基于安全域的电力系统有功和无功定价及阻塞管理
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摘要
电力市场化、电网互联和风电并网给电力系统安全经济运行带来了新的挑战,系统运行点越来越接近稳定边界,网络阻塞日趋严重。因此,如何充分利用竞争机制和价格手段的激励作用,使市场成员积极参与维护系统安全性,是值得深入研究的问题。本文利用安全域方法学,对有功和无功定价、阻塞成本的合理分摊、以及风电场对电力系统优化运行的影响进行了研究。
本文首先提出了一种基于安全域的有功和无功定价模型及相应的求解算法。该模型利用割集功率空间上的静态电压稳定域和注入功率空间上的实用动态安全域表示静态电压稳定约束和暂态稳定约束,以总生产成本最小为目标函数,无功功率生产成本采用机会成本。模型中目标函数和约束表达式中的全部变量都是事故前注入功率空间上的量,不同预想事故的计及均通过约束表达式的系数来反应,因此该模型不仅便于计及预想事故集,而且表达式的形式简明、物理意义清晰。模型采用对有功生产成本和无功生产成本解耦优化—迭代的处理方法,利用边际成本理论和K-T优化条件,对有功和无功分别定价,并推导出了与各种安全约束相关的分量电价。分量电价反映了不同节点的功率注入对每一种安全约束的影响,从而可以通过节点电价激励市场参与者主动与输电网调度合作,实时调整市场参与者发电和用电行为,共同维护系统安全。
其次,本文建立了基于安全域的阻塞管理模型。模型中同时计及输电线路热稳定极限约束、系统静态电压稳定约束和暂态稳定约束,在各种安全约束中既考虑了当前网络,又考虑了预想事故后的网络,使模型更为合理,所得的含安全约束分量的节点电价隐含了阻塞成本的分摊。针对被动越限约束的出现,提出了一种修正Aumann-Shapley值积分初值的方法,并对其合理性进行了论述。该方法保证了Aumann-Shapley值求取公式中沿主对角线积分的要求,使被动越限的约束不参与阻塞成本分摊,进而实现阻塞成本在各市场成员间的合理分摊。
最后,本文将基于安全域的电力系统有功定价模型用于拟并网的风电场装机容量和风电场位置的论证中。该模型中通过比例因子来反映负荷随时间的变化,采用日平均发电曲线表示风电场的运行约束。由于模型中计及了线路热稳定约束和暂态稳定约束,从而更准确地研究了风电场装机容量和风电场位置对市场价格、发电成本和安全成本的影响,并按市场价格给出了风电场投资的合理性判据。所得的影响分析结果可辅助电网规划人员和风电开发商对风电上网问题做出科学的评估。
Electricity marketization, power grids interconnection and wind farm connected with power system have brought new challenges. Power systems are operated more and more close to the stability border, and transmission congestion is increasingly severe. Therefore, it is worth researching that how to make full use of the competition mechanism and price means to stimulate market members participating in the maintenance of system security actively. In this dissertation, active and reactive power pricing and reasonable congestion cost allocation, as well as the impact of wind farm on power system optimal operation are studied using security region methodology.
Firstly, a pricing model of real and reactive power based on security region and the corresponding algorithm are developed. The static voltage stability region in the cut set power space and the practical dynamic security region in the injection power space are used to represent the constraints of voltage stability and transient stability. In the proposed model, the objective function is to minimize total generation costs, and the reactive power production cost is represented as the opportunity cost. All the variables in the objective function and constraints are injection power space values of pre-fault, and different contingency considerations are reflected by the constraint expression coefficients. These make the model not only more convenient to consider the contingency set, but also have concise expressions and clear physical meaning. In the proposed algorithm, a decoupled optimization and iteration method of active power production cost and reactive power production cost is suggested. Using the theory of marginal cost and K-T optimality condition, active power and reactive power are priced respectively, and the component prices related to various security constraints are derived. The components of spot price can reflect the influences of different node power injections on each kind of security constrains, thereby the market participants can be motivated to cooperate with the transmission network dispatchers forwardly by the spot price, to maintain system security through real-time adjustment of their generation and consumption behaviors.
Secondly, the congestion management model based on security region is presented, which contains transmission line thermal stability constraint and static voltage stability constraint and transient stability constraint simultaneously. The current network configuration and post-fault network configuration are all considered in the security constraints, which makes the model more reasonable. The derived spot prices containing security constraint components imply the allocation of congestion cost. For the emergence of passive over-limit constraints, a method of modifying the integral initial value of Aumann-Shapley value is proposed and its rationality is discussed. This method ensures the integral request along the main diagonal of Aumann-Shapley value formula, and makes the passive over-limit constraints not to participate in sharing the congestion cost, and realizes the reasonable allocation of the congestion cost between market participants.
Finally, the active power pricing model based on security region is applied to the feasibility study of wind farm location and its capacity. The hourly average daily generation curve is used to express the wind farm operation constraint and the load changes over time are reflected through the scaling factor. Due to the consideration of line thermal stability constraint and transient stability constraint, the impact of installed location and capacity of wind farm on market price, generation cost and security cost can be studied more accurately. The rationality criterion of wind power investment is proposed according to the market price. The results of impact analysis can help power grid planners and wind power developers assess the integration of wind farm into power grid scientifically.
本文首先提出了一种基于安全域的有功和无功定价模型及相应的求解算法。该模型利用割集功率空间上的静态电压稳定域和注入功率空间上的实用动态安全域表示静态电压稳定约束和暂态稳定约束,以总生产成本最小为目标函数,无功功率生产成本采用机会成本。模型中目标函数和约束表达式中的全部变量都是事故前注入功率空间上的量,不同预想事故的计及均通过约束表达式的系数来反应,因此该模型不仅便于计及预想事故集,而且表达式的形式简明、物理意义清晰。模型采用对有功生产成本和无功生产成本解耦优化—迭代的处理方法,利用边际成本理论和K-T优化条件,对有功和无功分别定价,并推导出了与各种安全约束相关的分量电价。分量电价反映了不同节点的功率注入对每一种安全约束的影响,从而可以通过节点电价激励市场参与者主动与输电网调度合作,实时调整市场参与者发电和用电行为,共同维护系统安全。
其次,本文建立了基于安全域的阻塞管理模型。模型中同时计及输电线路热稳定极限约束、系统静态电压稳定约束和暂态稳定约束,在各种安全约束中既考虑了当前网络,又考虑了预想事故后的网络,使模型更为合理,所得的含安全约束分量的节点电价隐含了阻塞成本的分摊。针对被动越限约束的出现,提出了一种修正Aumann-Shapley值积分初值的方法,并对其合理性进行了论述。该方法保证了Aumann-Shapley值求取公式中沿主对角线积分的要求,使被动越限的约束不参与阻塞成本分摊,进而实现阻塞成本在各市场成员间的合理分摊。
最后,本文将基于安全域的电力系统有功定价模型用于拟并网的风电场装机容量和风电场位置的论证中。该模型中通过比例因子来反映负荷随时间的变化,采用日平均发电曲线表示风电场的运行约束。由于模型中计及了线路热稳定约束和暂态稳定约束,从而更准确地研究了风电场装机容量和风电场位置对市场价格、发电成本和安全成本的影响,并按市场价格给出了风电场投资的合理性判据。所得的影响分析结果可辅助电网规划人员和风电开发商对风电上网问题做出科学的评估。
Electricity marketization, power grids interconnection and wind farm connected with power system have brought new challenges. Power systems are operated more and more close to the stability border, and transmission congestion is increasingly severe. Therefore, it is worth researching that how to make full use of the competition mechanism and price means to stimulate market members participating in the maintenance of system security actively. In this dissertation, active and reactive power pricing and reasonable congestion cost allocation, as well as the impact of wind farm on power system optimal operation are studied using security region methodology.
Firstly, a pricing model of real and reactive power based on security region and the corresponding algorithm are developed. The static voltage stability region in the cut set power space and the practical dynamic security region in the injection power space are used to represent the constraints of voltage stability and transient stability. In the proposed model, the objective function is to minimize total generation costs, and the reactive power production cost is represented as the opportunity cost. All the variables in the objective function and constraints are injection power space values of pre-fault, and different contingency considerations are reflected by the constraint expression coefficients. These make the model not only more convenient to consider the contingency set, but also have concise expressions and clear physical meaning. In the proposed algorithm, a decoupled optimization and iteration method of active power production cost and reactive power production cost is suggested. Using the theory of marginal cost and K-T optimality condition, active power and reactive power are priced respectively, and the component prices related to various security constraints are derived. The components of spot price can reflect the influences of different node power injections on each kind of security constrains, thereby the market participants can be motivated to cooperate with the transmission network dispatchers forwardly by the spot price, to maintain system security through real-time adjustment of their generation and consumption behaviors.
Secondly, the congestion management model based on security region is presented, which contains transmission line thermal stability constraint and static voltage stability constraint and transient stability constraint simultaneously. The current network configuration and post-fault network configuration are all considered in the security constraints, which makes the model more reasonable. The derived spot prices containing security constraint components imply the allocation of congestion cost. For the emergence of passive over-limit constraints, a method of modifying the integral initial value of Aumann-Shapley value is proposed and its rationality is discussed. This method ensures the integral request along the main diagonal of Aumann-Shapley value formula, and makes the passive over-limit constraints not to participate in sharing the congestion cost, and realizes the reasonable allocation of the congestion cost between market participants.
Finally, the active power pricing model based on security region is applied to the feasibility study of wind farm location and its capacity. The hourly average daily generation curve is used to express the wind farm operation constraint and the load changes over time are reflected through the scaling factor. Due to the consideration of line thermal stability constraint and transient stability constraint, the impact of installed location and capacity of wind farm on market price, generation cost and security cost can be studied more accurately. The rationality criterion of wind power investment is proposed according to the market price. The results of impact analysis can help power grid planners and wind power developers assess the integration of wind farm into power grid scientifically.
引文
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