, pp. 212–225. Computer Network Conf,Sept.1990.
[16]金纯,陈林星,杨吉云.IEEE802.11,无线局域网〔M〕,北京:电子工业出版社,2004年
[17] W. Ye,J. Heidemann,and D. Estrin,‘An energy-efficient MAC Protocol for wireless Sensor Networks,’in Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM 2002,vol.3,New York,NY,USA,June,PP.1567-1576.
[18] van Dam T, Langendoen K. An adaptive energy efficient mac protocol for wireless sensor networks[R].In: Proc. of the 1st ACM Conf. on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys).2003.171-180.
[19] Jun-Hong Cui,Jiejun Kong and Mario Gerla,Shengli Zhou.‘The Challenges of Building Scalable Mobile Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks for Aquatic Applications’. IEEE Network,PP.32-40,May/June 2006.
[20] I.F.Akyildiz,D.PomPili,and T.Melodia,“Challenges for Efficient Communication Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks,”ACM SIG BED Rev.,vol.1,no.1,PP. 71-74,July.2004.
[21] I. Akyildiz, D. Pompili, and T. Melodia,“Underwater acoustic sensor networks: research challenges,”Ad Hoc Networks, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 257–279, 2005.
[22] J. Wills, W. Ye, and J. Heidemann,“Low-power acoustic modem for dense underwater sensor networks,”in Proceedings of the First ACM International Workshop on Underwater Networks. Los Angeles, California, USA: ACM, September 2006, pp. 79–85.
[23]陆佶人,童峰.一种用于水声通信网的TDMA方案,通信学报.2003年第二十四卷第四期
[24]韩晶,黄建国,钟永信.水声通信网络介质访问控制协议的设计与仿真,电声技术,2010年第34卷第03期.
[25] G. G. Xie and J. Gibson,“A networking protocol for underwater acoustic networks,”Department of Computer Science, Naval Postgraduate School, Tech. Rep. TR-CS-00-02, Dec. 2000.
[26]王毅,高翔,方世良,郭延芬,Aloha_LPD:一种用于水声通信网的MAC协议,东南大学学报,2009年第39卷第1期.
[27]高明生,陆佶人,姜卫东,一种并行传输的水声Adhoc网络多址接入协议,电子学报,2005年第7期
[28] X. Guo, M. Frater, and M. Ryan,“A Propagation-delay-tolerant Collision Avoidance Protocol for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks,”OCEANS 2006-Asia Pacific, pp. 1–6, 2006.
[29] Affan A. Syed, Wei Ye, and John Heidemann. T-Lohi: A new class of MAC protocols for underwater acoustic sensor networks. In Proceedings of the IEEE InformationCommuncation, pages 231–235, Pheonix, AZ, April 2008.
[30] Borja Peleato , Milica Stojanovic,“Distance Aware Collision Avoidance Protocol for Ad-Hoc Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks”,in IEEE Communications Leters, VOL. 11, NO. 12, December 2007.
[31] Hong Lu,Guo Zhongwen, A TDMA-based MAC Protocol in Underwater Sensor Networks,[R]the 4th
[32]黄化吉,冯穗力,秦丽姣等编著,NS网络模拟与协议仿真,人民邮电出版社,2007.4. international conference on wireless communications ,networking and mobile computing.
[33] Albert F.Harris III , Michele Zorzi.Modeling the Underwater Acoustic Channel inNS2[C].Proc of WUWNet 2007.NewYork,ACM,2007.
[34] Pau1C.Etter.水声信道建模与仿真.北京:电子工业出版社,2005年
[35] R. Jain, W. Hawe, D. Chiu,“A Quantitative measure of fairness and discrimination for resource allocation in Shared Computer Systems,”DEC-TR-301, September 26, 1984.
[36]张国松,周士弘,一种精确的水声通信时间同步信号设计.声学与电子工程,2009年第1期.
[37] Li Liu, Yang Xiao, Jingyuan Zhang, A Linear Time Synchronization Algorithm for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks. IEEE ICC 2009.
[38]车活龙,陈志刚,能量高效无线传感器网络时间同步算法,兵工自动化,2010年第10期