汶川地震地下水前兆异常及同震响应研究
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摘要
水是地球的血液，在地球中广泛存在。地下水在地震前后能表现出异常变化，同时，地下水在地震的孕育与发生过程中扮演着重要的角色。因此，对地下水与地震的关系研究，一直为广大的地震学家们所关注。
本文以汶川地震为例，首先研究了四川井水位的震前异常，进一步计算了井水位潮汐因子，研究震前水位潮汐因子变化，然后，在野外调查的基础上，对邛崃川22井震前断流进行研究，随后研究了四川井水位同震变化与同震体应变的关系，最后研究了三峡井网井水位同震响应特征。取得主要认识如下：
（1）汶川地震前，四川16口井有5口井水位出现长、中、短期异常，并且随着发震时间的逼近，异常增多；空间上，异常主要分布在北东走向的龙门山和华蓥山断裂带上，并且呈现出由外围向发震断裂迁移的现象，这一认识对未来发震时间和震中的判断有一定意义。
（2）震前水位M2和O1波潮汐因子都表现出一定的异常，随着发震时间的临近呈现出异常井数逐渐增多的趋势，这个现象O1波表现得更为清楚，异常在空间的分布特征则表现得较为复杂。
（3）邛崃川22井的断流是有一定力学基础与配套异常的显著震前地下流体中短期前兆异常，并不完全是区域少雨干旱引起的，也非邻区钻井干扰所致。
（4）四川境内，由同震水位阶变反演出来的体应变与位错模型计算出来的体应变在力学性质上并不完全相符，有三分之二的井孔由水位反演出来的体应变与位错模型计算出来的体应变的力学性质相同，另三分之一的井孔呈现出力学性质相反的现象，并且水位反演的体应变量值要比位错模型计算出来的体应变大数到数百倍。
（5）在三峡井网区域内，8口井的同震水位变化特征不同。井水位对地震波作用的响应能力与响应特征，主要与井点所在的构造部位、观测含水层类型与含水层的导水系数等有关，并且，同震响应后的残留阶变，可能说明了一次强震对观测井所在的断裂应力状态的影响。
Water is widely distributing on the earth, just like the blood existing in thehuman body. Groundwater level will appear anomalous changes before and after anearthquake. Groundwater plays vital role in the forming of the earthquake.Researchers pay lots of attentions on the relationship between groundwater andearthquake.
Taking Wenchuan earthquake as an example, groundwater exceptions in wellsare studied in this dissertation, then tidal analysis is done to get the tidal factor. So thechanging of tidal factor can be studied. After that, we studied the phenomena of cutoffflow in well QL based on the field survey. And the relationship between co-seismicwater-level changes and dislocation mode are also learned. Finally, we studied theco-seismic water-level changes in Three Gorges well-network. With these studies, weget the following conclusions:
(1) 5 of the 16 wells in Sichuan province appeared long-term、middle-term orshort-term anomalous. The number of anomalies increased with the time approachingthe earthquake. These anomalies are mainly distributed along the Longmenshan andHuayingshan faults which have a strike of North-East. And it seems that theanomalies shift from the outside region into the source region, this phenomenon mayimport for the predicting of seismogenic time and the epicenter of the futureearthquakes.
(2) Both M2and O1waves of the groundwater appear some anomalous before theearthquake. The number of anomalous wells increase with the time closer to theearthquake happenning. This phenomenon appears more clearly in O1wave. Thecharacteristic of spatial distribution is more complex than the anomalies in thegroundwater level.
(3) The abnormal interruption of water flow in Qionglai well is an obviousmiddle-short anomalous which have an apparently mechanics basis. It was not causedby the drought or pumping nearly.
(4) In the Sichuan region, the mechanic characteristic of strain inferred from theco-seismic water-level and strain inferred from the dislocation model are not allconsistent. 2/3 of them are same, and the rest are opposite with each other. The valueof strain inferred from the co-seismic water-level changes are one or two order biggerthan strain inferred form the dislocation model.
(5) In the Three Gorges region, the strain get from the two methods are nearly inthe same order, but the characteristic of co-seismic water-level of the 8 wells are notsame. The response ability and characteristic are mainly determined by the location ofgeological condition, hydrogeology properties( such as transmissivity). What’s more,the residual step changes in groundwater level may reflect the impact on the stressstate of the fault induced by the strong quake.
本文以汶川地震为例，首先研究了四川井水位的震前异常，进一步计算了井水位潮汐因子，研究震前水位潮汐因子变化，然后，在野外调查的基础上，对邛崃川22井震前断流进行研究，随后研究了四川井水位同震变化与同震体应变的关系，最后研究了三峡井网井水位同震响应特征。取得主要认识如下：
（1）汶川地震前，四川16口井有5口井水位出现长、中、短期异常，并且随着发震时间的逼近，异常增多；空间上，异常主要分布在北东走向的龙门山和华蓥山断裂带上，并且呈现出由外围向发震断裂迁移的现象，这一认识对未来发震时间和震中的判断有一定意义。
（2）震前水位M2和O1波潮汐因子都表现出一定的异常，随着发震时间的临近呈现出异常井数逐渐增多的趋势，这个现象O1波表现得更为清楚，异常在空间的分布特征则表现得较为复杂。
（3）邛崃川22井的断流是有一定力学基础与配套异常的显著震前地下流体中短期前兆异常，并不完全是区域少雨干旱引起的，也非邻区钻井干扰所致。
（4）四川境内，由同震水位阶变反演出来的体应变与位错模型计算出来的体应变在力学性质上并不完全相符，有三分之二的井孔由水位反演出来的体应变与位错模型计算出来的体应变的力学性质相同，另三分之一的井孔呈现出力学性质相反的现象，并且水位反演的体应变量值要比位错模型计算出来的体应变大数到数百倍。
（5）在三峡井网区域内，8口井的同震水位变化特征不同。井水位对地震波作用的响应能力与响应特征，主要与井点所在的构造部位、观测含水层类型与含水层的导水系数等有关，并且，同震响应后的残留阶变，可能说明了一次强震对观测井所在的断裂应力状态的影响。
Water is widely distributing on the earth, just like the blood existing in thehuman body. Groundwater level will appear anomalous changes before and after anearthquake. Groundwater plays vital role in the forming of the earthquake.Researchers pay lots of attentions on the relationship between groundwater andearthquake.
Taking Wenchuan earthquake as an example, groundwater exceptions in wellsare studied in this dissertation, then tidal analysis is done to get the tidal factor. So thechanging of tidal factor can be studied. After that, we studied the phenomena of cutoffflow in well QL based on the field survey. And the relationship between co-seismicwater-level changes and dislocation mode are also learned. Finally, we studied theco-seismic water-level changes in Three Gorges well-network. With these studies, weget the following conclusions:
(1) 5 of the 16 wells in Sichuan province appeared long-term、middle-term orshort-term anomalous. The number of anomalies increased with the time approachingthe earthquake. These anomalies are mainly distributed along the Longmenshan andHuayingshan faults which have a strike of North-East. And it seems that theanomalies shift from the outside region into the source region, this phenomenon mayimport for the predicting of seismogenic time and the epicenter of the futureearthquakes.
(2) Both M2and O1waves of the groundwater appear some anomalous before theearthquake. The number of anomalous wells increase with the time closer to theearthquake happenning. This phenomenon appears more clearly in O1wave. Thecharacteristic of spatial distribution is more complex than the anomalies in thegroundwater level.
(3) The abnormal interruption of water flow in Qionglai well is an obviousmiddle-short anomalous which have an apparently mechanics basis. It was not causedby the drought or pumping nearly.
(4) In the Sichuan region, the mechanic characteristic of strain inferred from theco-seismic water-level and strain inferred from the dislocation model are not allconsistent. 2/3 of them are same, and the rest are opposite with each other. The valueof strain inferred from the co-seismic water-level changes are one or two order biggerthan strain inferred form the dislocation model.
(5) In the Three Gorges region, the strain get from the two methods are nearly inthe same order, but the characteristic of co-seismic water-level of the 8 wells are notsame. The response ability and characteristic are mainly determined by the location ofgeological condition, hydrogeology properties( such as transmissivity). What’s more,the residual step changes in groundwater level may reflect the impact on the stressstate of the fault induced by the strong quake.
引文
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