牙鲆免疫系统形态结构、发育和感染病理反应的研究
|
摘要
近年来，鱼类免疫系统的形态和功能的研究日益重视，一方面，从系统进化角度考虑，鱼类同其他脊椎动物一样，也具有有效的免疫防御系统，有关鱼类免疫系统的研究，将有助于阐明人类免疫系统的起源和进化；另一方面，随着世界人口的增长和对水产品消费需求的提高，硬骨鱼的高密度养殖引起了水产病害的广泛传播，如大量使用抗生素会影响人类食品安全，而利用疫苗防治疾病具有明显的优越性。因此，对鱼类免疫系统的研究，不仅可以研究脊椎动物免疫系统的进化规律，而且对鱼类的健康养殖和持续发展有着重要的应用价值。
牙鲆是我国北方人工养殖的重要的海水经济鱼类。本文以牙鲆为代表，首次全面系统地研究了海水鱼类——牙鲆的免疫系统，包括头肾、脾脏、胸腺，血液以及粘膜样淋巴组织的组织结构和细胞特征。首次全面系统地研究了海水鱼类——牙鲆免疫系统发生及其1个月到第13个月的发育变化，阐明了免疫器官发育与年龄、体重等关系，同时发现了牙鲆胸腺快速退化现象。通过对牙鲆特异性免疫球蛋白进行的分离纯化得到牙鲆免疫球蛋白，其重链分子量75.4KD，2条轻链分子量分别为29.9KD和28.2KD。同时，还对鱼类免疫系统与环境的关系，特别是病原菌感染与免疫系统的结构和功能的影响进行了进一步的研究和分析，指出血液中白细胞数目和生化成分的变化可以作为鱼病早期诊断的良好指标。
牙鲆的免疫器官包括肾脏(头肾)、胸腺、脾脏、血液和粘膜样淋巴组织包括鳃与肠。牙鲆的头肾主要集中于肾脏前部2个分叉部分；组织学研究证明，头肾是由基质组织网络着不同发育阶段的血细胞构成，无肾小球等分泌结构；超微观察进一步表明，基质是由网状细胞和成纤维细胞等组成，各种免疫细胞由淋巴细胞、单核细胞、Ⅰ型颗粒细胞和Ⅱ型颗粒细胞以及巨噬细胞等组成。牙鲆头肾内免疫细胞种类比较丰富，是免疫细胞的主要生发中心。牙鲆脾脏实质无明显的红髓和白髓区分。胸腺无明显的内区和外区之分。
牙鲆外周血液中包括六种类型的血细胞：红细胞、淋巴细胞、血栓细胞、单核细胞、嗜中性颗粒细胞和嗜酸性颗粒细胞，未见嗜碱性颗粒细胞。淋巴细胞的
体积最小，单核细胞的体积最大；在白细胞中，淋巴细胞数量最多，嗜酸性粒细
胞数量最少；此外，还可见到正在分裂的血栓细胞，说明血栓细胞可在外周血液
中经直接分裂产生。电镜研究结果表明，牙鲜红细胞的细胞质均匀，有少量线粒
体、囊泡和大量的极细颗粒；淋巴细胞的细胞核大且中位，细胞质中含较多的游
离核糖体，胞体具有短伪足；单核细胞的细胞核偏位且形态不规则，细胞质中有
内吞泡和较多的细胞器；颗粒细胞可根据颗粒的不同形态分为1型和＊型两种类 二
型。
牙鲜的鳃小片主要由扁平上皮细胞和柱细胞构成，血窦腔极为发达。鳃小片
在功能上可分为两个区：气体交换区和免疫区。气体交换区位于上半部分，血窦
内主要分布着红细胞；免疫区位于鳃小片基部，血窦腔中分布着各种兔疫相关细
胞：淋巴细胞、单核细胞、嗜中性颗粒细胞和嗜酸性颗粒细胞。此外，还观察到
了泌氯细胞和粘液细胞。研究结果证明，牙鲜的鳃在局部粘膜免疫中具有重要的
作用，是鱼类免疫体系当中的有机组成部分之一。
在牙鲜肠淋巴样组织中鉴定出5种白细胞，即淋巴细胞、巨噬细胞、单核细
胞、浆细胞样细胞和颗粒细胞。它们的形态均比在造血器官中多样化。淋巴细胞
具有多且细长的伪足；巨噬细胞形态极其不规则；单核细胞的细胞质中有较多空
泡；而浆细胞样细胞是以内含大量的粗面内质网为其主要特征。牙鲜肠淋巴样组
织内颗粒细胞经鉴定为嗜酸性颗粒细胞，常位于肠粘膜层及粘膜下层靠近肌肉层
的淋巴腔中，以具有大型非匀质颗粒为其主要特征，其变化可分为增长期、成熟
期、分泌期和衰退期四个时期。同样，肠淋巴样组织也是鱼类免疫防御系统的重
要组成部分。
从牙稣孵化到第40天，系统的研究了牙鲜免疫器官的发生。头肾在孵化时
即已经出现，7天后出现造血干细胞；脾脏在第2阶段即第3～9天时出现；胸
腺在第3阶段末期出现，位置靠近头肾。小淋巴细胞出现的顺序是胸腺、肾脏和
脾脏。非特异性防御体系在牙稣早期发生中起了重要的作用。
从1个月到13个月，系统地研究了牙解免疫器官的发育情况。除了胸腺之外，
所有免疫器官都随着鱼类年龄的增长而增长。2个月时免疫器官达到相对的最大
值。免疫器官的重量与体重的关系要比与年龄的关系密切。免疫器官内总的白细
胞数量随着年龄增长而增长，但考虑到免疫器官的重量，实际的白细胞数量基本
恒定不变。显微和超微结构研究都表明，牙稣免疫器官发育直到幼鱼阶段才逐步
完善。脾脏和头肾有混合的红细胞和白细胞群，头肾比脾脏更加淋巴化。胸腺在
孵化后前6个月快速退化。血液组成与年龄或季节的关系不明显，红细胞占绝对
优势。与其它鱼类相比，牙鲜淋巴器官的发育比较晚，牙稣的淋巴器官不完善。
所有这些都表明牙鲜的免疫系统淋巴化程度不高，可能会被多种病害侵害。
一 在?
In recent years the information regarding the morphological and organization of fish immune systems has increased dramatically. Study on the fish immune systems will not only contributes to the understanding of the origin and evolution of human immune system, but also to the farming of the fish.
Flounder, Pamlichthys olivaceus, was an important species in the aquaculture in China. This paper studied the structure of the immune system, including head kidney, thymus, spleen, blood and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues, such as gill and gut for the first time. In addition, the ontogeny of the immune system in the flounder from hatching to 13 month was also studied. The thymus involuted quickly than any other fishes. The immunoglobulin was purified from serum of the flounder. It was found that the heavy chain was 78kd, and the two light chains were 29.9kd and 28.2kd. The ultrastructural and biochemical study of the flounder infected with Edwardsiella tarda were also studied. The changes in the leucocytes number and the biochemical parameters were determined, and they could serve as candidates of biomarkers for surveillance of infection of the flounder.
The immune system of the flounder included kidney (head kidney), thymus, spleen, blood and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues, gill and gut et al. Head kidney of the flounder was restricted in the foremost parts of kidney, which was predominantly a lympho-myeloid compartment with aglomerular. The parenchyma of head kidney was supported by the stroma of the kidney. The stroma consisted of reticular cells and fibroblasts. The cells responsible for the nonspecific and specific immune defenses included lymphocytes, monocytes, granulocytes (two types) and macrophages. The results showed that the immune cells in head kidney were abundant and head kidney might be an important germinal center. There had no distinct inner or outer zones in thymus and red or white pulp in spleen.
The micro- and ultrastructure of peripheral blood cells of the flounder were studied. Under the light microscopy, six main types of blood cells could be recognized: erythrocytes, monocytes, thrombocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils and eosinophils. Basophils were not found. Among these cells, lymphocytes were the smallest, while monocytes
were the biggest; Lymphocytes were the most abundant leucocytes and eosinophils were the least. The direct division of thrombocytes could be formed in the peripheral blood. The transmission electron microscopy showed that cytoplasm of erythrocytes was even and only has a few mitochondria, vacuoles and many small black granules. Lymphocytes were characterized by the presence of short pesudopodia, the big center nucleus and many free ribosornes, while monocytes were characterized by eccentric nucleus, vacuoles and many organelles. Two distinctive types of granules leucocytes were also described as type I and type II.
The gill lamella was composed of squamous epithelium cells and pillar cells. The blood sinusoid cavity was very large. Functionally, the gill lamella could be divided into gas exchange region and immune region. Gas exchange region located in the upper half with many erythrocytes in the blood sinusoid, while the immune region located in the lower half with lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils and eosinophils in the blood sinusoid. Moreover, the chloride secreting cells and mucous cells were also observed. The results indicated that the immune cell types existed in the gill tissue was completed and they might play some extent roles in the fish local immune competence.
Five kinds of leucocytes in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) of the flounder were distinguished under the transmission electron microscope. They were lymphocytes, macrophages, monocytes, plasma-like cells and granulocytes. The leucocytes in the GALT all showed more diversified than that in the hematogenic organs. Lymphocytes were identified by many long pseudopodia. Macrophages had irregular shapes. Many vacuolus occurred in the monocytes' cytoplasm and plasma-like cells wer
牙鲆是我国北方人工养殖的重要的海水经济鱼类。本文以牙鲆为代表，首次全面系统地研究了海水鱼类——牙鲆的免疫系统，包括头肾、脾脏、胸腺，血液以及粘膜样淋巴组织的组织结构和细胞特征。首次全面系统地研究了海水鱼类——牙鲆免疫系统发生及其1个月到第13个月的发育变化，阐明了免疫器官发育与年龄、体重等关系，同时发现了牙鲆胸腺快速退化现象。通过对牙鲆特异性免疫球蛋白进行的分离纯化得到牙鲆免疫球蛋白，其重链分子量75.4KD，2条轻链分子量分别为29.9KD和28.2KD。同时，还对鱼类免疫系统与环境的关系，特别是病原菌感染与免疫系统的结构和功能的影响进行了进一步的研究和分析，指出血液中白细胞数目和生化成分的变化可以作为鱼病早期诊断的良好指标。
牙鲆的免疫器官包括肾脏(头肾)、胸腺、脾脏、血液和粘膜样淋巴组织包括鳃与肠。牙鲆的头肾主要集中于肾脏前部2个分叉部分；组织学研究证明，头肾是由基质组织网络着不同发育阶段的血细胞构成，无肾小球等分泌结构；超微观察进一步表明，基质是由网状细胞和成纤维细胞等组成，各种免疫细胞由淋巴细胞、单核细胞、Ⅰ型颗粒细胞和Ⅱ型颗粒细胞以及巨噬细胞等组成。牙鲆头肾内免疫细胞种类比较丰富，是免疫细胞的主要生发中心。牙鲆脾脏实质无明显的红髓和白髓区分。胸腺无明显的内区和外区之分。
牙鲆外周血液中包括六种类型的血细胞：红细胞、淋巴细胞、血栓细胞、单核细胞、嗜中性颗粒细胞和嗜酸性颗粒细胞，未见嗜碱性颗粒细胞。淋巴细胞的
体积最小，单核细胞的体积最大；在白细胞中，淋巴细胞数量最多，嗜酸性粒细
胞数量最少；此外，还可见到正在分裂的血栓细胞，说明血栓细胞可在外周血液
中经直接分裂产生。电镜研究结果表明，牙鲜红细胞的细胞质均匀，有少量线粒
体、囊泡和大量的极细颗粒；淋巴细胞的细胞核大且中位，细胞质中含较多的游
离核糖体，胞体具有短伪足；单核细胞的细胞核偏位且形态不规则，细胞质中有
内吞泡和较多的细胞器；颗粒细胞可根据颗粒的不同形态分为1型和＊型两种类 二
型。
牙鲜的鳃小片主要由扁平上皮细胞和柱细胞构成，血窦腔极为发达。鳃小片
在功能上可分为两个区：气体交换区和免疫区。气体交换区位于上半部分，血窦
内主要分布着红细胞；免疫区位于鳃小片基部，血窦腔中分布着各种兔疫相关细
胞：淋巴细胞、单核细胞、嗜中性颗粒细胞和嗜酸性颗粒细胞。此外，还观察到
了泌氯细胞和粘液细胞。研究结果证明，牙鲜的鳃在局部粘膜免疫中具有重要的
作用，是鱼类免疫体系当中的有机组成部分之一。
在牙鲜肠淋巴样组织中鉴定出5种白细胞，即淋巴细胞、巨噬细胞、单核细
胞、浆细胞样细胞和颗粒细胞。它们的形态均比在造血器官中多样化。淋巴细胞
具有多且细长的伪足；巨噬细胞形态极其不规则；单核细胞的细胞质中有较多空
泡；而浆细胞样细胞是以内含大量的粗面内质网为其主要特征。牙鲜肠淋巴样组
织内颗粒细胞经鉴定为嗜酸性颗粒细胞，常位于肠粘膜层及粘膜下层靠近肌肉层
的淋巴腔中，以具有大型非匀质颗粒为其主要特征，其变化可分为增长期、成熟
期、分泌期和衰退期四个时期。同样，肠淋巴样组织也是鱼类免疫防御系统的重
要组成部分。
从牙稣孵化到第40天，系统的研究了牙鲜免疫器官的发生。头肾在孵化时
即已经出现，7天后出现造血干细胞；脾脏在第2阶段即第3～9天时出现；胸
腺在第3阶段末期出现，位置靠近头肾。小淋巴细胞出现的顺序是胸腺、肾脏和
脾脏。非特异性防御体系在牙稣早期发生中起了重要的作用。
从1个月到13个月，系统地研究了牙解免疫器官的发育情况。除了胸腺之外，
所有免疫器官都随着鱼类年龄的增长而增长。2个月时免疫器官达到相对的最大
值。免疫器官的重量与体重的关系要比与年龄的关系密切。免疫器官内总的白细
胞数量随着年龄增长而增长，但考虑到免疫器官的重量，实际的白细胞数量基本
恒定不变。显微和超微结构研究都表明，牙稣免疫器官发育直到幼鱼阶段才逐步
完善。脾脏和头肾有混合的红细胞和白细胞群，头肾比脾脏更加淋巴化。胸腺在
孵化后前6个月快速退化。血液组成与年龄或季节的关系不明显，红细胞占绝对
优势。与其它鱼类相比，牙鲜淋巴器官的发育比较晚，牙稣的淋巴器官不完善。
所有这些都表明牙鲜的免疫系统淋巴化程度不高，可能会被多种病害侵害。
一 在?
In recent years the information regarding the morphological and organization of fish immune systems has increased dramatically. Study on the fish immune systems will not only contributes to the understanding of the origin and evolution of human immune system, but also to the farming of the fish.
Flounder, Pamlichthys olivaceus, was an important species in the aquaculture in China. This paper studied the structure of the immune system, including head kidney, thymus, spleen, blood and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues, such as gill and gut for the first time. In addition, the ontogeny of the immune system in the flounder from hatching to 13 month was also studied. The thymus involuted quickly than any other fishes. The immunoglobulin was purified from serum of the flounder. It was found that the heavy chain was 78kd, and the two light chains were 29.9kd and 28.2kd. The ultrastructural and biochemical study of the flounder infected with Edwardsiella tarda were also studied. The changes in the leucocytes number and the biochemical parameters were determined, and they could serve as candidates of biomarkers for surveillance of infection of the flounder.
The immune system of the flounder included kidney (head kidney), thymus, spleen, blood and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues, gill and gut et al. Head kidney of the flounder was restricted in the foremost parts of kidney, which was predominantly a lympho-myeloid compartment with aglomerular. The parenchyma of head kidney was supported by the stroma of the kidney. The stroma consisted of reticular cells and fibroblasts. The cells responsible for the nonspecific and specific immune defenses included lymphocytes, monocytes, granulocytes (two types) and macrophages. The results showed that the immune cells in head kidney were abundant and head kidney might be an important germinal center. There had no distinct inner or outer zones in thymus and red or white pulp in spleen.
The micro- and ultrastructure of peripheral blood cells of the flounder were studied. Under the light microscopy, six main types of blood cells could be recognized: erythrocytes, monocytes, thrombocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils and eosinophils. Basophils were not found. Among these cells, lymphocytes were the smallest, while monocytes
were the biggest; Lymphocytes were the most abundant leucocytes and eosinophils were the least. The direct division of thrombocytes could be formed in the peripheral blood. The transmission electron microscopy showed that cytoplasm of erythrocytes was even and only has a few mitochondria, vacuoles and many small black granules. Lymphocytes were characterized by the presence of short pesudopodia, the big center nucleus and many free ribosornes, while monocytes were characterized by eccentric nucleus, vacuoles and many organelles. Two distinctive types of granules leucocytes were also described as type I and type II.
The gill lamella was composed of squamous epithelium cells and pillar cells. The blood sinusoid cavity was very large. Functionally, the gill lamella could be divided into gas exchange region and immune region. Gas exchange region located in the upper half with many erythrocytes in the blood sinusoid, while the immune region located in the lower half with lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils and eosinophils in the blood sinusoid. Moreover, the chloride secreting cells and mucous cells were also observed. The results indicated that the immune cell types existed in the gill tissue was completed and they might play some extent roles in the fish local immune competence.
Five kinds of leucocytes in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) of the flounder were distinguished under the transmission electron microscope. They were lymphocytes, macrophages, monocytes, plasma-like cells and granulocytes. The leucocytes in the GALT all showed more diversified than that in the hematogenic organs. Lymphocytes were identified by many long pseudopodia. Macrophages had irregular shapes. Many vacuolus occurred in the monocytes' cytoplasm and plasma-like cells wer
引文
安德森D.P.,(张寿山、华鼎可译)。鱼类免疫学。北京：农业出版社，1984：110～113
秉志。鲤鱼解剖。北京：科学出版社，1960：1～30
陈昌福，记国良，罗宇良，史维舟，李静。草鱼体表和肠粘膜中免疫球蛋白的初步分析。鱼病学研究论文集(第二辑)。北京：海洋出版社。1995，21～25
陈福华，陈毕生，杨莺莺，骆清池。赤点石斑鱼增生性肾脏病的血液病理观察。热带海洋。1997，16(3)：49～53
陈怀青，陆承平。从比较免疫学看鱼类的免疫特性。动物学杂志。1994，29(4)：56～60
陈全震，李亚南，邵建中，毛树坚。鱼类外周血淋巴细胞的分离技术。中国水产科学。1999，4：10～12
冯怀亮，李文武，王铁恒。鲤鱼血细胞显微和亚显微结构的观察。水产学报。1991，15(3)：241～244
冯娟，胡超群。四种海水养殖鱼类血清免疫球蛋白的分离纯化及分子量测定。热带海洋学报。2002，21(4)：8～13
傅莉娟，高平，严邵颐。金鱼成熟红细胞的超微结构。科学通报。1988，15：1178～1181
龚宁，聂其灼。鲤鱼头肾显微结构研究。山地农业生物学报。2001，20(1)：20～24
郭琼林。中华鳖脾脏的显微和亚显微结构及其功能意义。水生生物学报。1998，22(增刊)：26～32
郭琼林。中华鳖胸腺显微和亚显微结构及其在进化上的意义。动物学报。1999，45(2)：207～213
郭琼林，卢全章。鳗鲡肾脏的显微、超微结构。鱼病学研究论文集(一)。1993：31～36
郭琼林，卢全章。草鱼，肾脏和脾脏血细胞发育过程的观察。水生生物学报。1993，17(1)：40～45
郭琼林，卢全章。草鱼肾脏和脾脏血细胞发育过程超微结构与细胞化学的研究。水生生物学报。1994，18(3)：240～245
郭琼林，卢全章。鳗鲡肝脏、脾脏显微与超微结构。动物学报。1994，40(2)：125～129
郭琼林，卢全章。鳗鲡爱德华氏菌病的组织病理学研究。水生生物学报。1995，19(1)：56～60
韩先朴，李伟，潘金培。爱德华氏菌经口感染及病理观察。水生生物学报。1995，19(3)：245～249
黄琪琰，刘丽燕，范丽萍。异育银鲫溶血性腹水病的病理生理研究。水产学报。1992，16(4)：316～321
李大疆，钟明超，林浩然。鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)卵和胚胎中母源性免疫球蛋白的定位。中山大学(自然科学版)。2001，2：82～85
李亚南。嗜水产气单胞菌诱导的草鱼免疫球蛋白分析。动物学报。2001，47(2．)：132～138
李亚南，陈全震，邵健忠，毛树坚，王冀平。鱼类免疫学研究进展。动物学研究。1995，16(1)：83～94
林光华。成年草鱼外周血细胞的超微结构。动物学报。1996，42(2)：123～127
林光华，林琼，洪一江，胡成钰。兴国红鲤血细胞发生的研究。动物学报。1998，44(4)：488～489
林光华，张丰旺，翁世聪。草鱼血液的研究。动物学报。1985，31(4)：336～343
林天龙，陈强，俞伏松，杨金先，龚晖，林能锋，许斌福，伊光辉。欧洲鳗血清IgM纯化及部分特性分析。水产学报。2001，25(1)：52～57
刘立明。不同温度条件下牙鲆变态期生长发育变化的研究。海洋科学。1996，4：58～63
卢全章。草鱼胸腺组织学的研究。水生生物学报。1991，15(4)：327～332
卢全章。草鱼头肾免疫细胞超微结构的观察。水生生物学报。1997，21(2)：152～156
卢全章。草鱼头肾免疫细胞组成和数量变化。动物学研究。1998，19(1)：11～16
卢全章，聂品。草鱼胸腺和头肾细胞在抗Acromonas punctata感染中的免疫作用。鱼病学研究论文集(第一辑)1993：37～45
米瑞芙，谢宝华，陶炳春，王晓梅。白鲢出血性败血症病理组织学研究。动物学杂志。1994，29(1)：17～19
倪达书，汪建国主编。草鱼生物学与疾病。北京：科学出版社，1999：24～26
聂品。鱼类非特异性免疫研究的新进展。水产学报。1997，21(1)：69～73
秦国强，王浩，龚金生，朱洪文。鲤鱼和鲫鱼脾脏显微结构和亚显微结构的研究。水生生物学集刊。1983，8(1)：63～70
曲凌云，孙修勤，占文斌，张进兴。牙鲆抗淋巴囊肿病毒免疫球蛋白的纯化。高技术通讯。2000，9：14～18
孙修勤。真鲷淋巴细胞的分离。黄渤海海洋。2000，2：47～50
夏春，川合研儿，楠田理一。鳗鲡淋巴细胞表面存在不同表型的免疫球蛋白。水产学报。1996，20(4)：361～364
谢艳霞，林光华。日本外鲫外周血细胞显微及亚显微结构的研究。动物学杂志。1996，31(1)：12～16
邢维贤，安利国，傅荣恕。鲤鱼竖鳞病的血液病理学研究。山东师范大学学报。1996，11(4)：84～86
徐豪，张志宇。四种淡水养殖鱼类血细胞的细微结构。水生生物学集刊。1983,8(1)：85～96
王长法，安利国，杨桂文，温武军。鱼类免疫球蛋白研究进展。中国水产科学。1999，6(2)：105～107
王旭东，饶家荣。红细胞广泛吞噬作用的发现和研究。水产学报。1996,20(1)：72～75
尾崎久雄著，许学龙等译。鱼类血液与循环生理。上海：上海科学技术出版社。1982年
吴维宁。团头鲂血细胞发生的研究。水产学报。1990，14(4)：328～334
杨桂文，安利国，王长法，温武军。鲤鱼皮肤粘膜与血清中免疫球蛋白的比较研究。动物学研究。1998，19(6)：489～492
杨桂文，安立国，温武军，王长法。鲤胆汁与血清中免疫球蛋白的比较研究。水产学报。1998，22(3)：199～203
杨桂文，邢维贤，王长法，安利国。鱼类免疫球蛋白的分子生物学研究进展。山东师范大学学报(自然科学版)。2000，15(3)：297～300
杨先乐。鱼类免疫学研究的进展。水产学报。1989，13(3)：271～284
袁仕取，张永安，姚卫建，聂品，常廷荣，张仁成，郭文扬。鳜鱼外周血细胞显微和亚显微结构的观察。水生生物学报。1998,22(1)：39～47
张孝威，何桂芬，沙学绅。牙鲆和条鳎卵子及仔稚鱼的形态观察。海洋与湖沼。1965，7(2：)158～174
张永安，聂品，朱作言。鱼类免疫球蛋白的研究进展。鱼类病害研究，2001，23(3/4)：1～17
张永安，聂品。鳜鱼血清免疫球蛋白的分离纯化及其亚单位分子量的测定。水生生物学报。1998，22(2)：192～194
张永安，聂品。鱼类体液免疫因子研究进展。水产学报。2000，24(4)：376～381
张永安，聂品，朱作言。鱼类免疫球蛋白的研究进展。鱼类病害研究，2001，23(3-4)：1～17
张永安，孙宝剑，聂品。鱼类免疫组织和细胞的研究概况。水生生物学报。2000，24(6)：648～654
张耀光，罗泉笙，钟明超。长吻跪肾脏黑色素巨噬细胞发育过程的超微结构变化。水生生物学报。1997，21(2)：187～189
赵宝生，沈成刚。五种鲫鱼幼鱼外周血白细胞形态和细胞化学的研究。水生生物学报。1991，15(2)：184～186
钟明超，黄浙。鲇鱼淋巴样器官的发育。水产学报。1995，19(3)：258～262
钟明超，林浩然。硬骨鱼类胚胎和胚后发育阶段的免疫机制。中国水产科学。1996，3(3)：96～102
周炳升，李连祥。银鲫白细胞及鳃颗粒细胞的超微结构。水生生物学报。1992，161：81～83
周丽，宫庆礼，俞开康。牙鲆的疾病。青岛海洋大学学报。1997，27(2)：173～180
周丽，占文斌，宋微波，俞开康。指状拟舟虫诱导牙鲆抗血清免疫球蛋白分析。中国水产科学。2000，7(2)：28～31
朱洪文，王浩，秦国强。鲫鱼外周血细胞显微和亚显微结构的观察。动物学研究。1985，6(2)：147～153
朱立平，陈学清。免疫学常用实验方法。北京：人民军医出版社，2000
Abelli L., M. R. Baldassini, R. Meschini and L. Mastrolia. Apoptosis of thymocytes in developing sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax. Fish Shellfish Immunology. 1998, 8:13～24
Abelli L., S. Picchietti, N. Romano, L.Mastrolia and G. Scapigliati. Immunocytochemical detection of thymocyte antigenic determinants in developing lymphoid organs of sea bass Dicentarchus labrax (L.). Fish Shellfish Immunology. 1996, 7:493～505
Abelli L., S. Picchietti, N. Romano, L. Mastrolia and G. Scapigliati. Immnohistochemistry of gut-assoiated lymphoid tissue of the sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax (L.). Fish Shellfish Immunology. 1997,7:235～245
Agius C. Phylogenetic development of melano-macrophage centers in fish. Journal of Zoology. 1980, 191:11～31
Agius C. and S. A. Agbede. An electron microscopical study on the genesis of lipofuscin, melanin and haemosiderin in the haemopoietic tissues of fish. J. Fish Biol. 1984, 24:471～488
Ainsworth A.J. Carbohydrate and lectin interactions with Edwardsiella ictaluri and channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), anterior kidney leukocytes and hepatocytes. J. Fish Dis. 1993, 16:449～459
Ainsworth A.J. Fish granulocytes: morphology distribution and function. Annual Review of Fish Diseases. 1992,2:123～148
Ainsworth A.J. and C. Dexiang. Differences in the phagocytosis of four bacteria by channel catfish neutrophilis. Developmental Comparative Immunology. 1990,14:201～210
Alexander J. B. and G. A. Ingram. Nocellular nonspecific defence mechanisms of fish. Annu. Rev. Fish Dis. 1992, 2:249～179
Alvarez F., B.E. Razquin, A. J. Villena and A.G. Zapata. Seasonal changes in the lymphoid organs of wild brown trout, Salmo trutta L.: A morphometrical study. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 1998,64:267～278
Aviles-Trigueros M. and J.A. Quesada. Presence of interdigitating cells in the thymus of the sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax L. (Teleost). J. Morphology. 1995,224:199～203
Bach R. Change in the spleen of the Channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus Rafinsque induced by infection with Aeromona hydrophila. J. Fish Dis. 1978,1:205～217
Baldo B.A. and T.C. Fletcher. C-reactive protein-like procipitins in plaice. Nature. 1973,246:145～147
Bang J.D., J.W. Kim, S. D. Lee, S. I. Park, S.G. Chun, C.S. Jeong and J.W. Park. Humoral immune response of flounder to Edwardsiella tarda: the presence of varius sizes of immunoglobulins in flounder. Dis. Aquatic Org. 1996,26:197～203
Barber D. L, J. E Millis Westermann and M. G. White. The blood cells of the Antarctic icefish Chaenoephalus aceratus Lonnberg: light and electron microscopic observations. J. Fish Biol., 1981, 19:11～28
Barnett R. R., T. Akindele, C. Orte and K.L. Shephard. Eosinophilic granulocytes in the epidermis of Oreochromis mossambicus gill filaments studied in situ. J. Fish Biol. 1996,49:148～156
Bartos J.M. and C.V. Sommer. In vivo cell mediated immune response to M. tubcrculosis and M. salmoniphilum in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Developmental Comparative Immunology1981, 5:75-83
Bernard, R., Ch. A-F Bourmaud and B. Georges. Isolation and partial characterization of IgM-like seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax L. 1758) irnmunoglobulins.Aquaculture.1995, 132(1/2) : 53-58
Blackstock N. and A.D. Pickering. Acidophilic granular cells in the epidermis of the brown trout (Salmo trutta L.). Cell Tissue Research. 1980,210:359-369
Blaxhall P.C. Electron microscope studies of fish lymphocytes and thrombocytes. J. Fish Biol., 1983,22:223-229
Blaxhall P.C and P.R. Sheard. Preliminary investigation of the characteristics of fish lymphocytes separated on a percoll discontinuous gradient. J. Fish.Biol.1985, 26:209-216
Bigaj J., J. Dulak and B. Pzytycz. Lymphoid organs of Gasterosteus aculeatus. J. Fish Biol. 1987,31(Suppl A): 233-234
Boba T, J. Imamura and K. Izawa. Cell-mediated protection in carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) against Acromonas hydrophlia. L Fish Disease. 1988,11(2) : 171-178
Bodammer J.E. and R. A. Robohm. Ultrastructual observation on the phagocytic behavior of winter flounder Pleuronectes americanus peritoneal neutrophils and macrophages in vivo. Diseases of Aquatic Organism. 1996,25:197-208
Botham J.W. et al. Ontogeny of first and second set alloimmune reactivity in fish. Phylogeny of Immunological Memory Elsevier 83,1980
Botham J. W. and M. J. Manning. The histogenesis of the lymphoid organs in the carp Cyprinus carpio L. and the ontogenetic development of allograft reactivity. J. Fish Biol. 1981,19: 403-414
Brattgjerd S. and o .A. Evensen. A sequential light microscopic and ultrastructural study on the uptake and phagocytes of experimentally infected Atlantic salmon Salmo salar, L. Veterinary Pathology.1996, 33:55-65
Brenden R. A. and H.W. Huizinga. Pathophysiology of experimental Aermonas hydrophila infection in goidfish, Carassius aurotus (L.). J. Fish Diseases. 1986,9:163-167
Breuil G, B. Vassiloglou, J. F. Pepin, B.Romestand. Ontogeny of Ig-bearing celis and changes in the immunoglobulin M-like protein Iever (LgM) during larval stages in sea bass (Dicentarchus labrax). Fish Shellfish Immunology.1997, 1:29-43
Castillo A., B. Razquin, A.J. Villena, A.G Zapata and P. Lopez-Fierro. Thymic barriers to antigen entry during the post-hatching development of the thymus of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Fish Shellfish Immunology. 1998,8:157-170
Castillo A., C. Sanchez, J. Dominguez, S. L. Kaattari and A. J. Villena. Ontogeny of IgM and IgM-bering celis in rainbow trout. Developmental Comparative Immunology. 1993,17:419-424
Chantanachookhin C., T. Seikai and M. Tanaka. Comparative study of the ontogeny of the lymphoid organs in three species of marine fish. Aquaculture. 1991, 99:143-155
Chilmonczyk S. Evolution of the thymus in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Proceedings of Fish Symposium. 1984a: 11-13
Chilmonczyk S. The thymus of the raibow trout Salmo gairdneri: Light and electron microscopy study. Developmental Comparative Immunology. 1984b,7:59-68
Chilimonczyk S. The thymus in fish: development and possible function in the immune response. Annual Review of Fish Diseases. 1992,2:181-200
Chung S. and C. J. Secombes. Activation of rainbow trout macrophages. J. Fish Biol. 1987,31: 51-56
Clem L.W. et al. Evilution of lymphocyte subpulations, their interaction and temperature sensitivities. In: Warr G.W. Cohen N. ed Phylogenesis of Immune Functions. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. 1991: 191-214
Cleyton P., D. Troutaud and P. Deschaux. The chemiluminescence response of leucocytes isolated from the gut of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish Shellfish Immunology. 1998,8:73-76
Cross M. L. and R. A. Matthews. Identification of a new granulocyte type in the skin of carp Cyprinus carpio (L.). J. Fish Biol. 1991,39:279-283
Dalmo R. A. and J. Bogwald. Distribution of intravenously and perorally administered Aeromonas salmonicida lipopolysaccaride in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. Fish Shellfish Immunology. 1996, 6:427-441
Dalmo R.A., K. Ingebrigtsen and J. Bogwald. Non-specific defence mechanisms in fish, with particular reference to the reticuloendothelial system (RES). J. Fish Dis. 1997, 20(4) : 241-273
David Wise, T. S. Schwenler and J.S. Terhune. Uptake and clearance of Edwardsiella ictaluri in the peripheral blood of Channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus fingerlings during immersion challenge. J. World Aqua. Soci. 1997,28(1) : 45-51
Davidson G. A., A. E. Ellis, and C. J. Secombes. Route of immunization influences the generation of antibody secreting celis in the gut of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Developmental Comparative immunology. 1993, 17: 373-376
Davidson G. A., S.-H. Lin, C. J. Secombes and A. E. Ellis. Detection of specific and "constitutive" antibody secreting cells in the gills, head-kidney and peripheral blood leucocytes of dab (Limanada limanda). Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 1997, 58:363-374
Denton J. E. and M. K. Yousef. Body composition and organ weights of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. J. Fish Biol. 1976,8:489-499
Doggett T.A. and J.E. Harris. The ontogeny of gut-associated lymphoid tissue in Oreochromis mossambicus. J. Fish Biol. 1987,31(suppl.A):23-27
Doggett T.A. and J. E. Harris. Morphology of the gut associated lymphoid tissue of Oreochromis mossambicus and its role in antigen absorption. Fish Shellfish Immunology. 1991,1:213-227
Doggett T. A., A.B. Wrathmell and J.E. Harris. A cytochemical and light microscopical study of the peripheral blood leucocytes of Oreochromis mossambicus, Cichlidae. J. Fish Biol. 1987, 31:147-153
Dos Santos N. M.S., N. Romano, M. de Sousa, A.E. Ellis and J.H.W.M. Rombout. Ontogeny of B and T cells in sea bass (Dicentarchus labrax, L.). Fish Shellfish Immunology.2000, 7: 583-596
Dos Santos. N. M. S., J. J. Taverne-Thiele, A. C. Barnes, W. B. Van Muiswinkel, A. E.Ellis, J.H.W.M. Rombout. The gill is a major organ for antibody srcreting cell production following direct immersion of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax, L.) in a Photobacterium damselae ssp. Piscicida bacterin: an ontogenetic study. Fish Shellfish Immunology. 2001,1:65-74
Dos Santos N.M.S., N. Taverne, A.J. Taverne-Thiele, M.Desousa and J.H.W.M. Rombout. Characterisation of monoclonal antibodies specific for sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) IgM indicates the existence of B cell subpopulations. Fish Shellfish Immunology. 1997,7:175-191
Ellis A. E. Ontogeny of the immune response in Salmo salar. Histogenesis of lymphoid organs and appearance of membrane immunoglobulin and mixed leucocyte reactivity. Developmental Immunobiology. 1977:225-231
Ellis A.E. The leucocytes of fish: A review. J. Fish Biol. 1977,11:453-491
Ellis A. E. Recent development in oral vaccine delivery system. Fish Pathol. 1995, 30: 293-300
Ellis A. E. Immunity to bacteria in fish. Fish Shellfish Immunology. 1999,9(4) : 291-308
Ellsaesser C.F., J.E. Bly and L.W. Clem. Phylogeny of lymphocyte heterogeneity: The thymus of the channel catfish. Developmental Comparative Immunology. 1998,12:787-799
Espenes A.,C. McL.Press, B. H. Dannevig and T. Landsverk. Investigation of the structural and functional features of splenic ellipsoids in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Cell and Tissue Research. 1995a, 279: 469-474
Espenes A., C. McL., Press, B. H. Dannevig and T. Landsverk. lmmune-complex trapping in the splenic ellipsoids of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Cell and Tissue Research. 1995b, 282:41-48
Estevez J., J. Leiro, M. T. Santamarina and F.M. Ubeira. A sandwich immunoassay to quatify low levels of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) immunoglobulin.Vet.Immunol. Immunopathol. 1995, 45:165-174
Evans D.L. and J. B. Gratzek. Immune defense mechanisms in fish to protozoan and helminth infections. American Zoologist.1989, 29: 409-418
Evans D. L. and L. Jaso-Friedmann. Nonspecific cytotoxic celis as effectors of immunity in fish. Annual Review Fish Diseases. 1992, 2: 109-121
Ezeasor D. N. and W. M. Stokoe. A cytochemical light and electron microscopic study of the eosinophilic granule cells in the gut of the rainbovv trout Salmo gairdneri Richardson. J. Fish Biol. 1980,17:619-634
Fange R. Lymphoid organs in sturgeons (Acipen seridae). Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 1986,12:153-161
Ferguson H.W. The relationship between ellipsoids and melano-macrophage centers in the spleen of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). J. Comparative Pathology.1976,86:377-380
Ferguson H.W. The ultra-structure of plaice leukocytes. J. Fish Biol. 1976, 8:139-142
Ferguson H. W., M. J.CIaxton, R. D. Moccia and E. J.Wilkie. The quantitative clearance of bacteria from the bloodstream of rainbovv trout (Salmo gairdneri). Veterinary Pathology. 1982,19: 687-699
Findlay C. and M. F. Tatner. Comparative study of T-lymphocyte and B-lymphocyte in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) following their separation by nylon wool adherence and lectin agglutination techniques. Comparative Haematology International. 1994,4: 55-60
Fishelson L. Cytological and morphological ontogenesis and involution of the thymus in cichlid fishes (Cichlidae, Teleostei). J. Morphology. 1995,223:175-190
Fournier-Betz V., C. Quentel, F. Lamour and A. LeVen. Immunocytochemical detection of Ig-positive cells in blood, lymphoidorgans and the gut associated lymphoid tissue of the turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). Fish Shellfish Immunology. 2000,10:187-202
Fujimaki Y. and M. Isoda.. Fine-structural study of Ieucocytes in the goldfish, Carassius auratus. J. Fish Biol. 1990,36:821-831
Furuta T, et al. Indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for the detection of antibody in serum of Japanese flounder. Fish Sci., 1995,4:663-667
Georgopoulou U. and J. M. Vernier. Local immunological response in the posterior intestinal segment of the rainbow trout after oral administration of macromolecules. Developmental Comparative lmmunology. 1986, 10: 529-537
Gorgollon P. Fine structure of the thumus in the adult cling fish Sicyases sanguineus (Pisces Gobiesocidae). J. Morphology. 1983,177:25-40
Grace M. F. and M. J. Manning. Histogenesis of the lymphoid organ in rainbow trout, salmo gairdneri Rich. 1836． Developmental Comparative Immunology. 1980,4:255-264
Graham S. and C. J. Secombes. Cellular requirements for lymphokine by rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri lecocytes.DevelopmentaI Comparative Immunology. 1990, 14:59-68
Graham S. and C.J. Secombes. Do fish secrete interferon-γ ? J. Fish Biol.1990, 36: 563-573
Grimholt U., I. Hordvik, V. M. Fosse, I. Olsaker, C. Endressen and O. Lie. Molecular cloning of major histocompatibility complex class I cDNAs from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar).Immunogenetics. 1993,37:467-473
Hafter E. Histological age changes in the thymus of the teleost Astyanax. J. Morph. 1952,90:555-582
Hagiwara K., K. Kobayashi, T. Kajii, et al. J-chain-like component in 18s immunoglobulin of the skate, Raja kemojej, a cartilaginous fish. Mol. Immunol.1985, 22: 775-778
Hart P. R., W. G. Hutchinson, G.J. Purser. Effects of photoperoid, temperature and salinity on hatchery-reared larvae of the greenback flounder (Rhombosolea tapirine Gunther, 1862) . Aquaculture.1996, 144(4) : 303-311
Hart S., A. B. Wrathmell, J. E Harris and T.H.Grayson. Gut immunology in fish: A review. Developmental Comparative Immunology. 1988,12:453-480
Hayman J. R and C.J. Lobb. Immunoglobulin in the eggs of the channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Developmental Comparative Immunology. 1993, 17: 241-248
Herraez M. P. and A. G Zapata. Structure and function of the melanomacrophage centers of the goldfish Carassius auratua. Veterinary Imm. and Immunpathology. 1986,12:117-126
Hill B.H. The early development of the thymus gland in Amia calva. J. Morph., 1935,57:61-89
Hogan R.J., T.B. Stuge, L.W. Clem, N.W.Miller and V.G. Chinchar. Antiviral cytotoxic cells in the channel catfish. Developmental Comparative Immunology.1996, 20:115-127
Honma Y. and E. Tamura. Histological change in the lymphoid system of fish with respect to age, seasonal and endocrine changes. Developmental Comparative Immunology. 1984 (Sup. 3) : 239-244
Hordvik I. Identification of a novel immunoglobulin δtranscript and comparative analysis of the genes encoding IgD in Atlantic salmon and Atlantic halibut. Molecular Immunology. 2002, 39(1/2) : 85-91
Imagawa T., Y. Hashimoto,Y. Kon, et al. Immunoglobulin containing cells in the head kidney of carp (Cyprinus carpio L) after bovine serum albumin injection. Fish Shellfish Immunology.1991,1:173-185
Israelsson O., A. Petersson, E. Bengten, EJ. Wiersma, J. Andersson, G. Gezelius and L. Pilstrom. Immunoglobulin concertration in atlantic cod Gadus morhua L. serum and cross-reactivity between anti-cod antibody and immunoglobulins from other species. J. Fish Biol.1991, 39:265-278
Iwama G. and T. Nakanishi. The Fish Immune System. Fish Physiology. 1996, Vol.15． San Diego: Academic Press
Johnson K.A. and D.F Amend. Efficacy of Vibrio anguillarum and Yersinia ruckeri bacterins applied by oral and anal intubation of salmonids. J. Fish Dis.1983, 6:473-476
Joosten P.H.M., M.Aviles-Trigueros, P. Sorgeloos and J.H.W.M. Rombout. Oral vaccination of juvenile carp (Cyprinus carpio) and gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) with bioencapsulated Vibrio
anguillarum bacterin. Fish Shellfish Immunology. 1995, 5: 289-299
Joosten P.H.M., E.Tiemersma, A. Threels , C. Caumartin-Dhieux and J .H. W. M. Rombout. Oral vaccination of fish against Vibrio anguillarum using alginate microparticles. Fish Shellfish Immunology. 1997, 7:471-485
Josefsson S. and M. F. Tatner. Histogenesis of the lymphoid organs in sea bream (Sparus aurota L.). Fish Shellfish Immunology. 1993, 3:35-49
Kaattari S.L. Fish B lymphocytes: defining their form and function. Ann. Rev. Fish.Dis.1992, 2:161-180
Koumans-van Diepen J.C.E., E. Egberts,B.R. Peixoto,N.Taveme and J.H.W.M. Rombout. B cell and immunoglobulin heterogeneity in carp (Cyprinus carpio L.): an immuno(cyto)chemical study. Developmental Comparative Immunology.1995, 19:97-108
Koumans-van Diepen J.C.E., J. J.Taverne-Thiele, B.T.T.M.Van Rens and J.H.W.M. Rombout. Immunocytochemical and flow cytometric analysis of B celis and plasma cells in carp (Cyprinus carpio L.): an ontogenic study. Fish Shellfish Immunology. 1994, 4:19-28
Lamas J. and A. E. Ellis. Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) neutrophil responses to Aeromonas salmonicida. Fish Shellfish Immunology. 1994, 4: 201-219
Leiro J., M.Ortega, J. Estevez, F.M.Uberia and M.L. Sanmartin. The role of opsonization by antibody and complement by turbot spleen cells. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 1996,51:201-210
Leknes I.L. Histological studies on the lymphoid organs in prenatal larvae of platy, Xiphophorus maculates L.(Poeciliidae: Teleostei). Fish Shellfish Immunology. 2002,0:1-4
Lin S.-H., G. A. Davidson, C.J. Secombes and A.E. Ellis. A morphological study of cells isolated from the perfused gill of dab and Atlantic salmon. J. Fish Biol. 1998,53:560-568
Lobb C. J. Covalent structure and affinity of channel catfish anti-dinitrophenyl antibodies. Mol. Immunol. 1985, 22: 993-999
Lobb C. J. and L.W. Clem.The metabolic relationships of the immunoglobulins in fish serum, cataneous mucus, and bile. J.Immunol.1981, 127: 1525-1529
Lobb C. J., M.O.J. Olson and L W. Clem. Immunoglobulin light chain classes in a telest fish.J.Immunol.1984,4: 1917-1922
Lumsden J.S., V. E. Ostland, D.D MacPhee and H. W. Ferguson. Production of gill-associated and serum antibody by rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) following immersion immunization with acetone-killed Flavobacterium branchophilum and the relationship to protection from experimental challenge. Fish Shellfish Immunology. 1995, 5: 151-165
Lydyard, P.M., A. Whelan and M. W. Fanger. Instant Notes in Immunology. published in the Kingdom, BIOS Scientific Publishers Limited,2001
MacDougal K.C.,M.B.Johnstone and K..G. Burnett. Monoclonal antibodies reactive with the immunoglobulin heavy chain in sciaenid fishes. Fish Shellfish Immunology.19955: 389-391
Magnadottir B., H. Kristjansdottir and S. Gudmundsdottir. Characterisation of monoclonal antibodies to separate epitopes on salmon IgM heavy chain. Fish Shellfish Immunology.1996,6:185-198
Manning M.J. Fishes. In R. J. Turner (Ed), Immunology: Acomparative approach (pp.69-100) . 1994． Chichester, England:John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.
Manson F.D.S., T. C. Fletcher and G.W. Gooday. Localisation of chitinolytic enzymes in blood of turbot, Scophthalmus maximus, and their possible roles in defence. J Fish Biol.1992,40:919-927
Marchalonis J.J., S.F.Schluter,H.Y.Yang,V.S. Hohman,K. McGee and L. Yeaton. Antigenic cross-reactions among immunoglobulin of diverse vertebrates (elasmobranches to man) detected
using xenoantisera. Comp. Biochem. Physiol.l992, 101A: 675-687
McMillan D. N. and C. J. Secombes. Isolation of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) intestinal intraepithelial Iymphocytes (IEL) and measurement of their cytotoxic activity. Fish Shellfish Immunology. 1997,7: 527-541
Meseguer J., M.A.Esteban and B.Aguillero. Stromall cells, macrophages and lymphoid cells in the head-kidney of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L): An Ultrastructural study. Arch Histal Cytd. 1991,54:299-309
Meseguer J., A. Lopez-Ruiz and A. Garcia-Ayala. Reticulo-endothelial stroma of the head-kidney from the seawater teleost gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.): an ultrastructural and cytochemical study. Anatomical Record. 1995, 241:303-309
Miller N. W., M. A. Rycyzyn, M. R. Wilson, G. W. Warr, J. P. Naftel and L. W. Clem. Development and characterization of channel catfish long term B cell lines. J. Immunol. 1994, 126:2180-2189
Miyazaki T. and S. Egusa. Histopathogical studies of edwardsiellosis of the Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica) Ⅰ . Suppurative interstitial nephritis form. Fish Pathol. 1976a: 11: 33-43
Miyazaki T. and S. Egusa. Histopathogical studies of edwardsiellosis of the Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica) Ⅱ. Suppurative hepatitis form. Fish Pathol. 1976b, 11: 67-75
Miyazaki T. and N. Kaige. Comparative Histopathology of Edwardsiellosis in fishes. Fish Pathol. 1985,20 (2/3) :219-227
Miyazaki T. and J. A. Plumb. Histopathology of Edwardsiella ictalururi in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque). J. Fish Diseases. 1985,8:389-392
Moore J. D., M. Ototake and T. Nakanishi. Particulate antigen uptake during immersion immunization of fish: The effectiveness of prolonged exposure and the role of the skin and gills. Fish Shellfish Immunology. 1998, 8: 393-407
Morrow W. J. W. and A. pulsford. Identification of peripheral blood leucocytes of the dogfish (Scylirhinus canicula L) by electron microscopy. J. Fish Biol. 1980, 17:461-475
Nakanishi T. Ontogenetic development of the immune response in the marine teleost Sebastiscus marmoratus. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 1986,52:473-477
Nakanishi T. Seasonal changes in the humoral immune response and the lymphoid tissue of the marine teleost, Sabasticus marmoratus. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 1986, 12: 213-221
Nakanishi T. Ontogeny of the immune system in Sebasticus marmortus: Histogenesis of the lymphoid organs and effect of theymectomy. Environ. Biol. Fish. 1991, 30: 135-145
Neumann N.F., D.R. Barreda and M.Belosevic. Generation and functional analysis of distinct macrophage sub-populations from goldfish (Carassius aurotus L.) kidney leukocyte cultures. Fish Shellfish Immunology.1999, 9:1-20
Nordmo R., S. Sevatdal and A. Ramstad. Experimental infection with Vibrio salmonicida in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.): an evaluation of three different challenge methods. Aquaculture.1997, 158(1/2) : 23-32
Olsen Y.A. and C.M.Press. Degradation kinetics of immunoglobulin in the egg,alevin and fry of Atlantic salmon,Salmo salar L.,and the localisation of immunoglobulin in the egg. Fish Shellfish Immunology.1997, 7:81-91
O'Neill J. G. Ontogeny of the lymphoid organ in an antactic teleost, Harpagifer antarcticus (notothenioidei: perciformes). Developmental Comparative Immunology. 1989,13:25-33
Ortuno J., M.A.Esteban and J. Meseguer. Effect of high dietary intake of vitamin C on non-specific
immune response of gilthead seadream(Sparus aurota L.) Fish Shellfish Immunology.1999, 5: 429-443
Ourth D. D. Secretory IgM, lysozyme and lymphocytes in the skin mucus of the channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. Developmental Comparative Immunology. 1980,4:65-74
Ourth D.D. Purification and quantitation of Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) Immunoglobulin M. J. Apple Ichthyol.1986, 3: 140-143
Padros F. and S. Crespo. Ontogeny of the lymphoid organs in the turbot Scophthalmus maximus: a light and electron microscope study. Aquaculture. 1996, 144: 1-16
Park K.H. and H. D. Jeong. Enhanced resistance against Edwardsiella tarda infection in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) by administration of protein bound polysaccharide. Aquaculture.1996, 143: 135-143
Partula S. Surface markers of fish T-cells. Fish Shellfish Immunology. 1999,9:241-257
Patrie-Hanson L. and A. J. Ainsworth. Humoral immune response of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) fry and fingerlings exposed to Edwardsiella ictalurl. Fish Shellfish Immunology. 1999,8:579-589
Petrie-Hanson L. and A. J. Ainsworth. Ontogeny of channel catfish lymphoid organs. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 2001, 1-2:113-127
Pilstrom L. and E. Bengten. Immunoglobulin in fish-genes,expression and structure. Fish Shellfish Immunology. 1996,6:243-262
Pilstrom L. and A. Petersson. Isolation and partial characterization of immunoglobulin from cod (Gadus morhua L.). Developmental Comparative Immunology.1991, 15:143-152
Plumb J.A. Health maintenance of cultured fishes: principal microbial disease. CRC Press. Bboca Raton, Florida, 1994
Pomport-Castillon C.,C. Gasc and B. Romestand. IgM Ievels and specific antibody activity of the flounder (Platichthys flesus L.), following injection of microsporidian spores. Fish Shellfish Immunology.1999, 9: 153-156
Powell M. D., H. A. Briand, G.M. Wright: and J.F. Burka. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) intestinal eosinophilic granule cell (EGC) response to Aeromonas salmonicida and Vibrio anguillarum extracellular products. Fish Shellfish Immunology. 1993,3:279-289
Powell M.D.,G. M. Wright and J. F. Burka. Eosinophilic granule cells in the gills of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss: evidence of migration? J. Fish Biol. 1990,37: 495-497
Press C. McL, B.H. Dannevig and T. Landsverk. Immune and enzyme histochemical phenotypes of lymphiod and non!ymphoid cells within the spleen and head kidney of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L). Fish Shellfish Immunology. 1994,4:79-93
Press C. McL and 0． Evensen. The morphology of the immune system in teleost fishes. Fish Shellfish Immunology. 1999,9:309-318
Press C. McL, O. Evensen, L. J. Reitan and T. Landsverk. Retention of furunculosis vaccine components in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L., follovving different routes of administration. J. Fish Dis. 1996,19: 215-224
Pulsford A., M. G. Tomlinson, S. Lemaire-Gony and P. J. Glynn. Development and immunocompetence ofjuvenile flounder Platichthys flesus, L. Fish Shellfish Immunology. 1994,4(1) :63-78
Quesada J., M.I. Villena and B. Agulleiro. Structure of the spleen of the sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax: a light and electron microscopy study. J. Morphology. 1990,206:273-281
Rashid, M. M., T. Nakai, K. Muroga and T. Miyazaki. Pathogenesis of experimental Edwardsiella tarda in Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Fish. Sci. 1997,3: 384-387
Razquin B. E., A. Castillo, P. Lopez-Fierro, F. Alvarez, A. Zapata and A. J. Villena. Ontogeny of IgM-producing celis in the lymphoid organs of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson: an immuno-and enzyme-histochemical study. J. Fish Biol. 1990,3:159-173
Reite O.B. Mast cells/eosinophilic granule celis of salmonids: staining properties and responses to noxious agents. Fish Shellfish Immunology.1997, 7: 567-584
Reite O. B. Mast cells/eosinophilic granule celis of teleost fish: a review focusing on staining properties and functional responses. Fish Sheilfish Immunology. 1998,8: 489-513
Rijkers Q.T., M.H. Elizabeth,Frederix-Wolters and W.B. Van Muiswinkel. The immune system of cyprinid fish.Kinetics and temperature dependence of antibody-producing cells in carp (Cyprinus carpio). Immunology. 1980,41:91-96
Robert R. J., H. Young and J.A. Milne. Studies on the skin of plaice (Pleuronectes platessa L.): The structure and ultrustructure of normai plaice skin. J. Fish Biol. 1972,4:87-98
Romano N., A.J. Taverne-Thiele, M. Fanelli, M.R. Baldassini, L. Abelli, L. Mastrolia, W. B. VanMuiswinkel and J.H.M.W. Rombout. Ontogeny of the thymus in a teleost fish, Cyprinus carpio L.: developing thymocytes in the epithelial microenvironment. Developmental Comparative Immunology.1999, 23:123-137
Romano N., J. J. Taverne-Thiele, J.C. Van Maanen and J. H. M. W. Rombout.Leucocyte subpopulation in developing carp (Cyprinus carpio L.): immunocytochemical studies. Fish Shellfish Immunology. 1997,7:439-453
Romestand B.,G Breuil, C.A.F. Bourmaud,J.L. Coeurdacier and G.Bouix. Development and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against sea bass immunoglobulin Dicentrarchus labrax Linnaeus, 1785． Fish Shellfish Immunology.1995, 5: 247-357
Roubal F.R. Blood and other possible inflammatory cells in the sparid Acanthopagrus australis (Gu nther). J. Fish Biol. 1986, 28:573-593
Rombout J. H. W. M., H. E. Bot and J. J. Taverne-Thiele. Immunological importance of the second segment of carp. Ⅱ. Characterization of mucosal leucocyt.es. Journal of Fish Biology. 1989,3: 167-178
Rombout J. H. W. M., H. E. Bot, J. J. Taverne-Thiele and M. I. Villena. The gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) of carp (Cyprinus carpio L): an innunocytochemical analysis. Developmental Comparative Immunology. 1993,15: 55-66
Rombout J.H. W. M. ,N.Taverne,M. Van-De-Kamp and A.J.Taverne-Thiele. Differences in mucus and serum immunoglobulin of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Developmental Comparative Immunology. 1993,17:309-317
Rombout J. H. W. M., C. H. J. Lamers, M. H. Helfrich, A. Dekker and J. J. Taverne-Thiele. Uptake and transport of intact macromolecules in the intestinal epithelium of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) and the possible immunological implications. Cell and Tissue Research. 1985,239: 519-530
Rombout J.H.W.M., A.J. Taverne-Thiele and M. I. Villena. The gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.): An immunohistochemical analysis. Developmental Comparative Immunology. 1993,17:55-66
Rombout J. H. W. M., J. C. E. K. Van diepen, P. M. Emmer, J. J.Taverne-Thiele and N. Taverne. Characterization of carp thrombocytes with specific monoclonal antibody. J. Fish Biol. 1996,
49:521-531
Sakai D.K. Separation of lymphocytes from the peripheral blood of rainbow trout, goldfish.Bull.Jap.Fish.1981, 10:1281-1288
Sakai D.K. Repertoire of complement in immunological defense mechanisms of fish. Ann. Rev. Fish Dis. 1992, 2:223-247
Sanchez C. and J. Dominguez. Trout immunogloblin population differing in light chains revealed by monoclonal antibodies. Molecular Immunology. 1991, 28:1271-1277
Sanchez C.P., Lopez-Fierro, A. Zapata and J. Dominguez. Characterisation of monoclonal antibodies against heavy and light chains of trout immunoglobulins. Fish Shellfish Immunology.1993, 3:237-251
Scapigliati G, N. Romano, L. Abelli, S. Meloni, A. G. Ficca, F. Buonocore, S. Bird and C. J. Secombes. Immunopurification of T-cells from sea bass Dicentarchus labrax (L.). Fish Shellfish Immunology. 2000,4:329-341
Scapigliati G, N. Romano and L. Abeli. Monoclonal antibodies in fish immunology: identification, ontogeny and activity of T-and B-lymphocytes. Aquaculture. 1999,172: 3-28
Scapigliati G, N. Romano, S.Picchietti, M. Mazzini, L. Mastrolia, D.Scalia and L.Abelli. Monoclonal antibodies against sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax (L.) immunoglobulins: immunolocalisation of immunoglobulin-bearing celis and applica.bility in immunoassays. Fish Shellfish Immunology.1996, 6:383-401
Schiffman R. H. and P.O. Fromm. Measurernent of some physiological parameters in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Can. J. Zool. 1959,37:25-32
Schroder M. B. E. Flano, L. Pilistrom, T. o. Jorgensen. Ontogeny of the immunoglobulin producing cells in cod (Gadus morhua). Developmental Comparative Immunology. 1997,21:198
Secombes C.J. and T.C. Fletcher. The role of phagocytes in the protective mechanism of fish. Annual Review of Fish Diseases. 1992,2:53-71
Secombes C.J. and M.J. Manning. Comparative studies on the immune system of fishes and amphibians: antigen location in the carp Cyprinus carpio. J.Fish.Dis. 1980,3:399-412
Secombes C.J., J.J.M. Van Groningen and E. Ebgerts. Separation of lymphocyte subpopulations in carp Cyprinus carpio L. by monoclonal antibodies: Immunohistochemical studies.Immunol.1983, 48:165-175
Secombes C.J., J.J.M. Van Gronigen, N.B. Van Muiswinkel and E. Egbert. Ontogeny of the immune system in carp (Cyprinus carpio L.): The appearance of antigenic determinants on lymphoid cell detected by mouse anti-carp thymocyte monoclonal antibodies. Developmental Comparative Immunology.1983, 7: 455-464
Shephard K L. Functions for fish mucus: Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries. 1994,4:401-429
Shoemaker C. A., P. H. Klesius and J. M. Bricker. Efficacy of a modified live Edwardsiella ictaluri vaccine in channel catfish as young as seven days post hatch. Aquaculture. 1999,176(3/4) : 189-193
Sinha A. and A.K.. Chakravarty. Immune responses in an air-breathing teleost Clarius batrachus. Fish Shellfish Immunology. 1997,2:105-114
Sizemore R. G. N.W. Miller, M.A. et al. Phylogeny of lymphocyte heterogeneity: The cellular requirements for in vitro mitogenic responses of channel catfish leukocytes. J. Immunol.1984, 133:2920-2924
Smith P.T. et al. Further studies on furuneulosis vaccination. Fish Disease.1980: 113-119
Solem S.T. and T. J0rgensen. Characterisation of immunoglobulin light chain cDNAs of the Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L.: evidence for three IgL isotypes. Developmental Comparative lmmunology 2002,267:635-647
Song Y. L. et al. Evolution of the lymphoid system Ⅱ. Evidence for immunoglobulin determinants on all rainbow trout lymphcytes and demonstration of mixed leukocyte reactton. Eur.J.Immunol.1977, 7: 881-887
Stenvik S. and T.o.Jorgensen. Immunoglobulin D (IgD) of Atlantic cod has a unique structure.Immunogentics.2000: 452-461
St Louis Cormier E. A., C. K. Osterland and P.D. Anderson. Evidence for a cutaneous secretory immune system in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Developmental Comparative Immunology. 1984, 8:71-80
Stromsheim A., D.M. Eide, P.O.Hofgaard, H.J.S.Larsen, T.Refstie and K.H. Roed. Genetic variation in the humoral immune response against Vibrio salmonicida and in antibody titre against Vibro anguillarum and total IgM in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Vet.Immunol.Immunopathol. 1994, 44:85-95
Suprapto H., T. Hara, T. Nakai and K. Muroga. Purification of a lethal toxin of Edwardsiella tarda. Fish Pathol. 1996, 31 (4) : 203-207
Suprapto H., T. Nakai and K. Muroga. Toxicity of extracellular products and intracellular components of Edwardsiella tarda in the Japanese eel and flounder. J. Aquatic Animal Health. 1995, 7:292-297
Suwa T. Granulocytopoiesis in the head kidney of carp (Cyprinus carpio). J. Med. Soc Toho Japan. 1977,24:222-235
Takemura A. Changes in an immunoglobulin M (IgM)-like protein during larval stages in tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus. Aquaculture. 1993, 115:233-241
Tamai T. et al. Cloning and expression of flatfish (Paralichthys olivaceus) interferon cDNA. Biochim and Biophys.Acta. 1993,1174:182-186
Tater M.F. The ontogenetic development of the reticulo-endothelial system in the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson. J. Fish Dis. 1985,8:35-41
Tatner M. F. and M. J.Manning. The morphology of the trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, thymus: some practical and theoretical considerations. J. Fish Biol. 1982,21:27-32
Tatner M. F. and M. J. Manning. Growth of the lymphoid organs in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri from one to fifteen month of age. J. Zool., 1983,199: 503-520
Tatner M. F. and M. J. Manning. The ontogenetic development of the reticulo-endothelial system in the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson. J. Fish Diseases. 1985,8:35-41
Temkin R. J. and D. B. McMillan. Gut-associated lymphiod tissue (GALT) of the goldfish, Carassius aurotus, J. Morph.1986, 190:9-26
Temmick J. H. M. and C. J. Bayne. Ultrastructural characterization of leucocytes in the pronephros of carp (Cyprinus carpio,L.). Developmental Comparative Immunology. 1987,11:125-137
Thune R. L., L. A. Collins and M. P. Pena. A comparison of immersion, immersion/oral combination and injection methods for the vaccination of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus against Edwardsiella ictaluri. J. World Aqua. Soc.1997, 28(2) : 193-201
Thuvander A., C.Fossum and N. Lorenzen. Monoclonal antibodies to salmonid immunoglobulin : characterization and applicability in immunoassays. Developmental Comparative Immunology.1990, 14:415-423
Tohjo M. Histogenesis of hemopoietic tissue and immunoglobulin-forming celis in the carp Cyprinus carpio. Bull Yamaguchi Med. Sch. 1988,35(3-4) : 43-52
Tsujii T. and S. Seno. Melano-macrophage centers in the aglomerular kidney of the Sea Horse (Teleosts): morphologic studies on its formation and possible function. Anatomical Record. 1990,226: 460-470
Vallejo A.N., N.W.Miller and L.W.Clem. Antigen processing and presentation in teleost immune responses. In M. Faisal and F.M. Hetrick (Eds). Annual Review of Fish Dis.1992, 2:73-89． New York: Pergamon Press
Vallejo A. N. and A.E. Ellis. Ultrastructural study of the response of eosinophil granule cells to Aeromonas salmonicida extracellular products and histamine liberators in rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri Richardson. Developmental Comparative Immunology. 1989,13:133-148
Van Loon J.J.A., R. Van Oosterom and W.B. Van Muiswinkle. Development of the immune system in carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). In Aspects of Developmental and Comparative Immunology I (J.B. Solomon, ed). 1981． pp. 469-470． Oxford and New York: Pergamon Press
Warr G.W. In Fish Vaccinology. Developments in Biological Standards, vol.90 (eds R. Gudding, A Lillehaug,P.J. Midtlyng,F. Brown),1997． pp.15-21． Karger,Basel
Warr G W. The immunoglobulin genes of fish. Developmental Comparative Immunology.1995, 19:1-12
Waterstrat P. R., A. J. Anisworth and G. Capley. In vitro responses of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, neutrophiles to Edwardsiella ictaluri. Developmental Comparative Immunology.1991． 15: 53-63
Waterstrat P.R., J. Brazil and A.J. Ainsworth. Use of an ELISA-based assay for the detection of antibody-secreting cells in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque). J. Fish Dis. 1991,14:669-675
Watts, M., B. L. Munday and C. M. Burke. Isolation and partial characterization of immunoglobulin from southern bluefintuna Thunnus maccoyii Castelnau. Fish Shellfish Immunology. 2001,6:491-503
Wilson M. R. and G. W. Warr. Fish immunoglobulins and the genes that encode them. Ann. Rev. Fish Dis. 1992,2:201-221
Wolke R. E. Piscine macrophage aggregates: a review. Annual Review of Fish Diseases. 1992, 2: 91-108
Xu B., H. S. Xu and W. S. Ji. Pathogens and pathogenicity to Panaeus orientalis Kishinouye. Acta Oceanoligica Sinica. 1993, 12:297-304
Yano T. The complement system of fish. Fish Pathol.1995, 30: 151-158
Yano T. The nonspecific immune system: humoral defense. Iwama G. and T. Nakanishi. The Fish Immune System, London: Academic press. 1996: 105-157
Yasunaga N., S. Ogawa and K. Hatai. Characteristics of the fish pathogen Edwardsiella isolated from several species of cultured marine fishes. Bulletin of the Nagasaki Prefecture Institute of Fisheries. 1982,8: 57-65
Zapata A.G. Ultrastructural study of the teleost fish kidney. Developmental Comparative Immunology. 1979,3:55-65
Zapata A.G. Lymphopid organs of teleost fish I :Ultrastructure of the thymus of Rutilus rutilus.
Developmental Comparative Immunology. 1981, 5: 427-436
Zapata A.G. and E.L.Cooper. The thymus.In A.G.Zapata and E.L.Cooper(eds).The Immunune System:Comparative Histophysiology.New York:J.Wiley and Sons Inc.,1991, pp.104-149
Zia S. and D. G McDonald. The role of the gills and gill chloride cells in metai uptake in the freshwater adapted rainbow trout. Canadian. Jounal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 1994,51:2482-2492
Zuasti A. and C. Ferrer. Haemopoiesis in the head kidney of Sparus auratus. Arch. Histol. Cytol. 1989,52:249-255
池上裕治。 三大鱼病 简易诊断法 准备。养殖。1996，33(11) ：74-75
马久地隆幸，清川智之，本多数充，中井敏博，室贺清邦． Edwardsiella tarda 感 染实验．Fish Pathology．1995，30(4) ：247-250
秉志。鲤鱼解剖。北京：科学出版社，1960：1～30
陈昌福，记国良，罗宇良，史维舟，李静。草鱼体表和肠粘膜中免疫球蛋白的初步分析。鱼病学研究论文集(第二辑)。北京：海洋出版社。1995，21～25
陈福华，陈毕生，杨莺莺，骆清池。赤点石斑鱼增生性肾脏病的血液病理观察。热带海洋。1997，16(3)：49～53
陈怀青，陆承平。从比较免疫学看鱼类的免疫特性。动物学杂志。1994，29(4)：56～60
陈全震，李亚南，邵建中，毛树坚。鱼类外周血淋巴细胞的分离技术。中国水产科学。1999，4：10～12
冯怀亮，李文武，王铁恒。鲤鱼血细胞显微和亚显微结构的观察。水产学报。1991，15(3)：241～244
冯娟，胡超群。四种海水养殖鱼类血清免疫球蛋白的分离纯化及分子量测定。热带海洋学报。2002，21(4)：8～13
傅莉娟，高平，严邵颐。金鱼成熟红细胞的超微结构。科学通报。1988，15：1178～1181
龚宁，聂其灼。鲤鱼头肾显微结构研究。山地农业生物学报。2001，20(1)：20～24
郭琼林。中华鳖脾脏的显微和亚显微结构及其功能意义。水生生物学报。1998，22(增刊)：26～32
郭琼林。中华鳖胸腺显微和亚显微结构及其在进化上的意义。动物学报。1999，45(2)：207～213
郭琼林，卢全章。鳗鲡肾脏的显微、超微结构。鱼病学研究论文集(一)。1993：31～36
郭琼林，卢全章。草鱼，肾脏和脾脏血细胞发育过程的观察。水生生物学报。1993，17(1)：40～45
郭琼林，卢全章。草鱼肾脏和脾脏血细胞发育过程超微结构与细胞化学的研究。水生生物学报。1994，18(3)：240～245
郭琼林，卢全章。鳗鲡肝脏、脾脏显微与超微结构。动物学报。1994，40(2)：125～129
郭琼林，卢全章。鳗鲡爱德华氏菌病的组织病理学研究。水生生物学报。1995，19(1)：56～60
韩先朴，李伟，潘金培。爱德华氏菌经口感染及病理观察。水生生物学报。1995，19(3)：245～249
黄琪琰，刘丽燕，范丽萍。异育银鲫溶血性腹水病的病理生理研究。水产学报。1992，16(4)：316～321
李大疆，钟明超，林浩然。鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)卵和胚胎中母源性免疫球蛋白的定位。中山大学(自然科学版)。2001，2：82～85
李亚南。嗜水产气单胞菌诱导的草鱼免疫球蛋白分析。动物学报。2001，47(2．)：132～138
李亚南，陈全震，邵健忠，毛树坚，王冀平。鱼类免疫学研究进展。动物学研究。1995，16(1)：83～94
林光华。成年草鱼外周血细胞的超微结构。动物学报。1996，42(2)：123～127
林光华，林琼，洪一江，胡成钰。兴国红鲤血细胞发生的研究。动物学报。1998，44(4)：488～489
林光华，张丰旺，翁世聪。草鱼血液的研究。动物学报。1985，31(4)：336～343
林天龙，陈强，俞伏松，杨金先，龚晖，林能锋，许斌福，伊光辉。欧洲鳗血清IgM纯化及部分特性分析。水产学报。2001，25(1)：52～57
刘立明。不同温度条件下牙鲆变态期生长发育变化的研究。海洋科学。1996，4：58～63
卢全章。草鱼胸腺组织学的研究。水生生物学报。1991，15(4)：327～332
卢全章。草鱼头肾免疫细胞超微结构的观察。水生生物学报。1997，21(2)：152～156
卢全章。草鱼头肾免疫细胞组成和数量变化。动物学研究。1998，19(1)：11～16
卢全章，聂品。草鱼胸腺和头肾细胞在抗Acromonas punctata感染中的免疫作用。鱼病学研究论文集(第一辑)1993：37～45
米瑞芙，谢宝华，陶炳春，王晓梅。白鲢出血性败血症病理组织学研究。动物学杂志。1994，29(1)：17～19
倪达书，汪建国主编。草鱼生物学与疾病。北京：科学出版社，1999：24～26
聂品。鱼类非特异性免疫研究的新进展。水产学报。1997，21(1)：69～73
秦国强，王浩，龚金生，朱洪文。鲤鱼和鲫鱼脾脏显微结构和亚显微结构的研究。水生生物学集刊。1983，8(1)：63～70
曲凌云，孙修勤，占文斌，张进兴。牙鲆抗淋巴囊肿病毒免疫球蛋白的纯化。高技术通讯。2000，9：14～18
孙修勤。真鲷淋巴细胞的分离。黄渤海海洋。2000，2：47～50
夏春，川合研儿，楠田理一。鳗鲡淋巴细胞表面存在不同表型的免疫球蛋白。水产学报。1996，20(4)：361～364
谢艳霞，林光华。日本外鲫外周血细胞显微及亚显微结构的研究。动物学杂志。1996，31(1)：12～16
邢维贤，安利国，傅荣恕。鲤鱼竖鳞病的血液病理学研究。山东师范大学学报。1996，11(4)：84～86
徐豪，张志宇。四种淡水养殖鱼类血细胞的细微结构。水生生物学集刊。1983,8(1)：85～96
王长法，安利国，杨桂文，温武军。鱼类免疫球蛋白研究进展。中国水产科学。1999，6(2)：105～107
王旭东，饶家荣。红细胞广泛吞噬作用的发现和研究。水产学报。1996,20(1)：72～75
尾崎久雄著，许学龙等译。鱼类血液与循环生理。上海：上海科学技术出版社。1982年
吴维宁。团头鲂血细胞发生的研究。水产学报。1990，14(4)：328～334
杨桂文，安利国，王长法，温武军。鲤鱼皮肤粘膜与血清中免疫球蛋白的比较研究。动物学研究。1998，19(6)：489～492
杨桂文，安立国，温武军，王长法。鲤胆汁与血清中免疫球蛋白的比较研究。水产学报。1998，22(3)：199～203
杨桂文，邢维贤，王长法，安利国。鱼类免疫球蛋白的分子生物学研究进展。山东师范大学学报(自然科学版)。2000，15(3)：297～300
杨先乐。鱼类免疫学研究的进展。水产学报。1989，13(3)：271～284
袁仕取，张永安，姚卫建，聂品，常廷荣，张仁成，郭文扬。鳜鱼外周血细胞显微和亚显微结构的观察。水生生物学报。1998,22(1)：39～47
张孝威，何桂芬，沙学绅。牙鲆和条鳎卵子及仔稚鱼的形态观察。海洋与湖沼。1965，7(2：)158～174
张永安，聂品，朱作言。鱼类免疫球蛋白的研究进展。鱼类病害研究，2001，23(3/4)：1～17
张永安，聂品。鳜鱼血清免疫球蛋白的分离纯化及其亚单位分子量的测定。水生生物学报。1998，22(2)：192～194
张永安，聂品。鱼类体液免疫因子研究进展。水产学报。2000，24(4)：376～381
张永安，聂品，朱作言。鱼类免疫球蛋白的研究进展。鱼类病害研究，2001，23(3-4)：1～17
张永安，孙宝剑，聂品。鱼类免疫组织和细胞的研究概况。水生生物学报。2000，24(6)：648～654
张耀光，罗泉笙，钟明超。长吻跪肾脏黑色素巨噬细胞发育过程的超微结构变化。水生生物学报。1997，21(2)：187～189
赵宝生，沈成刚。五种鲫鱼幼鱼外周血白细胞形态和细胞化学的研究。水生生物学报。1991，15(2)：184～186
钟明超，黄浙。鲇鱼淋巴样器官的发育。水产学报。1995，19(3)：258～262
钟明超，林浩然。硬骨鱼类胚胎和胚后发育阶段的免疫机制。中国水产科学。1996，3(3)：96～102
周炳升，李连祥。银鲫白细胞及鳃颗粒细胞的超微结构。水生生物学报。1992，161：81～83
周丽，宫庆礼，俞开康。牙鲆的疾病。青岛海洋大学学报。1997，27(2)：173～180
周丽，占文斌，宋微波，俞开康。指状拟舟虫诱导牙鲆抗血清免疫球蛋白分析。中国水产科学。2000，7(2)：28～31
朱洪文，王浩，秦国强。鲫鱼外周血细胞显微和亚显微结构的观察。动物学研究。1985，6(2)：147～153
朱立平，陈学清。免疫学常用实验方法。北京：人民军医出版社，2000
Abelli L., M. R. Baldassini, R. Meschini and L. Mastrolia. Apoptosis of thymocytes in developing sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax. Fish Shellfish Immunology. 1998, 8:13～24
Abelli L., S. Picchietti, N. Romano, L.Mastrolia and G. Scapigliati. Immunocytochemical detection of thymocyte antigenic determinants in developing lymphoid organs of sea bass Dicentarchus labrax (L.). Fish Shellfish Immunology. 1996, 7:493～505
Abelli L., S. Picchietti, N. Romano, L. Mastrolia and G. Scapigliati. Immnohistochemistry of gut-assoiated lymphoid tissue of the sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax (L.). Fish Shellfish Immunology. 1997,7:235～245
Agius C. Phylogenetic development of melano-macrophage centers in fish. Journal of Zoology. 1980, 191:11～31
Agius C. and S. A. Agbede. An electron microscopical study on the genesis of lipofuscin, melanin and haemosiderin in the haemopoietic tissues of fish. J. Fish Biol. 1984, 24:471～488
Ainsworth A.J. Carbohydrate and lectin interactions with Edwardsiella ictaluri and channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), anterior kidney leukocytes and hepatocytes. J. Fish Dis. 1993, 16:449～459
Ainsworth A.J. Fish granulocytes: morphology distribution and function. Annual Review of Fish Diseases. 1992,2:123～148
Ainsworth A.J. and C. Dexiang. Differences in the phagocytosis of four bacteria by channel catfish neutrophilis. Developmental Comparative Immunology. 1990,14:201～210
Alexander J. B. and G. A. Ingram. Nocellular nonspecific defence mechanisms of fish. Annu. Rev. Fish Dis. 1992, 2:249～179
Alvarez F., B.E. Razquin, A. J. Villena and A.G. Zapata. Seasonal changes in the lymphoid organs of wild brown trout, Salmo trutta L.: A morphometrical study. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 1998,64:267～278
Aviles-Trigueros M. and J.A. Quesada. Presence of interdigitating cells in the thymus of the sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax L. (Teleost). J. Morphology. 1995,224:199～203
Bach R. Change in the spleen of the Channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus Rafinsque induced by infection with Aeromona hydrophila. J. Fish Dis. 1978,1:205～217
Baldo B.A. and T.C. Fletcher. C-reactive protein-like procipitins in plaice. Nature. 1973,246:145～147
Bang J.D., J.W. Kim, S. D. Lee, S. I. Park, S.G. Chun, C.S. Jeong and J.W. Park. Humoral immune response of flounder to Edwardsiella tarda: the presence of varius sizes of immunoglobulins in flounder. Dis. Aquatic Org. 1996,26:197～203
Barber D. L, J. E Millis Westermann and M. G. White. The blood cells of the Antarctic icefish Chaenoephalus aceratus Lonnberg: light and electron microscopic observations. J. Fish Biol., 1981, 19:11～28
Barnett R. R., T. Akindele, C. Orte and K.L. Shephard. Eosinophilic granulocytes in the epidermis of Oreochromis mossambicus gill filaments studied in situ. J. Fish Biol. 1996,49:148～156
Bartos J.M. and C.V. Sommer. In vivo cell mediated immune response to M. tubcrculosis and M. salmoniphilum in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Developmental Comparative Immunology1981, 5:75-83
Bernard, R., Ch. A-F Bourmaud and B. Georges. Isolation and partial characterization of IgM-like seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax L. 1758) irnmunoglobulins.Aquaculture.1995, 132(1/2) : 53-58
Blackstock N. and A.D. Pickering. Acidophilic granular cells in the epidermis of the brown trout (Salmo trutta L.). Cell Tissue Research. 1980,210:359-369
Blaxhall P.C. Electron microscope studies of fish lymphocytes and thrombocytes. J. Fish Biol., 1983,22:223-229
Blaxhall P.C and P.R. Sheard. Preliminary investigation of the characteristics of fish lymphocytes separated on a percoll discontinuous gradient. J. Fish.Biol.1985, 26:209-216
Bigaj J., J. Dulak and B. Pzytycz. Lymphoid organs of Gasterosteus aculeatus. J. Fish Biol. 1987,31(Suppl A): 233-234
Boba T, J. Imamura and K. Izawa. Cell-mediated protection in carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) against Acromonas hydrophlia. L Fish Disease. 1988,11(2) : 171-178
Bodammer J.E. and R. A. Robohm. Ultrastructual observation on the phagocytic behavior of winter flounder Pleuronectes americanus peritoneal neutrophils and macrophages in vivo. Diseases of Aquatic Organism. 1996,25:197-208
Botham J.W. et al. Ontogeny of first and second set alloimmune reactivity in fish. Phylogeny of Immunological Memory Elsevier 83,1980
Botham J. W. and M. J. Manning. The histogenesis of the lymphoid organs in the carp Cyprinus carpio L. and the ontogenetic development of allograft reactivity. J. Fish Biol. 1981,19: 403-414
Brattgjerd S. and o .A. Evensen. A sequential light microscopic and ultrastructural study on the uptake and phagocytes of experimentally infected Atlantic salmon Salmo salar, L. Veterinary Pathology.1996, 33:55-65
Brenden R. A. and H.W. Huizinga. Pathophysiology of experimental Aermonas hydrophila infection in goidfish, Carassius aurotus (L.). J. Fish Diseases. 1986,9:163-167
Breuil G, B. Vassiloglou, J. F. Pepin, B.Romestand. Ontogeny of Ig-bearing celis and changes in the immunoglobulin M-like protein Iever (LgM) during larval stages in sea bass (Dicentarchus labrax). Fish Shellfish Immunology.1997, 1:29-43
Castillo A., B. Razquin, A.J. Villena, A.G Zapata and P. Lopez-Fierro. Thymic barriers to antigen entry during the post-hatching development of the thymus of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Fish Shellfish Immunology. 1998,8:157-170
Castillo A., C. Sanchez, J. Dominguez, S. L. Kaattari and A. J. Villena. Ontogeny of IgM and IgM-bering celis in rainbow trout. Developmental Comparative Immunology. 1993,17:419-424
Chantanachookhin C., T. Seikai and M. Tanaka. Comparative study of the ontogeny of the lymphoid organs in three species of marine fish. Aquaculture. 1991, 99:143-155
Chilmonczyk S. Evolution of the thymus in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Proceedings of Fish Symposium. 1984a: 11-13
Chilmonczyk S. The thymus of the raibow trout Salmo gairdneri: Light and electron microscopy study. Developmental Comparative Immunology. 1984b,7:59-68
Chilimonczyk S. The thymus in fish: development and possible function in the immune response. Annual Review of Fish Diseases. 1992,2:181-200
Chung S. and C. J. Secombes. Activation of rainbow trout macrophages. J. Fish Biol. 1987,31: 51-56
Clem L.W. et al. Evilution of lymphocyte subpulations, their interaction and temperature sensitivities. In: Warr G.W. Cohen N. ed Phylogenesis of Immune Functions. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. 1991: 191-214
Cleyton P., D. Troutaud and P. Deschaux. The chemiluminescence response of leucocytes isolated from the gut of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish Shellfish Immunology. 1998,8:73-76
Cross M. L. and R. A. Matthews. Identification of a new granulocyte type in the skin of carp Cyprinus carpio (L.). J. Fish Biol. 1991,39:279-283
Dalmo R. A. and J. Bogwald. Distribution of intravenously and perorally administered Aeromonas salmonicida lipopolysaccaride in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. Fish Shellfish Immunology. 1996, 6:427-441
Dalmo R.A., K. Ingebrigtsen and J. Bogwald. Non-specific defence mechanisms in fish, with particular reference to the reticuloendothelial system (RES). J. Fish Dis. 1997, 20(4) : 241-273
David Wise, T. S. Schwenler and J.S. Terhune. Uptake and clearance of Edwardsiella ictaluri in the peripheral blood of Channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus fingerlings during immersion challenge. J. World Aqua. Soci. 1997,28(1) : 45-51
Davidson G. A., A. E. Ellis, and C. J. Secombes. Route of immunization influences the generation of antibody secreting celis in the gut of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Developmental Comparative immunology. 1993, 17: 373-376
Davidson G. A., S.-H. Lin, C. J. Secombes and A. E. Ellis. Detection of specific and "constitutive" antibody secreting cells in the gills, head-kidney and peripheral blood leucocytes of dab (Limanada limanda). Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 1997, 58:363-374
Denton J. E. and M. K. Yousef. Body composition and organ weights of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. J. Fish Biol. 1976,8:489-499
Doggett T.A. and J.E. Harris. The ontogeny of gut-associated lymphoid tissue in Oreochromis mossambicus. J. Fish Biol. 1987,31(suppl.A):23-27
Doggett T.A. and J. E. Harris. Morphology of the gut associated lymphoid tissue of Oreochromis mossambicus and its role in antigen absorption. Fish Shellfish Immunology. 1991,1:213-227
Doggett T. A., A.B. Wrathmell and J.E. Harris. A cytochemical and light microscopical study of the peripheral blood leucocytes of Oreochromis mossambicus, Cichlidae. J. Fish Biol. 1987, 31:147-153
Dos Santos N. M.S., N. Romano, M. de Sousa, A.E. Ellis and J.H.W.M. Rombout. Ontogeny of B and T cells in sea bass (Dicentarchus labrax, L.). Fish Shellfish Immunology.2000, 7: 583-596
Dos Santos. N. M. S., J. J. Taverne-Thiele, A. C. Barnes, W. B. Van Muiswinkel, A. E.Ellis, J.H.W.M. Rombout. The gill is a major organ for antibody srcreting cell production following direct immersion of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax, L.) in a Photobacterium damselae ssp. Piscicida bacterin: an ontogenetic study. Fish Shellfish Immunology. 2001,1:65-74
Dos Santos N.M.S., N. Taverne, A.J. Taverne-Thiele, M.Desousa and J.H.W.M. Rombout. Characterisation of monoclonal antibodies specific for sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) IgM indicates the existence of B cell subpopulations. Fish Shellfish Immunology. 1997,7:175-191
Ellis A. E. Ontogeny of the immune response in Salmo salar. Histogenesis of lymphoid organs and appearance of membrane immunoglobulin and mixed leucocyte reactivity. Developmental Immunobiology. 1977:225-231
Ellis A.E. The leucocytes of fish: A review. J. Fish Biol. 1977,11:453-491
Ellis A. E. Recent development in oral vaccine delivery system. Fish Pathol. 1995, 30: 293-300
Ellis A. E. Immunity to bacteria in fish. Fish Shellfish Immunology. 1999,9(4) : 291-308
Ellsaesser C.F., J.E. Bly and L.W. Clem. Phylogeny of lymphocyte heterogeneity: The thymus of the channel catfish. Developmental Comparative Immunology. 1998,12:787-799
Espenes A.,C. McL.Press, B. H. Dannevig and T. Landsverk. Investigation of the structural and functional features of splenic ellipsoids in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Cell and Tissue Research. 1995a, 279: 469-474
Espenes A., C. McL., Press, B. H. Dannevig and T. Landsverk. lmmune-complex trapping in the splenic ellipsoids of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Cell and Tissue Research. 1995b, 282:41-48
Estevez J., J. Leiro, M. T. Santamarina and F.M. Ubeira. A sandwich immunoassay to quatify low levels of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) immunoglobulin.Vet.Immunol. Immunopathol. 1995, 45:165-174
Evans D.L. and J. B. Gratzek. Immune defense mechanisms in fish to protozoan and helminth infections. American Zoologist.1989, 29: 409-418
Evans D. L. and L. Jaso-Friedmann. Nonspecific cytotoxic celis as effectors of immunity in fish. Annual Review Fish Diseases. 1992, 2: 109-121
Ezeasor D. N. and W. M. Stokoe. A cytochemical light and electron microscopic study of the eosinophilic granule cells in the gut of the rainbovv trout Salmo gairdneri Richardson. J. Fish Biol. 1980,17:619-634
Fange R. Lymphoid organs in sturgeons (Acipen seridae). Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 1986,12:153-161
Ferguson H.W. The relationship between ellipsoids and melano-macrophage centers in the spleen of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). J. Comparative Pathology.1976,86:377-380
Ferguson H.W. The ultra-structure of plaice leukocytes. J. Fish Biol. 1976, 8:139-142
Ferguson H. W., M. J.CIaxton, R. D. Moccia and E. J.Wilkie. The quantitative clearance of bacteria from the bloodstream of rainbovv trout (Salmo gairdneri). Veterinary Pathology. 1982,19: 687-699
Findlay C. and M. F. Tatner. Comparative study of T-lymphocyte and B-lymphocyte in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) following their separation by nylon wool adherence and lectin agglutination techniques. Comparative Haematology International. 1994,4: 55-60
Fishelson L. Cytological and morphological ontogenesis and involution of the thymus in cichlid fishes (Cichlidae, Teleostei). J. Morphology. 1995,223:175-190
Fournier-Betz V., C. Quentel, F. Lamour and A. LeVen. Immunocytochemical detection of Ig-positive cells in blood, lymphoidorgans and the gut associated lymphoid tissue of the turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). Fish Shellfish Immunology. 2000,10:187-202
Fujimaki Y. and M. Isoda.. Fine-structural study of Ieucocytes in the goldfish, Carassius auratus. J. Fish Biol. 1990,36:821-831
Furuta T, et al. Indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for the detection of antibody in serum of Japanese flounder. Fish Sci., 1995,4:663-667
Georgopoulou U. and J. M. Vernier. Local immunological response in the posterior intestinal segment of the rainbow trout after oral administration of macromolecules. Developmental Comparative lmmunology. 1986, 10: 529-537
Gorgollon P. Fine structure of the thumus in the adult cling fish Sicyases sanguineus (Pisces Gobiesocidae). J. Morphology. 1983,177:25-40
Grace M. F. and M. J. Manning. Histogenesis of the lymphoid organ in rainbow trout, salmo gairdneri Rich. 1836． Developmental Comparative Immunology. 1980,4:255-264
Graham S. and C. J. Secombes. Cellular requirements for lymphokine by rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri lecocytes.DevelopmentaI Comparative Immunology. 1990, 14:59-68
Graham S. and C.J. Secombes. Do fish secrete interferon-γ ? J. Fish Biol.1990, 36: 563-573
Grimholt U., I. Hordvik, V. M. Fosse, I. Olsaker, C. Endressen and O. Lie. Molecular cloning of major histocompatibility complex class I cDNAs from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar).Immunogenetics. 1993,37:467-473
Hafter E. Histological age changes in the thymus of the teleost Astyanax. J. Morph. 1952,90:555-582
Hagiwara K., K. Kobayashi, T. Kajii, et al. J-chain-like component in 18s immunoglobulin of the skate, Raja kemojej, a cartilaginous fish. Mol. Immunol.1985, 22: 775-778
Hart P. R., W. G. Hutchinson, G.J. Purser. Effects of photoperoid, temperature and salinity on hatchery-reared larvae of the greenback flounder (Rhombosolea tapirine Gunther, 1862) . Aquaculture.1996, 144(4) : 303-311
Hart S., A. B. Wrathmell, J. E Harris and T.H.Grayson. Gut immunology in fish: A review. Developmental Comparative Immunology. 1988,12:453-480
Hayman J. R and C.J. Lobb. Immunoglobulin in the eggs of the channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Developmental Comparative Immunology. 1993, 17: 241-248
Herraez M. P. and A. G Zapata. Structure and function of the melanomacrophage centers of the goldfish Carassius auratua. Veterinary Imm. and Immunpathology. 1986,12:117-126
Hill B.H. The early development of the thymus gland in Amia calva. J. Morph., 1935,57:61-89
Hogan R.J., T.B. Stuge, L.W. Clem, N.W.Miller and V.G. Chinchar. Antiviral cytotoxic cells in the channel catfish. Developmental Comparative Immunology.1996, 20:115-127
Honma Y. and E. Tamura. Histological change in the lymphoid system of fish with respect to age, seasonal and endocrine changes. Developmental Comparative Immunology. 1984 (Sup. 3) : 239-244
Hordvik I. Identification of a novel immunoglobulin δtranscript and comparative analysis of the genes encoding IgD in Atlantic salmon and Atlantic halibut. Molecular Immunology. 2002, 39(1/2) : 85-91
Imagawa T., Y. Hashimoto,Y. Kon, et al. Immunoglobulin containing cells in the head kidney of carp (Cyprinus carpio L) after bovine serum albumin injection. Fish Shellfish Immunology.1991,1:173-185
Israelsson O., A. Petersson, E. Bengten, EJ. Wiersma, J. Andersson, G. Gezelius and L. Pilstrom. Immunoglobulin concertration in atlantic cod Gadus morhua L. serum and cross-reactivity between anti-cod antibody and immunoglobulins from other species. J. Fish Biol.1991, 39:265-278
Iwama G. and T. Nakanishi. The Fish Immune System. Fish Physiology. 1996, Vol.15． San Diego: Academic Press
Johnson K.A. and D.F Amend. Efficacy of Vibrio anguillarum and Yersinia ruckeri bacterins applied by oral and anal intubation of salmonids. J. Fish Dis.1983, 6:473-476
Joosten P.H.M., M.Aviles-Trigueros, P. Sorgeloos and J.H.W.M. Rombout. Oral vaccination of juvenile carp (Cyprinus carpio) and gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) with bioencapsulated Vibrio
anguillarum bacterin. Fish Shellfish Immunology. 1995, 5: 289-299
Joosten P.H.M., E.Tiemersma, A. Threels , C. Caumartin-Dhieux and J .H. W. M. Rombout. Oral vaccination of fish against Vibrio anguillarum using alginate microparticles. Fish Shellfish Immunology. 1997, 7:471-485
Josefsson S. and M. F. Tatner. Histogenesis of the lymphoid organs in sea bream (Sparus aurota L.). Fish Shellfish Immunology. 1993, 3:35-49
Kaattari S.L. Fish B lymphocytes: defining their form and function. Ann. Rev. Fish.Dis.1992, 2:161-180
Koumans-van Diepen J.C.E., E. Egberts,B.R. Peixoto,N.Taveme and J.H.W.M. Rombout. B cell and immunoglobulin heterogeneity in carp (Cyprinus carpio L.): an immuno(cyto)chemical study. Developmental Comparative Immunology.1995, 19:97-108
Koumans-van Diepen J.C.E., J. J.Taverne-Thiele, B.T.T.M.Van Rens and J.H.W.M. Rombout. Immunocytochemical and flow cytometric analysis of B celis and plasma cells in carp (Cyprinus carpio L.): an ontogenic study. Fish Shellfish Immunology. 1994, 4:19-28
Lamas J. and A. E. Ellis. Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) neutrophil responses to Aeromonas salmonicida. Fish Shellfish Immunology. 1994, 4: 201-219
Leiro J., M.Ortega, J. Estevez, F.M.Uberia and M.L. Sanmartin. The role of opsonization by antibody and complement by turbot spleen cells. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 1996,51:201-210
Leknes I.L. Histological studies on the lymphoid organs in prenatal larvae of platy, Xiphophorus maculates L.(Poeciliidae: Teleostei). Fish Shellfish Immunology. 2002,0:1-4
Lin S.-H., G. A. Davidson, C.J. Secombes and A.E. Ellis. A morphological study of cells isolated from the perfused gill of dab and Atlantic salmon. J. Fish Biol. 1998,53:560-568
Lobb C. J. Covalent structure and affinity of channel catfish anti-dinitrophenyl antibodies. Mol. Immunol. 1985, 22: 993-999
Lobb C. J. and L.W. Clem.The metabolic relationships of the immunoglobulins in fish serum, cataneous mucus, and bile. J.Immunol.1981, 127: 1525-1529
Lobb C. J., M.O.J. Olson and L W. Clem. Immunoglobulin light chain classes in a telest fish.J.Immunol.1984,4: 1917-1922
Lumsden J.S., V. E. Ostland, D.D MacPhee and H. W. Ferguson. Production of gill-associated and serum antibody by rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) following immersion immunization with acetone-killed Flavobacterium branchophilum and the relationship to protection from experimental challenge. Fish Shellfish Immunology. 1995, 5: 151-165
Lydyard, P.M., A. Whelan and M. W. Fanger. Instant Notes in Immunology. published in the Kingdom, BIOS Scientific Publishers Limited,2001
MacDougal K.C.,M.B.Johnstone and K..G. Burnett. Monoclonal antibodies reactive with the immunoglobulin heavy chain in sciaenid fishes. Fish Shellfish Immunology.19955: 389-391
Magnadottir B., H. Kristjansdottir and S. Gudmundsdottir. Characterisation of monoclonal antibodies to separate epitopes on salmon IgM heavy chain. Fish Shellfish Immunology.1996,6:185-198
Manning M.J. Fishes. In R. J. Turner (Ed), Immunology: Acomparative approach (pp.69-100) . 1994． Chichester, England:John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.
Manson F.D.S., T. C. Fletcher and G.W. Gooday. Localisation of chitinolytic enzymes in blood of turbot, Scophthalmus maximus, and their possible roles in defence. J Fish Biol.1992,40:919-927
Marchalonis J.J., S.F.Schluter,H.Y.Yang,V.S. Hohman,K. McGee and L. Yeaton. Antigenic cross-reactions among immunoglobulin of diverse vertebrates (elasmobranches to man) detected
using xenoantisera. Comp. Biochem. Physiol.l992, 101A: 675-687
McMillan D. N. and C. J. Secombes. Isolation of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) intestinal intraepithelial Iymphocytes (IEL) and measurement of their cytotoxic activity. Fish Shellfish Immunology. 1997,7: 527-541
Meseguer J., M.A.Esteban and B.Aguillero. Stromall cells, macrophages and lymphoid cells in the head-kidney of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L): An Ultrastructural study. Arch Histal Cytd. 1991,54:299-309
Meseguer J., A. Lopez-Ruiz and A. Garcia-Ayala. Reticulo-endothelial stroma of the head-kidney from the seawater teleost gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.): an ultrastructural and cytochemical study. Anatomical Record. 1995, 241:303-309
Miller N. W., M. A. Rycyzyn, M. R. Wilson, G. W. Warr, J. P. Naftel and L. W. Clem. Development and characterization of channel catfish long term B cell lines. J. Immunol. 1994, 126:2180-2189
Miyazaki T. and S. Egusa. Histopathogical studies of edwardsiellosis of the Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica) Ⅰ . Suppurative interstitial nephritis form. Fish Pathol. 1976a: 11: 33-43
Miyazaki T. and S. Egusa. Histopathogical studies of edwardsiellosis of the Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica) Ⅱ. Suppurative hepatitis form. Fish Pathol. 1976b, 11: 67-75
Miyazaki T. and N. Kaige. Comparative Histopathology of Edwardsiellosis in fishes. Fish Pathol. 1985,20 (2/3) :219-227
Miyazaki T. and J. A. Plumb. Histopathology of Edwardsiella ictalururi in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque). J. Fish Diseases. 1985,8:389-392
Moore J. D., M. Ototake and T. Nakanishi. Particulate antigen uptake during immersion immunization of fish: The effectiveness of prolonged exposure and the role of the skin and gills. Fish Shellfish Immunology. 1998, 8: 393-407
Morrow W. J. W. and A. pulsford. Identification of peripheral blood leucocytes of the dogfish (Scylirhinus canicula L) by electron microscopy. J. Fish Biol. 1980, 17:461-475
Nakanishi T. Ontogenetic development of the immune response in the marine teleost Sebastiscus marmoratus. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 1986,52:473-477
Nakanishi T. Seasonal changes in the humoral immune response and the lymphoid tissue of the marine teleost, Sabasticus marmoratus. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 1986, 12: 213-221
Nakanishi T. Ontogeny of the immune system in Sebasticus marmortus: Histogenesis of the lymphoid organs and effect of theymectomy. Environ. Biol. Fish. 1991, 30: 135-145
Neumann N.F., D.R. Barreda and M.Belosevic. Generation and functional analysis of distinct macrophage sub-populations from goldfish (Carassius aurotus L.) kidney leukocyte cultures. Fish Shellfish Immunology.1999, 9:1-20
Nordmo R., S. Sevatdal and A. Ramstad. Experimental infection with Vibrio salmonicida in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.): an evaluation of three different challenge methods. Aquaculture.1997, 158(1/2) : 23-32
Olsen Y.A. and C.M.Press. Degradation kinetics of immunoglobulin in the egg,alevin and fry of Atlantic salmon,Salmo salar L.,and the localisation of immunoglobulin in the egg. Fish Shellfish Immunology.1997, 7:81-91
O'Neill J. G. Ontogeny of the lymphoid organ in an antactic teleost, Harpagifer antarcticus (notothenioidei: perciformes). Developmental Comparative Immunology. 1989,13:25-33
Ortuno J., M.A.Esteban and J. Meseguer. Effect of high dietary intake of vitamin C on non-specific
immune response of gilthead seadream(Sparus aurota L.) Fish Shellfish Immunology.1999, 5: 429-443
Ourth D. D. Secretory IgM, lysozyme and lymphocytes in the skin mucus of the channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. Developmental Comparative Immunology. 1980,4:65-74
Ourth D.D. Purification and quantitation of Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) Immunoglobulin M. J. Apple Ichthyol.1986, 3: 140-143
Padros F. and S. Crespo. Ontogeny of the lymphoid organs in the turbot Scophthalmus maximus: a light and electron microscope study. Aquaculture. 1996, 144: 1-16
Park K.H. and H. D. Jeong. Enhanced resistance against Edwardsiella tarda infection in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) by administration of protein bound polysaccharide. Aquaculture.1996, 143: 135-143
Partula S. Surface markers of fish T-cells. Fish Shellfish Immunology. 1999,9:241-257
Patrie-Hanson L. and A. J. Ainsworth. Humoral immune response of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) fry and fingerlings exposed to Edwardsiella ictalurl. Fish Shellfish Immunology. 1999,8:579-589
Petrie-Hanson L. and A. J. Ainsworth. Ontogeny of channel catfish lymphoid organs. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 2001, 1-2:113-127
Pilstrom L. and E. Bengten. Immunoglobulin in fish-genes,expression and structure. Fish Shellfish Immunology. 1996,6:243-262
Pilstrom L. and A. Petersson. Isolation and partial characterization of immunoglobulin from cod (Gadus morhua L.). Developmental Comparative Immunology.1991, 15:143-152
Plumb J.A. Health maintenance of cultured fishes: principal microbial disease. CRC Press. Bboca Raton, Florida, 1994
Pomport-Castillon C.,C. Gasc and B. Romestand. IgM Ievels and specific antibody activity of the flounder (Platichthys flesus L.), following injection of microsporidian spores. Fish Shellfish Immunology.1999, 9: 153-156
Powell M. D., H. A. Briand, G.M. Wright: and J.F. Burka. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) intestinal eosinophilic granule cell (EGC) response to Aeromonas salmonicida and Vibrio anguillarum extracellular products. Fish Shellfish Immunology. 1993,3:279-289
Powell M.D.,G. M. Wright and J. F. Burka. Eosinophilic granule cells in the gills of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss: evidence of migration? J. Fish Biol. 1990,37: 495-497
Press C. McL, B.H. Dannevig and T. Landsverk. Immune and enzyme histochemical phenotypes of lymphiod and non!ymphoid cells within the spleen and head kidney of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L). Fish Shellfish Immunology. 1994,4:79-93
Press C. McL and 0． Evensen. The morphology of the immune system in teleost fishes. Fish Shellfish Immunology. 1999,9:309-318
Press C. McL, O. Evensen, L. J. Reitan and T. Landsverk. Retention of furunculosis vaccine components in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L., follovving different routes of administration. J. Fish Dis. 1996,19: 215-224
Pulsford A., M. G. Tomlinson, S. Lemaire-Gony and P. J. Glynn. Development and immunocompetence ofjuvenile flounder Platichthys flesus, L. Fish Shellfish Immunology. 1994,4(1) :63-78
Quesada J., M.I. Villena and B. Agulleiro. Structure of the spleen of the sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax: a light and electron microscopy study. J. Morphology. 1990,206:273-281
Rashid, M. M., T. Nakai, K. Muroga and T. Miyazaki. Pathogenesis of experimental Edwardsiella tarda in Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Fish. Sci. 1997,3: 384-387
Razquin B. E., A. Castillo, P. Lopez-Fierro, F. Alvarez, A. Zapata and A. J. Villena. Ontogeny of IgM-producing celis in the lymphoid organs of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson: an immuno-and enzyme-histochemical study. J. Fish Biol. 1990,3:159-173
Reite O.B. Mast cells/eosinophilic granule celis of salmonids: staining properties and responses to noxious agents. Fish Shellfish Immunology.1997, 7: 567-584
Reite O. B. Mast cells/eosinophilic granule celis of teleost fish: a review focusing on staining properties and functional responses. Fish Sheilfish Immunology. 1998,8: 489-513
Rijkers Q.T., M.H. Elizabeth,Frederix-Wolters and W.B. Van Muiswinkel. The immune system of cyprinid fish.Kinetics and temperature dependence of antibody-producing cells in carp (Cyprinus carpio). Immunology. 1980,41:91-96
Robert R. J., H. Young and J.A. Milne. Studies on the skin of plaice (Pleuronectes platessa L.): The structure and ultrustructure of normai plaice skin. J. Fish Biol. 1972,4:87-98
Romano N., A.J. Taverne-Thiele, M. Fanelli, M.R. Baldassini, L. Abelli, L. Mastrolia, W. B. VanMuiswinkel and J.H.M.W. Rombout. Ontogeny of the thymus in a teleost fish, Cyprinus carpio L.: developing thymocytes in the epithelial microenvironment. Developmental Comparative Immunology.1999, 23:123-137
Romano N., J. J. Taverne-Thiele, J.C. Van Maanen and J. H. M. W. Rombout.Leucocyte subpopulation in developing carp (Cyprinus carpio L.): immunocytochemical studies. Fish Shellfish Immunology. 1997,7:439-453
Romestand B.,G Breuil, C.A.F. Bourmaud,J.L. Coeurdacier and G.Bouix. Development and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against sea bass immunoglobulin Dicentrarchus labrax Linnaeus, 1785． Fish Shellfish Immunology.1995, 5: 247-357
Roubal F.R. Blood and other possible inflammatory cells in the sparid Acanthopagrus australis (Gu nther). J. Fish Biol. 1986, 28:573-593
Rombout J. H. W. M., H. E. Bot and J. J. Taverne-Thiele. Immunological importance of the second segment of carp. Ⅱ. Characterization of mucosal leucocyt.es. Journal of Fish Biology. 1989,3: 167-178
Rombout J. H. W. M., H. E. Bot, J. J. Taverne-Thiele and M. I. Villena. The gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) of carp (Cyprinus carpio L): an innunocytochemical analysis. Developmental Comparative Immunology. 1993,15: 55-66
Rombout J.H. W. M. ,N.Taverne,M. Van-De-Kamp and A.J.Taverne-Thiele. Differences in mucus and serum immunoglobulin of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Developmental Comparative Immunology. 1993,17:309-317
Rombout J. H. W. M., C. H. J. Lamers, M. H. Helfrich, A. Dekker and J. J. Taverne-Thiele. Uptake and transport of intact macromolecules in the intestinal epithelium of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) and the possible immunological implications. Cell and Tissue Research. 1985,239: 519-530
Rombout J.H.W.M., A.J. Taverne-Thiele and M. I. Villena. The gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.): An immunohistochemical analysis. Developmental Comparative Immunology. 1993,17:55-66
Rombout J. H. W. M., J. C. E. K. Van diepen, P. M. Emmer, J. J.Taverne-Thiele and N. Taverne. Characterization of carp thrombocytes with specific monoclonal antibody. J. Fish Biol. 1996,
49:521-531
Sakai D.K. Separation of lymphocytes from the peripheral blood of rainbow trout, goldfish.Bull.Jap.Fish.1981, 10:1281-1288
Sakai D.K. Repertoire of complement in immunological defense mechanisms of fish. Ann. Rev. Fish Dis. 1992, 2:223-247
Sanchez C. and J. Dominguez. Trout immunogloblin population differing in light chains revealed by monoclonal antibodies. Molecular Immunology. 1991, 28:1271-1277
Sanchez C.P., Lopez-Fierro, A. Zapata and J. Dominguez. Characterisation of monoclonal antibodies against heavy and light chains of trout immunoglobulins. Fish Shellfish Immunology.1993, 3:237-251
Scapigliati G, N. Romano, L. Abelli, S. Meloni, A. G. Ficca, F. Buonocore, S. Bird and C. J. Secombes. Immunopurification of T-cells from sea bass Dicentarchus labrax (L.). Fish Shellfish Immunology. 2000,4:329-341
Scapigliati G, N. Romano and L. Abeli. Monoclonal antibodies in fish immunology: identification, ontogeny and activity of T-and B-lymphocytes. Aquaculture. 1999,172: 3-28
Scapigliati G, N. Romano, S.Picchietti, M. Mazzini, L. Mastrolia, D.Scalia and L.Abelli. Monoclonal antibodies against sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax (L.) immunoglobulins: immunolocalisation of immunoglobulin-bearing celis and applica.bility in immunoassays. Fish Shellfish Immunology.1996, 6:383-401
Schiffman R. H. and P.O. Fromm. Measurernent of some physiological parameters in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Can. J. Zool. 1959,37:25-32
Schroder M. B. E. Flano, L. Pilistrom, T. o. Jorgensen. Ontogeny of the immunoglobulin producing cells in cod (Gadus morhua). Developmental Comparative Immunology. 1997,21:198
Secombes C.J. and T.C. Fletcher. The role of phagocytes in the protective mechanism of fish. Annual Review of Fish Diseases. 1992,2:53-71
Secombes C.J. and M.J. Manning. Comparative studies on the immune system of fishes and amphibians: antigen location in the carp Cyprinus carpio. J.Fish.Dis. 1980,3:399-412
Secombes C.J., J.J.M. Van Groningen and E. Ebgerts. Separation of lymphocyte subpopulations in carp Cyprinus carpio L. by monoclonal antibodies: Immunohistochemical studies.Immunol.1983, 48:165-175
Secombes C.J., J.J.M. Van Gronigen, N.B. Van Muiswinkel and E. Egbert. Ontogeny of the immune system in carp (Cyprinus carpio L.): The appearance of antigenic determinants on lymphoid cell detected by mouse anti-carp thymocyte monoclonal antibodies. Developmental Comparative Immunology.1983, 7: 455-464
Shephard K L. Functions for fish mucus: Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries. 1994,4:401-429
Shoemaker C. A., P. H. Klesius and J. M. Bricker. Efficacy of a modified live Edwardsiella ictaluri vaccine in channel catfish as young as seven days post hatch. Aquaculture. 1999,176(3/4) : 189-193
Sinha A. and A.K.. Chakravarty. Immune responses in an air-breathing teleost Clarius batrachus. Fish Shellfish Immunology. 1997,2:105-114
Sizemore R. G. N.W. Miller, M.A. et al. Phylogeny of lymphocyte heterogeneity: The cellular requirements for in vitro mitogenic responses of channel catfish leukocytes. J. Immunol.1984, 133:2920-2924
Smith P.T. et al. Further studies on furuneulosis vaccination. Fish Disease.1980: 113-119
Solem S.T. and T. J0rgensen. Characterisation of immunoglobulin light chain cDNAs of the Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L.: evidence for three IgL isotypes. Developmental Comparative lmmunology 2002,267:635-647
Song Y. L. et al. Evolution of the lymphoid system Ⅱ. Evidence for immunoglobulin determinants on all rainbow trout lymphcytes and demonstration of mixed leukocyte reactton. Eur.J.Immunol.1977, 7: 881-887
Stenvik S. and T.o.Jorgensen. Immunoglobulin D (IgD) of Atlantic cod has a unique structure.Immunogentics.2000: 452-461
St Louis Cormier E. A., C. K. Osterland and P.D. Anderson. Evidence for a cutaneous secretory immune system in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Developmental Comparative Immunology. 1984, 8:71-80
Stromsheim A., D.M. Eide, P.O.Hofgaard, H.J.S.Larsen, T.Refstie and K.H. Roed. Genetic variation in the humoral immune response against Vibrio salmonicida and in antibody titre against Vibro anguillarum and total IgM in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Vet.Immunol.Immunopathol. 1994, 44:85-95
Suprapto H., T. Hara, T. Nakai and K. Muroga. Purification of a lethal toxin of Edwardsiella tarda. Fish Pathol. 1996, 31 (4) : 203-207
Suprapto H., T. Nakai and K. Muroga. Toxicity of extracellular products and intracellular components of Edwardsiella tarda in the Japanese eel and flounder. J. Aquatic Animal Health. 1995, 7:292-297
Suwa T. Granulocytopoiesis in the head kidney of carp (Cyprinus carpio). J. Med. Soc Toho Japan. 1977,24:222-235
Takemura A. Changes in an immunoglobulin M (IgM)-like protein during larval stages in tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus. Aquaculture. 1993, 115:233-241
Tamai T. et al. Cloning and expression of flatfish (Paralichthys olivaceus) interferon cDNA. Biochim and Biophys.Acta. 1993,1174:182-186
Tater M.F. The ontogenetic development of the reticulo-endothelial system in the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson. J. Fish Dis. 1985,8:35-41
Tatner M. F. and M. J.Manning. The morphology of the trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, thymus: some practical and theoretical considerations. J. Fish Biol. 1982,21:27-32
Tatner M. F. and M. J. Manning. Growth of the lymphoid organs in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri from one to fifteen month of age. J. Zool., 1983,199: 503-520
Tatner M. F. and M. J. Manning. The ontogenetic development of the reticulo-endothelial system in the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson. J. Fish Diseases. 1985,8:35-41
Temkin R. J. and D. B. McMillan. Gut-associated lymphiod tissue (GALT) of the goldfish, Carassius aurotus, J. Morph.1986, 190:9-26
Temmick J. H. M. and C. J. Bayne. Ultrastructural characterization of leucocytes in the pronephros of carp (Cyprinus carpio,L.). Developmental Comparative Immunology. 1987,11:125-137
Thune R. L., L. A. Collins and M. P. Pena. A comparison of immersion, immersion/oral combination and injection methods for the vaccination of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus against Edwardsiella ictaluri. J. World Aqua. Soc.1997, 28(2) : 193-201
Thuvander A., C.Fossum and N. Lorenzen. Monoclonal antibodies to salmonid immunoglobulin : characterization and applicability in immunoassays. Developmental Comparative Immunology.1990, 14:415-423
Tohjo M. Histogenesis of hemopoietic tissue and immunoglobulin-forming celis in the carp Cyprinus carpio. Bull Yamaguchi Med. Sch. 1988,35(3-4) : 43-52
Tsujii T. and S. Seno. Melano-macrophage centers in the aglomerular kidney of the Sea Horse (Teleosts): morphologic studies on its formation and possible function. Anatomical Record. 1990,226: 460-470
Vallejo A.N., N.W.Miller and L.W.Clem. Antigen processing and presentation in teleost immune responses. In M. Faisal and F.M. Hetrick (Eds). Annual Review of Fish Dis.1992, 2:73-89． New York: Pergamon Press
Vallejo A. N. and A.E. Ellis. Ultrastructural study of the response of eosinophil granule cells to Aeromonas salmonicida extracellular products and histamine liberators in rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri Richardson. Developmental Comparative Immunology. 1989,13:133-148
Van Loon J.J.A., R. Van Oosterom and W.B. Van Muiswinkle. Development of the immune system in carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). In Aspects of Developmental and Comparative Immunology I (J.B. Solomon, ed). 1981． pp. 469-470． Oxford and New York: Pergamon Press
Warr G.W. In Fish Vaccinology. Developments in Biological Standards, vol.90 (eds R. Gudding, A Lillehaug,P.J. Midtlyng,F. Brown),1997． pp.15-21． Karger,Basel
Warr G W. The immunoglobulin genes of fish. Developmental Comparative Immunology.1995, 19:1-12
Waterstrat P. R., A. J. Anisworth and G. Capley. In vitro responses of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, neutrophiles to Edwardsiella ictaluri. Developmental Comparative Immunology.1991． 15: 53-63
Waterstrat P.R., J. Brazil and A.J. Ainsworth. Use of an ELISA-based assay for the detection of antibody-secreting cells in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque). J. Fish Dis. 1991,14:669-675
Watts, M., B. L. Munday and C. M. Burke. Isolation and partial characterization of immunoglobulin from southern bluefintuna Thunnus maccoyii Castelnau. Fish Shellfish Immunology. 2001,6:491-503
Wilson M. R. and G. W. Warr. Fish immunoglobulins and the genes that encode them. Ann. Rev. Fish Dis. 1992,2:201-221
Wolke R. E. Piscine macrophage aggregates: a review. Annual Review of Fish Diseases. 1992, 2: 91-108
Xu B., H. S. Xu and W. S. Ji. Pathogens and pathogenicity to Panaeus orientalis Kishinouye. Acta Oceanoligica Sinica. 1993, 12:297-304
Yano T. The complement system of fish. Fish Pathol.1995, 30: 151-158
Yano T. The nonspecific immune system: humoral defense. Iwama G. and T. Nakanishi. The Fish Immune System, London: Academic press. 1996: 105-157
Yasunaga N., S. Ogawa and K. Hatai. Characteristics of the fish pathogen Edwardsiella isolated from several species of cultured marine fishes. Bulletin of the Nagasaki Prefecture Institute of Fisheries. 1982,8: 57-65
Zapata A.G. Ultrastructural study of the teleost fish kidney. Developmental Comparative Immunology. 1979,3:55-65
Zapata A.G. Lymphopid organs of teleost fish I :Ultrastructure of the thymus of Rutilus rutilus.
Developmental Comparative Immunology. 1981, 5: 427-436
Zapata A.G. and E.L.Cooper. The thymus.In A.G.Zapata and E.L.Cooper(eds).The Immunune System:Comparative Histophysiology.New York:J.Wiley and Sons Inc.,1991, pp.104-149
Zia S. and D. G McDonald. The role of the gills and gill chloride cells in metai uptake in the freshwater adapted rainbow trout. Canadian. Jounal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 1994,51:2482-2492
Zuasti A. and C. Ferrer. Haemopoiesis in the head kidney of Sparus auratus. Arch. Histol. Cytol. 1989,52:249-255
池上裕治。 三大鱼病 简易诊断法 准备。养殖。1996，33(11) ：74-75
马久地隆幸，清川智之，本多数充，中井敏博，室贺清邦． Edwardsiella tarda 感 染实验．Fish Pathology．1995，30(4) ：247-250