微微网同频干扰对蓝牙数据传输的影响
摘要
蓝牙是一种开放性的短距离无线通信规范,用于提供全球通用、低成本、低功耗、灵活的短距离无线连接解决方案。蓝牙采用全球统一开放的2.4GHz ISM(工业、科研和医疗)频段,可免受各国频率分配不统一的影响。但也正因为这样,在该频段内,存在大量彼此各异且互不协调的设备,使得蓝牙设备的干扰问题成为蓝牙技术的核心问题之一。虽然蓝牙采用了自适应跳频、正向纠错(Forward Error Correction FEC)和短分组技术来减少同频干扰和随机噪声,提高无线通信的质量,但随着蓝牙设备的大量出现,蓝牙设备不仅要面对来自其它设备的干扰,来自蓝牙设备自身的干扰问题也势必越来越严重,提早研究,避免问题的严重化,是处理该问题的最好方法。
文中,详尽分析了蓝牙数据传输和蓝牙跳频选频机制,在Crgwin下用程序模拟实现了蓝牙跳频选频机制,并输出蓝牙跳频序列。接着,首先从蓝牙数据分组出发,建立了蓝牙微微网相互之间干扰的数学模型,根据此模型推导了蓝牙数据分组重传概率与微微网个数之间的关系表达式,并在Matlab环境下,以蓝牙DH1数据分组为例,在基本跳频和自适应跳频两种情况下,仿真实现数据传输成功率和微微网个数的关系曲线;其次,从蓝牙跳频模式出发,用程序模拟16组采用不同的蓝牙地址和时钟生成的蓝牙跳频序列,对该生成序列进行统计分析,得到了碰撞概率与微微网个数的关系曲线。为了更进一步证实文中所建立的蓝牙模型的准确性,用12个蓝牙Dongle作为发射和接收端,主机端运行Btsample程序,进行实物测试。最后将模拟和仿真结果与实际测试结果进行了分析和对比,发现实测数据和仿真数据基本吻合。
在各个模型的末尾,指出了本文中所建立的两个蓝牙微微网同频干扰模型的不足,希望能够对以后更深入的研究有所帮助。
Bluetooth is an open specification for short-range ad hoc radio connections, which provides us a kind of universal, low-cost, low-power and flexible short distance wireless communication technology. Bluetooth uses the sharing resource of ISM (Industrial, Scientific and Medical) band, which makes Bluetooth not affected by the skimble-scamble of frequency in every country. But just for the same reason, there are numerous, disparate and uncoordinated devices work in this band, So the interference of Bluetooth is becoming one of the hottest research points all around the world. Although technologies of AFC(Automatic frequency control), FEC, Short Packet had been used to reduce the co-channel interference and random noise and improve the quality of ad hoc radio connections, there are more and more Bluetooth devices used which makes Bluetooth does not only face the interference of other kinds of devices but also the interference arising from themselves. And the latter will become worse and worse. The best way to deal with this problem and avoid becoming more serious is to do the research about that.
In this paper, the date transmission of Bluetooth and the algorithm of frequency hopping and chousing was studied, the algorithm of frequency hopping and chousing of Bluetooth was simulated by program under Crgwin , the sequence of frequency hopping was gotten. At first, the mathematic model of the interruption between the different Bluetooth piconets is found. Based on the model, the functional expression of Bluetooth's packets transmission probability and the number of piconets are provided, the DH1 Bluetooth baseband packet’s transmission under base frequency and AFC were simulated under Matlab. Then the curve of collision about 16 couple piconets was derived from the simulation results of FH(Frequency Hopping) algorithm. 12 Bluetooth dongles were used as the parts of sending and receiving for a test. Through comparing the results of simulation and the test, we found the simulation results are in agreement with those from tests. At the end of every model, the shortages were given, we hope this can be helpful to those who have a deep study.
文中,详尽分析了蓝牙数据传输和蓝牙跳频选频机制,在Crgwin下用程序模拟实现了蓝牙跳频选频机制,并输出蓝牙跳频序列。接着,首先从蓝牙数据分组出发,建立了蓝牙微微网相互之间干扰的数学模型,根据此模型推导了蓝牙数据分组重传概率与微微网个数之间的关系表达式,并在Matlab环境下,以蓝牙DH1数据分组为例,在基本跳频和自适应跳频两种情况下,仿真实现数据传输成功率和微微网个数的关系曲线;其次,从蓝牙跳频模式出发,用程序模拟16组采用不同的蓝牙地址和时钟生成的蓝牙跳频序列,对该生成序列进行统计分析,得到了碰撞概率与微微网个数的关系曲线。为了更进一步证实文中所建立的蓝牙模型的准确性,用12个蓝牙Dongle作为发射和接收端,主机端运行Btsample程序,进行实物测试。最后将模拟和仿真结果与实际测试结果进行了分析和对比,发现实测数据和仿真数据基本吻合。
在各个模型的末尾,指出了本文中所建立的两个蓝牙微微网同频干扰模型的不足,希望能够对以后更深入的研究有所帮助。
Bluetooth is an open specification for short-range ad hoc radio connections, which provides us a kind of universal, low-cost, low-power and flexible short distance wireless communication technology. Bluetooth uses the sharing resource of ISM (Industrial, Scientific and Medical) band, which makes Bluetooth not affected by the skimble-scamble of frequency in every country. But just for the same reason, there are numerous, disparate and uncoordinated devices work in this band, So the interference of Bluetooth is becoming one of the hottest research points all around the world. Although technologies of AFC(Automatic frequency control), FEC, Short Packet had been used to reduce the co-channel interference and random noise and improve the quality of ad hoc radio connections, there are more and more Bluetooth devices used which makes Bluetooth does not only face the interference of other kinds of devices but also the interference arising from themselves. And the latter will become worse and worse. The best way to deal with this problem and avoid becoming more serious is to do the research about that.
In this paper, the date transmission of Bluetooth and the algorithm of frequency hopping and chousing was studied, the algorithm of frequency hopping and chousing of Bluetooth was simulated by program under Crgwin , the sequence of frequency hopping was gotten. At first, the mathematic model of the interruption between the different Bluetooth piconets is found. Based on the model, the functional expression of Bluetooth's packets transmission probability and the number of piconets are provided, the DH1 Bluetooth baseband packet’s transmission under base frequency and AFC were simulated under Matlab. Then the curve of collision about 16 couple piconets was derived from the simulation results of FH(Frequency Hopping) algorithm. 12 Bluetooth dongles were used as the parts of sending and receiving for a test. Through comparing the results of simulation and the test, we found the simulation results are in agreement with those from tests. At the end of every model, the shortages were given, we hope this can be helpful to those who have a deep study.
引文
[1] Bluetooth SIG. Specification of the Bluetooth System. Core, Version 2.0 EDR [S]. http://www.bluetooth.org. 2004.
[2]禹帆著;蓝牙技术。北京:清华大学出版社. 2002
[3] Bhagwat P. Bluetooth: technology for short-range wireless apps. IEEE Internet Computing, 2001,5(3):96-103
[4] Johansson P., Kazantzidis M., Kappor R., Bluetooth: an enable for personal area networking.IEEE Network,2001,15(5):28-37
[5] N.Golmie, R,E. Van Dyck. Interference of Bluetooth and IEEE 802.11:Simulation Modeling and Performance Evaluation. in:Proceedings of the Forth ACM International workshop, MSWIM’01,Rome,Italy,2001.38-43
[6] N.Golmie, N.Chevorlliere I.EIBakkouri. Interference Aware Bluetooth Packet Scheduling. IEEE 2001:2587-2863
[7] I. Howitt. Mutual Interference Between Independent methodology. IEEE Spring VCT’01, Rhodes,Greece.2001.52-55
[8] I. Howitt. Mutual Interference Between Independent Bluetooth Picontets. IEEE Transactions on vehicular technology,2003,52(3):708-717
[9] Tae-Jin Lee, Kyunghun Jang, Hyunsook Kang et al. Model and Perforance Evalution of a Piconet for Point-to-Multipoint Communication in Bluetooth. IEEE,2001:1144-1148
[10] Slim Souissi, Eric F. Meihofer. Performance evaluation of a Bluetooth network in the presence of adjacent and co-channel interference. Proc of IEEE Emerging Technologies Symposium:Broadband, Wireless Internet Access,2000:1-5
[11]许铭.蓝牙技术的原来与实现。中科院计算技术研究所,硕士.2002.1-4。
[12] http://www.bluetooth.com
[13]杨光松、严嘉瑛著;蓝牙中的自适应跳频技术。现代电子技术.2002(3):68-69
[14]傅剑虹、汪敏著;蓝牙跳频系统的一种自适应改进方案及其性能分析。通信技术.2003(9):59-61
[15] A. El-Hoiydi, Interference between Bluetooth networks-upper bound on the packet error rate[J]. IEEE Commun. Lett., 2005. 5(6): 245–247.
[16] K. Naik, D. Wei, and Y. T. Su. Packet interference in a heterogeneous cluster of bluetooth piconets[A]. IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference[C], 2003. 1:582-586.
[17] Kshirasagar Naik, David S. L. Wei, Yu T. Su, etc. Analysis of Packet Interference and Aggregated Throughput in a Cluster of Bluetooth Piconets Under Different Traffic Conditions[J]. IEEE Journal On Selected Areas In Communications, 2005, 23(6): 1205-1218.
[18] Fredrik Florén, AndréStranne, Ove Edfors, etc, Throughput of Strongly Interfering Slow Frequency-Hopping Networks[J], IEEE transactions on communications,2004,52(7):1152-1159
[19] Jaap C.Haartsen,Stefan Zurbes . Frequency Hop Selection in the Bluetooth Radio Systern, IEEE 7thInt.symp.on Spread-Spectrurn Tech & Appl. Sept 2-5,2002:83-87
[20] N.Golmie, N.Chevrollier. Techniques to improve Bluetooth performance in interference environments. Proc. IEEE MILCOM. 2001(1):581-585
[21] SARKAR S, ANJUM F and GUHA R(2005).Optimal communication in Bluetooth piconets .《IEEE Transaction of Vehicular Technology》.54(2):709-721.
[22] Rodger E. Ziemer and Roger L. Peterson.(2000). Introduction to Digital Communication. Person Education.
[23] C. Miller and J. Lee(1998) BER expressions for differentially detectedπ/4-DQPSK modulation.《IEEE Transactions on Communications》.46:71–81.
[24] J. Proakis(2001).Digital Communications. McGrawHill, Inc., fourth ed.
[25]昌庆江、邹静娴、纪志成;多个蓝牙匹克网共存时的同频干扰性能分析。计算机工程与设计2006(1):103-105.
[26] Bhagwat P. Bluetooth: technology for short-range wireless apps. IEEE Internet Computing, 2001,5(3):96-103
[27] I. Howitt. Mutual Interference Between Independent methodology. IEEE Spring VCT’01, Rhodes,Greece.2001.52-55
[28] I. Howitt. Mutual Interference Between Independent Bluetooth Picontets. IEEE Transactions on vehicular technology,2003,52(3):708-717
[29] Tae-Jin Lee, Kyunghun Jang, Hyunsook Kang et al. Model and Perforance Evalution of a Piconet for Point-to-Multipoint Communication in Bluetooth. IEEE,2001:1144-1148
[2]禹帆著;蓝牙技术。北京:清华大学出版社. 2002
[3] Bhagwat P. Bluetooth: technology for short-range wireless apps. IEEE Internet Computing, 2001,5(3):96-103
[4] Johansson P., Kazantzidis M., Kappor R., Bluetooth: an enable for personal area networking.IEEE Network,2001,15(5):28-37
[5] N.Golmie, R,E. Van Dyck. Interference of Bluetooth and IEEE 802.11:Simulation Modeling and Performance Evaluation. in:Proceedings of the Forth ACM International workshop, MSWIM’01,Rome,Italy,2001.38-43
[6] N.Golmie, N.Chevorlliere I.EIBakkouri. Interference Aware Bluetooth Packet Scheduling. IEEE 2001:2587-2863
[7] I. Howitt. Mutual Interference Between Independent methodology. IEEE Spring VCT’01, Rhodes,Greece.2001.52-55
[8] I. Howitt. Mutual Interference Between Independent Bluetooth Picontets. IEEE Transactions on vehicular technology,2003,52(3):708-717
[9] Tae-Jin Lee, Kyunghun Jang, Hyunsook Kang et al. Model and Perforance Evalution of a Piconet for Point-to-Multipoint Communication in Bluetooth. IEEE,2001:1144-1148
[10] Slim Souissi, Eric F. Meihofer. Performance evaluation of a Bluetooth network in the presence of adjacent and co-channel interference. Proc of IEEE Emerging Technologies Symposium:Broadband, Wireless Internet Access,2000:1-5
[11]许铭.蓝牙技术的原来与实现。中科院计算技术研究所,硕士.2002.1-4。
[12] http://www.bluetooth.com
[13]杨光松、严嘉瑛著;蓝牙中的自适应跳频技术。现代电子技术.2002(3):68-69
[14]傅剑虹、汪敏著;蓝牙跳频系统的一种自适应改进方案及其性能分析。通信技术.2003(9):59-61
[15] A. El-Hoiydi, Interference between Bluetooth networks-upper bound on the packet error rate[J]. IEEE Commun. Lett., 2005. 5(6): 245–247.
[16] K. Naik, D. Wei, and Y. T. Su. Packet interference in a heterogeneous cluster of bluetooth piconets[A]. IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference[C], 2003. 1:582-586.
[17] Kshirasagar Naik, David S. L. Wei, Yu T. Su, etc. Analysis of Packet Interference and Aggregated Throughput in a Cluster of Bluetooth Piconets Under Different Traffic Conditions[J]. IEEE Journal On Selected Areas In Communications, 2005, 23(6): 1205-1218.
[18] Fredrik Florén, AndréStranne, Ove Edfors, etc, Throughput of Strongly Interfering Slow Frequency-Hopping Networks[J], IEEE transactions on communications,2004,52(7):1152-1159
[19] Jaap C.Haartsen,Stefan Zurbes . Frequency Hop Selection in the Bluetooth Radio Systern, IEEE 7thInt.symp.on Spread-Spectrurn Tech & Appl. Sept 2-5,2002:83-87
[20] N.Golmie, N.Chevrollier. Techniques to improve Bluetooth performance in interference environments. Proc. IEEE MILCOM. 2001(1):581-585
[21] SARKAR S, ANJUM F and GUHA R(2005).Optimal communication in Bluetooth piconets .《IEEE Transaction of Vehicular Technology》.54(2):709-721.
[22] Rodger E. Ziemer and Roger L. Peterson.(2000). Introduction to Digital Communication. Person Education.
[23] C. Miller and J. Lee(1998) BER expressions for differentially detectedπ/4-DQPSK modulation.《IEEE Transactions on Communications》.46:71–81.
[24] J. Proakis(2001).Digital Communications. McGrawHill, Inc., fourth ed.
[25]昌庆江、邹静娴、纪志成;多个蓝牙匹克网共存时的同频干扰性能分析。计算机工程与设计2006(1):103-105.
[26] Bhagwat P. Bluetooth: technology for short-range wireless apps. IEEE Internet Computing, 2001,5(3):96-103
[27] I. Howitt. Mutual Interference Between Independent methodology. IEEE Spring VCT’01, Rhodes,Greece.2001.52-55
[28] I. Howitt. Mutual Interference Between Independent Bluetooth Picontets. IEEE Transactions on vehicular technology,2003,52(3):708-717
[29] Tae-Jin Lee, Kyunghun Jang, Hyunsook Kang et al. Model and Perforance Evalution of a Piconet for Point-to-Multipoint Communication in Bluetooth. IEEE,2001:1144-1148