雷电计数器误差分析与有效触发计数信号识别研究
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摘要
雷电计数器为评估雷电防护装置的防护效能提供了一种直观、可靠的在线检测手段,它不但为电力部门分析输电线路事故原因提供数据支持,同时也为相关单位优化防雷系统设计提供科学依据。准确计数是实现这些功能的基础,也是衡量雷电计数器性能的重要指标,因此,提高计数精度一直是雷电计数器的研究重点。
针对雷电计数器存在计数结果偏高的问题,本文简述了一般雷电计数器电路构成及工作原理,全面分析了雷电流采样及触发计数脉冲产生过程中的误差来源,提出从传感器输出特性及电流模型选取两方面研究计数误差形成机理及抑制措施。研究了增加金属屏蔽层后的电流互感器输出波形发生畸变的原因以及对计数结果的影响,说明了传感器输出失真的控制方法。分析了实际地闪中不同物理特性放电脉冲与触发计数信号之间的关系,提出了将雷电计数器门限电流值设置为1000A以避免连续电流及小幅值M分量脉冲造成干扰,并说明了大峰值M分量及单次回击中多次震高产生的伪计数指令在现有计数电路中无法识别,指出了这两种脉冲是导致计数误差的主要原因。
通过大量自然雷电及人工引雷测量数据对比,研究了有效信号与干扰信号的判别方法,提取了回击脉冲波头陡度、有效脉宽及脉冲间隔等特征参量,在此基础上,设计了有效计数脉冲信号提取电路。利用斜率检测方法识别出满足波头陡度判断条件的回击脉冲,再由单稳态触发器使单次回击在持续时间内仅产生唯一计数脉冲。仿真实验结果表明,该方法可抑制波头缓的大峰值M分量及单次回击脉冲内多次震高产生冗余脉冲造成误计数,提高雷电计数器对有效触发计数信号的识别效率。
Lightning Event Counters(LECs) have provided an intuitionistic and reliable on-line method for the evaluation of protection efficacy about lightning protection devices. They not only support data to analyse disaster causation of electric transmission line for power plants, but also afford coherent units with scientific basis to reach the optimal design of lightning protection system. Accurate counting is the basis of achieving all these functions, and the accuracy of counting is the most important performance index of LECs, undoubtedly, it has been an important research field to improve the counting accuracy.
An in-depth research to analyze the error-source during the process of triggering counting signal about LECs based on circuit construction and operational principle is presented to deal with the problem that LECs usually register with high records. Then we classify the errors into two groups, output characteristic of sensor and electric current model selecting, to investigate formation mechanism and suppression measure of counting error. According to study on causation of waveform distortion and influence to count result after packaging current transformer with outer metal shielding layer, control methods is shown to tackle output distortion of sensor. The proposal that threshold current should be1,000A to avoid interference caused by continuous current and low-current-peak M component is provided based on the relationship between various physical property discharge pulses in a real cloud-to-ground lightning flash and triggering-count signal. Then a notion that count-pseudoinstructions fail to recognize, which produced by high-current-peak M component and multiple oscillation during one return stroke, are the main factors leading to count error is proposed.
Through vast comparative analysis on measuring data of triggered and natural lightning flashes, characteristic parameters as return stroke wave-head gradient, effective pulse length and effective pulse duration are extracted and valid trigger count signal pick up circuit is developed. Since gradient detection method can distinguish return stroke that meeting judging condition, the monostable flip-flops generates only count within one return stroke symbol period. Circuit simulation shows that the above methods can restrain the noises of high-current-peak M component and redundancy signals created by multiple oscillation during one return stroke, also enable LECs to improve valid triggering-count signal identification precision.
针对雷电计数器存在计数结果偏高的问题,本文简述了一般雷电计数器电路构成及工作原理,全面分析了雷电流采样及触发计数脉冲产生过程中的误差来源,提出从传感器输出特性及电流模型选取两方面研究计数误差形成机理及抑制措施。研究了增加金属屏蔽层后的电流互感器输出波形发生畸变的原因以及对计数结果的影响,说明了传感器输出失真的控制方法。分析了实际地闪中不同物理特性放电脉冲与触发计数信号之间的关系,提出了将雷电计数器门限电流值设置为1000A以避免连续电流及小幅值M分量脉冲造成干扰,并说明了大峰值M分量及单次回击中多次震高产生的伪计数指令在现有计数电路中无法识别,指出了这两种脉冲是导致计数误差的主要原因。
通过大量自然雷电及人工引雷测量数据对比,研究了有效信号与干扰信号的判别方法,提取了回击脉冲波头陡度、有效脉宽及脉冲间隔等特征参量,在此基础上,设计了有效计数脉冲信号提取电路。利用斜率检测方法识别出满足波头陡度判断条件的回击脉冲,再由单稳态触发器使单次回击在持续时间内仅产生唯一计数脉冲。仿真实验结果表明,该方法可抑制波头缓的大峰值M分量及单次回击脉冲内多次震高产生冗余脉冲造成误计数,提高雷电计数器对有效触发计数信号的识别效率。
Lightning Event Counters(LECs) have provided an intuitionistic and reliable on-line method for the evaluation of protection efficacy about lightning protection devices. They not only support data to analyse disaster causation of electric transmission line for power plants, but also afford coherent units with scientific basis to reach the optimal design of lightning protection system. Accurate counting is the basis of achieving all these functions, and the accuracy of counting is the most important performance index of LECs, undoubtedly, it has been an important research field to improve the counting accuracy.
An in-depth research to analyze the error-source during the process of triggering counting signal about LECs based on circuit construction and operational principle is presented to deal with the problem that LECs usually register with high records. Then we classify the errors into two groups, output characteristic of sensor and electric current model selecting, to investigate formation mechanism and suppression measure of counting error. According to study on causation of waveform distortion and influence to count result after packaging current transformer with outer metal shielding layer, control methods is shown to tackle output distortion of sensor. The proposal that threshold current should be1,000A to avoid interference caused by continuous current and low-current-peak M component is provided based on the relationship between various physical property discharge pulses in a real cloud-to-ground lightning flash and triggering-count signal. Then a notion that count-pseudoinstructions fail to recognize, which produced by high-current-peak M component and multiple oscillation during one return stroke, are the main factors leading to count error is proposed.
Through vast comparative analysis on measuring data of triggered and natural lightning flashes, characteristic parameters as return stroke wave-head gradient, effective pulse length and effective pulse duration are extracted and valid trigger count signal pick up circuit is developed. Since gradient detection method can distinguish return stroke that meeting judging condition, the monostable flip-flops generates only count within one return stroke symbol period. Circuit simulation shows that the above methods can restrain the noises of high-current-peak M component and redundancy signals created by multiple oscillation during one return stroke, also enable LECs to improve valid triggering-count signal identification precision.
引文
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[28]张瑜,刘金亮,文建春.等.Rogowski线圈信号电阻对纳秒级脉冲大电流的响应[J]强激光与粒子束,2009,21(10)：1583—1588.
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[2]孙萍,郑庆均,吴璞三等.220kV新杭线I回路27年雷电流幅值实测结果的技术分析[J].中国电力,2009,39(7)：74-76.
[3]宋健嘉,陈景亮,姚学玲.10／350μs冲击电流波测量用的磁心式自积分Rogowski线圈的研究[J].高压电器,2011,47(1)：58-61.
[4]王巨丰.磁带测量雷电参数的研究[J].高电压技术,1996,22(4)：68-70.
[5]彭向阳,张元芳.数字式雷电/操作冲击计数器的研制[J].高压电器,1996,5：17-19,45.
[6]中国科学院电工研究所.避雷设备用雷电接闪计数器：中国,92100083.9[P].1993-07-21.
[7]Hartono Z. A., Robiah I., A review of the Erico survey and analysis of bypasses and raw strike data obtained from the Dynasphere installations in the Klang Valley, Malaysia", Lightning Research Pte. Ltd., Tech. Report, September 2001.
[8]Hartono Z. A., Robiah I., An analysis of the data contained in the paper-Field validation of an air terminal placement method", Lightning Research Pte. Ltd., Tech. Report, January 2002.
[9]Hartono Z. A., Robiah I., The Field Intensification Method (FIM):An assessment based on observed bypass data on real building in Malaysia", Lightning Research Pte. Ltd., Tech. Report, September 2002.
[10]Hartono Z. A., Robiah I., Case Studies on the Performance of Commercial-grade Lightning Events Counters. Electromagnetic Compatibility and 19th International Zurich Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 2008, 486-489.
[11]Horner F.. Present status of lightning flash counter observations[J]. Planetary Electrodynamics, 1969,2:43-49
[12]Kreielsheimer K. S., Lodgeosborn D., A lightning counter to distinguish between ground and cloud flashes[J].Planetary Electrodynamics, 1969,2:9-41
[13]Oladiran E.O., Pisler E., Israelsson S., New lightning flash counter and calibration circuit with improved discrimination of cloud and ground discharges. SCIENCE, 1988,135(1):22-28.
[14]徐隆家,卢昆亮.双通道型等闪电计数器[J].高原气象,1982,1(1)：76-80.
[15]杨昌达,邓永良.SD-1闪电计数仪及其应用实验[J].贵州师范大学学报(自然科学版),1983,1：110—115.
[16]谢小杰.无残压放电计数器.电磁避雷器.1999,6：40-42.
[17]陈成品,郄秀书,张广庶,等.地闪参量特征的统计分析[J].中国电机工程学报,1999,19(3)：50-54.
[18]Bermudez J L, Rachidi F, Rubinstein M. Experimental characterization of lightning return stroke current[C]. 17th International Wroclaw Symposium and Exhibition on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Wroclaw,2004.
[19]吴璞三,孙萍.磁钢式雷电流陡度仪[J].高电压技术,1986,12(4)：25-33
[20]Golde R H, Lighting:Volume [M], London, AedaemiePressLondon,1977
[21]陈绍东,王孝波,李斌,等.标准雷电波形的频谱分析及其应用[J].气象.2006,32(10)：11—19
[22]王东举,周浩.采用Rogowski线圈测量雷电冲击电流[J].传感技术学报,2007,20(11)：2531-2534.
[23]袁季修,盛和乐.电流互感器的暂态饱和及应用计算[J].继电器,2002,30(2)：1-5.
[24]Anderson R. B., Eriksson A. J., Lightning parameters for engineering applications[J]. Electra,1980, 69:65-102.
[25]Rogowski W, Steinhaus W. Die messung der magnetischen spannung[J]. Archtrotech I,1912(1): 141-150.
[26]方志,赵中原,邱毓昌,等Rogowski线圈的高频特性分析[J].高电压技术,2002,28(8)：17,18,21.
[27]王宝诚,王德玉,邬伟扬.罗氏线圈的频率特性分析与传感器的设计方法[J].电工技术学报,2009,24(9)：21—27.
[28]张瑜,刘金亮,文建春.等.Rogowski线圈信号电阻对纳秒级脉冲大电流的响应[J]强激光与粒子束,2009,21(10)：1583—1588.
[29]Ray W F, Hewson C R. High performance Rogowski Current Transducers[C].IEEE Industry Application Confer. Roma, Italy, 2000, 5:3083-3090.
[30]Ward D A, Exon J La T. Using Rogowski coils for transient current measurements[J]. IEEE science and Engineering Journal, 1993,2(3):105-111.
[31]张铁,段雄英,邹积岩.罗柯夫斯基线圈测量电流的仿真计算及实验研究[J].电工技术学报,2001,16(1)：81-83.
[32]胡娟,吴桂清,周有庆.不同电压等级下的Rogowski线圈电子式电流互感器的研究.变压器.2002,39(10)：11-13.
[33]池立江,颜语,郭颖宝.外磁场对罗氏线圈的影响分析及验证方法[J].高压电器,2011,47(12)：71-75.
[34]周壁华,朱凯鄂,李炎新,等.雷电流测量用大型Rogowski线圈输出波形振荡现象分析[J].电波科学学报,2010,25(6)：1085-1089.
[35]李维波,毛承雄,陆继明,等.分布电容对Rogowski线圈动态的影响研究[J].电工技术学报,2004,19(6)：70-73.
[36]丁斌,杨宁,王志萍.电感线圈分布电容和谐振频率的仿真与测量[J].变压器,2010,47(9)：41-43,50.
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