星载微波散射计系统仿真、性能评估与优化
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摘要
星载微波散射计是同时测量海面风速和风向的非常有效的遥感手段,可提供全球、全天候、高精度、高分辨率和短周期的海面风场数据。本文主要论述了笔形波束圆锥扫描散射计的系统仿真和影响后向散射系数测量精度的因素,探索了改善散射计系统性能的途径。
本文详细论述了微波散射计仿真系统的结构,定义了各模块功能。根据散射计的测量原理,选择后向散射系数的标准差K p为散射计测量精度的度量,并总结了K p的算法。
本文对微波散射计测量精度模型主要从两个角度进行了仿真与分析。一方面是改变散射计系统的信号带宽,得出在分辨单元不变的情况下,笔形波束圆锥扫描散射计对于不同输入风场的表现。并分析了有效采样点与信噪比在低速、中等风速、高速风场中对后向散射系数测量精度的影响。此外,还引入了风场反演的评价参数——品质因子(FoM)来进一步分析后向散射系数测量精度对风场反演的影响。之后,根据仿真结果,选出表现最优的散射计系统与SeaWinds散射计进行比较,分析两种系统的优劣。另一方面是改变空间分辨率,得到散射计系统测量精度与反演精度随不同分辨率的变化。上述结论可以为新一代微波散射计的系统设计与实现提供参考和依据。
Spaceborne microwave scatterometer can effectively measure wind speed and direction of sea surface. It can provide global, all-day, high-accuracy, high-resolution and short cycle of sea surface wind data. This article focuses on the system simulation of pencil beam conically scanning scatterometer and factors which impact on the backscattering coefficient measurement accuracy, and explores the way to improve system performance.
This article discusses in detail the structure of the scatterometer simulation system, and then defines the function of each module. According to the scatterometer measuring principle, we choose the backscattering coefficient standard deviation K p as the study object, and summed up the algorithms.
In this paper, we simulate and analyze microwave scatterometer precision model from two perspectives. On the one hand, under the same resolution, when change the scatterometer’s signal bandwidth, we come to the results of different input wind field. Also we analyze how the signal to noise ratio (SNR) of the returned signal from sea surface and the number of independent samples of backscattering measurement impact K p.
In addition, we also introduce the wind retrieval evaluation parameter- FoM which can further analyze the impacts of K p on the wind vector retrieval accuracy. According to the simulation results, the scatterometer systems with best performances have been selected to compare with SeaWinds scatterometer.
On the other hand, when change the spatial resolution, we get the conclusion that the accuracy of backscattering coefficient measurement and the wind vector retrieval accuracy will change with the resolution. These conclusions above could offer references for the design and realization of next generation of spaceborne microwave scatterometer.
本文详细论述了微波散射计仿真系统的结构,定义了各模块功能。根据散射计的测量原理,选择后向散射系数的标准差K p为散射计测量精度的度量,并总结了K p的算法。
本文对微波散射计测量精度模型主要从两个角度进行了仿真与分析。一方面是改变散射计系统的信号带宽,得出在分辨单元不变的情况下,笔形波束圆锥扫描散射计对于不同输入风场的表现。并分析了有效采样点与信噪比在低速、中等风速、高速风场中对后向散射系数测量精度的影响。此外,还引入了风场反演的评价参数——品质因子(FoM)来进一步分析后向散射系数测量精度对风场反演的影响。之后,根据仿真结果,选出表现最优的散射计系统与SeaWinds散射计进行比较,分析两种系统的优劣。另一方面是改变空间分辨率,得到散射计系统测量精度与反演精度随不同分辨率的变化。上述结论可以为新一代微波散射计的系统设计与实现提供参考和依据。
Spaceborne microwave scatterometer can effectively measure wind speed and direction of sea surface. It can provide global, all-day, high-accuracy, high-resolution and short cycle of sea surface wind data. This article focuses on the system simulation of pencil beam conically scanning scatterometer and factors which impact on the backscattering coefficient measurement accuracy, and explores the way to improve system performance.
This article discusses in detail the structure of the scatterometer simulation system, and then defines the function of each module. According to the scatterometer measuring principle, we choose the backscattering coefficient standard deviation K p as the study object, and summed up the algorithms.
In this paper, we simulate and analyze microwave scatterometer precision model from two perspectives. On the one hand, under the same resolution, when change the scatterometer’s signal bandwidth, we come to the results of different input wind field. Also we analyze how the signal to noise ratio (SNR) of the returned signal from sea surface and the number of independent samples of backscattering measurement impact K p.
In addition, we also introduce the wind retrieval evaluation parameter- FoM which can further analyze the impacts of K p on the wind vector retrieval accuracy. According to the simulation results, the scatterometer systems with best performances have been selected to compare with SeaWinds scatterometer.
On the other hand, when change the spatial resolution, we get the conclusion that the accuracy of backscattering coefficient measurement and the wind vector retrieval accuracy will change with the resolution. These conclusions above could offer references for the design and realization of next generation of spaceborne microwave scatterometer.
引文
【1】王晓海,杨斌利.国外星载微波散射计应用现状及未来发展趋势,中国航天,2006年,第7期,pp.26-29.
【2】W.-Y. Tsai, S.V.Nghiem, J.J. Vanzy1.“SeaWinds Scatterometer on QuikSCAT Mission and the Emerging Land and Ocean Applicarions.”Microwave Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Environment II, Thomas T. Wiheit, Harunobu Masuko, Hiroyuki Wakabayashi, Editors, Proceedings of SPIE Vol.4152 (2000).pp.89-99.
【3】刘良明.卫星海洋遥感导论,第1版.武昌:武汉大学出版社,2005.10.
【4】Chung-Chi Lin, Ad Stoffelen, Joost de Kloe, Volkmar Wismann, Sven Bartha, Hans-Reiner Schulte.“Wind Retrieval capability of rotating, rang-gated, fanbeam spaceborne scatterometer.”Sensors, Systems, and Next-Generation Satellites VI, Hiroyuki Fujisada, Joan B. Lurie, Michelle L.Aten, Konradin Weber, Editors, Proceedings of SPIE Vol.4881(2003).pp.268-279.
【5】F. Carsey.”Review and Status of Remote Sensing of Sea Ice.”IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering. Vol.14.no.2.pp.127-137.1989.
【6】S.W. Running. J.B. Way. K.C.Mcdonald. J.S. Kimball. S. Frolking. A.R.Keyser. and R.Zimmerman.“Radar Remote Sensing Proposed for Monitoring Freeze-Thaw Transitions in Boreal Regions.”Eos. Transactions. American Geophysical Union, vol.80.no.19, pp, 213.220-221.1999.
【7】J.R.G.Townshend. C.O. Justice.D.Skole.J-P Malingreau.J.Cihlar.P.M.Teillet.F.Sadowski. and S.Ruttenberg.“The 1-km AVHRR Global Data Set: Needs of the International Geosphere Biosphere Program.”Int, J. Remote Sensing.vol.15.no.17.pp 3417-3441.1994.
【8】姜景山.空间科学与应用,第1版.北京:科学出版社,2001.7.
【9】Freilich M. H., Long D. G., Spencer M. W., SeaWinds: A Scanning Scatterometer for ADEOS-II-Science Overview. In Proceedings of the 1994 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium on Surface and Atmospheric Remote Sensing: Technologies, Data Analysis and Interpretation.Aug, 1994, .PP.960-963.
【10】E.G.Njoku. W.J.Wilson. S.H. Yueh. And Y.Rahmat-Samii.”A Large-Antenna Microwave Radiometer-Scatterometer Concept for Ocean Salinity and Soil Moisture Sensing.”Geoscience and Remote Sensing, IEEE Transactions, Nov 2000, Volume 38, Issue:6, pp:2645-2655.
【11】Michael W. Spencer, A Methodology for the Design of Spaceborne Pencil-Besm Scatterometer Systems, A dissertation submitted to the faculty of Brigham Young University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, 2001,12.
【12】许可,董晓龙,张德海,刘和光,姜景山.HY-2雷达高度计和微波散射计[J]. 遥感技术与应用,第20卷,第1期,2005.2,pp.89-93.
【13】HY-2微波散射计工程设计方案[z].中国科学院空间科学与应用研究中心, 2004.
【14】董晓龙.微波散射计近场绝对校准技术和综合孔径辐射计成像技术的研究,中科院空间中心,1998年.
【15】F.T. Ulaby and M.C.Dobson,“Handbook of Radar Scattering Statistics for Terrain”, Chap.3, Artech House, INC, 1988.
【16】宋新改.神经网络反演散射计风场算法的研究,中国海洋大学硕士论文.2005.
【17】冯倩.卫星散射计数据处理及其应用,青岛海洋大学硕士论文.2001.6.
【18】丁鹭飞,耿富录.雷达原理,第3版.西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,2002.6.
【19】Brown G. S. The Average Impulse Response of a Rough Surface and Its Applications[J]. IEEE Trans. on Antenna and Propagation, 1977, AP-25(1): 67~74.
【20】C.Elachi. Spaceborne Radar Remote Sensing: Applications and Techniques. IEEE Press. New York.1987.
【21】M.W.Spencer.C.Wu and D.G.Long.“Tradeoffs in the Design of a Spaceborne Scanning Pencil Beam Scatterometer: Application to SeaWinds.”IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing. Vol.35.no.1.pp.115-126.1997.
【22】F.T.乌拉比,R.K.穆尔,冯健超.微波遥感,第一卷(微波遥感基础和辐射测量学),第1版.北京:科学出版社,1988.4.
【23】程晓,鄂栋臣,李震,邵芸.星载微波散射计技术及其在极地的应用,极地研究,第15卷,第2期,2003年,pp.151-159.
【24】陈克海.SeaWinds散射计海面风场反演算法研究,中山大学硕士论文.2005.6.
【25】解学通,方裕,陈晓翔,陈克海.一种新的SeaWinds散射计海面风场反演方法,高技术通讯,2005年10月,第15卷,第10期,pp.98-104.
【26】林明森.一种修正的星载散射计反演海面风场的场方式反演算法,遥感学报,第4卷,第1期,2000年2月,pp.61-65.
【27】F.T.乌拉比,R.K.穆尔,冯健超.微波遥感,第二卷(雷达遥感和面目标的散射、辐射理论),第1版.北京:科学出版社,1987.9.
【28】C. Liu, P. Park, A. Stoffelen, KNMI, V. Wismann, Ifars. Optimization of Rotating, Range-gated, Fanbeam Scatterometer for Wind Retrieval. Task 1 Technical Report, Review of the Requirements and Scatterometer Concept. October 17,2000.
【29】Tsai W. T., Spencer M., Wu C., et. a1. SeaWinds on QuikSCAT: sensor description and mission overview. In Proceedings of the 2000 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. July 2000, 3: 1021.
【30】dr. J. de Kloe, KNMI. Optimization of Rotating, Range-gated, Fanbeam Scatterometer for Wind Retrieval. Task 2a report, GMF and wind field definition, and wind retrieval. 2003.3.
【31】dr. J. de Kloe, KNMI, dr. ir. A.C.M. Stoffelen. Optimization of Rotating, Range-gated, Fanbeam Scatterometer for Wind Retrieval. Task 3a Report, FoM definition and validation. 2003.03.04.
【32】E.G.Njoku. W.J.Wilson. S.H. Yueh. And Y.Rahmat-Samii.”A Large-Antenna Microwave Radiometer-Scatterometer Concept for Ocean Salinity and Soil Moisture Sensing.”Geoscience and Remote Sensing, IEEE Transactions, Nov 2000, Volume 38, Issue:6, pp:2645-2655.
【33】王新中,姜景山.旋转扫描散射计海面风场检测仿真研究,遥感学报,第一卷,第3期,1997年8月,pp.185-191.
【34】Ivan S. Ashcraft, David G. Long, Arden Anderson, Steve Richards, Mike Spencer, Brian Jones, Sigma-0 Retrieval from SeaWinds on QuikSCAT, Part of the SPIE Conference on Earth Observing System IV, Denver, Colorado, July 1999,171-178.
【35】David G. Long, Michael W. Spencer, Radar Backscatter Measurement Accuracy for a Spaceborne Pencil-Beam Wind Scatterometer with Transmit Modulation, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, VOL. 35, NO 1,January 1997, 102-114.
【36】D.G. Long, T.E. Oliphant.“Wind measurement accuracy for the NASA Scatterometer.”SPIE Vol.3117.pp.98-106.
【37】W.Y. Tsai. S.V. Nghiem. J.X.Huddleston.M.W. Spencer.B.W.Stiles. and R.D.West.“Polarimetric Scatterometry: A Promising Technique for Improving Ocean Surface Wind Measurements from Space.”IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing. Vol.38.no.4.pp.1903-1921.2000.
【38】周良明,郭佩芳,过杰.ERS散射计风速资料反演海面粗糙度,海洋湖沼通报,2006年,pp.7-11.
【39】S.H. Yueh. R. Kwok.S.V.Nghiem.“Polarimetric Scattering and Emission Properties of Targets With Reflection Symmetry.”Radio Science. Vol.29.No.6.pp.1409-1420.1994.
【40】L.Rey, N.Suninot, E.Thouvenot.“Preliminary Design of the VAGSAT wave scatterometer.”SPIE Vol.2584 pp.466-473.
【41】Ivan S. Ashcraft and David G.Long.“The spatial response function of SeaWinds backscatter measurements.”Proceedings of SPIE Vol.5151 Earth Observing Systems VIII, edited by William L.Barnes.pp.609-618.
【42】C.Wu, J.Graf, M.Spencer, C.Winn.“The SeaWinds scatterometer instrument using a pulse compreeion radar.”SPIE Vol.3221.pp.340-345.
【43】SeaWinds Product Manual, September 2006.
【44】User Manual for the RFSCAT Simulator Software Package, European Space Agency.
【45】Optimization of Rotating, Range-gated, Fanbeam Scatterometer for Wind Retrieval. Task 2b Report: Definition of Scatterometer Simulator. March 2002.
【46】Optimization of Rotating, Range-gated, Fanbeam Scatterometer for Wind Retrieval. Task 3b Report.
【47】张廷新,张立新.我国海洋卫星星载微波散射计,空间电子技术,1996年第4期,pp.29-31.
【2】W.-Y. Tsai, S.V.Nghiem, J.J. Vanzy1.“SeaWinds Scatterometer on QuikSCAT Mission and the Emerging Land and Ocean Applicarions.”Microwave Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Environment II, Thomas T. Wiheit, Harunobu Masuko, Hiroyuki Wakabayashi, Editors, Proceedings of SPIE Vol.4152 (2000).pp.89-99.
【3】刘良明.卫星海洋遥感导论,第1版.武昌:武汉大学出版社,2005.10.
【4】Chung-Chi Lin, Ad Stoffelen, Joost de Kloe, Volkmar Wismann, Sven Bartha, Hans-Reiner Schulte.“Wind Retrieval capability of rotating, rang-gated, fanbeam spaceborne scatterometer.”Sensors, Systems, and Next-Generation Satellites VI, Hiroyuki Fujisada, Joan B. Lurie, Michelle L.Aten, Konradin Weber, Editors, Proceedings of SPIE Vol.4881(2003).pp.268-279.
【5】F. Carsey.”Review and Status of Remote Sensing of Sea Ice.”IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering. Vol.14.no.2.pp.127-137.1989.
【6】S.W. Running. J.B. Way. K.C.Mcdonald. J.S. Kimball. S. Frolking. A.R.Keyser. and R.Zimmerman.“Radar Remote Sensing Proposed for Monitoring Freeze-Thaw Transitions in Boreal Regions.”Eos. Transactions. American Geophysical Union, vol.80.no.19, pp, 213.220-221.1999.
【7】J.R.G.Townshend. C.O. Justice.D.Skole.J-P Malingreau.J.Cihlar.P.M.Teillet.F.Sadowski. and S.Ruttenberg.“The 1-km AVHRR Global Data Set: Needs of the International Geosphere Biosphere Program.”Int, J. Remote Sensing.vol.15.no.17.pp 3417-3441.1994.
【8】姜景山.空间科学与应用,第1版.北京:科学出版社,2001.7.
【9】Freilich M. H., Long D. G., Spencer M. W., SeaWinds: A Scanning Scatterometer for ADEOS-II-Science Overview. In Proceedings of the 1994 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium on Surface and Atmospheric Remote Sensing: Technologies, Data Analysis and Interpretation.Aug, 1994, .PP.960-963.
【10】E.G.Njoku. W.J.Wilson. S.H. Yueh. And Y.Rahmat-Samii.”A Large-Antenna Microwave Radiometer-Scatterometer Concept for Ocean Salinity and Soil Moisture Sensing.”Geoscience and Remote Sensing, IEEE Transactions, Nov 2000, Volume 38, Issue:6, pp:2645-2655.
【11】Michael W. Spencer, A Methodology for the Design of Spaceborne Pencil-Besm Scatterometer Systems, A dissertation submitted to the faculty of Brigham Young University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, 2001,12.
【12】许可,董晓龙,张德海,刘和光,姜景山.HY-2雷达高度计和微波散射计[J]. 遥感技术与应用,第20卷,第1期,2005.2,pp.89-93.
【13】HY-2微波散射计工程设计方案[z].中国科学院空间科学与应用研究中心, 2004.
【14】董晓龙.微波散射计近场绝对校准技术和综合孔径辐射计成像技术的研究,中科院空间中心,1998年.
【15】F.T. Ulaby and M.C.Dobson,“Handbook of Radar Scattering Statistics for Terrain”, Chap.3, Artech House, INC, 1988.
【16】宋新改.神经网络反演散射计风场算法的研究,中国海洋大学硕士论文.2005.
【17】冯倩.卫星散射计数据处理及其应用,青岛海洋大学硕士论文.2001.6.
【18】丁鹭飞,耿富录.雷达原理,第3版.西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,2002.6.
【19】Brown G. S. The Average Impulse Response of a Rough Surface and Its Applications[J]. IEEE Trans. on Antenna and Propagation, 1977, AP-25(1): 67~74.
【20】C.Elachi. Spaceborne Radar Remote Sensing: Applications and Techniques. IEEE Press. New York.1987.
【21】M.W.Spencer.C.Wu and D.G.Long.“Tradeoffs in the Design of a Spaceborne Scanning Pencil Beam Scatterometer: Application to SeaWinds.”IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing. Vol.35.no.1.pp.115-126.1997.
【22】F.T.乌拉比,R.K.穆尔,冯健超.微波遥感,第一卷(微波遥感基础和辐射测量学),第1版.北京:科学出版社,1988.4.
【23】程晓,鄂栋臣,李震,邵芸.星载微波散射计技术及其在极地的应用,极地研究,第15卷,第2期,2003年,pp.151-159.
【24】陈克海.SeaWinds散射计海面风场反演算法研究,中山大学硕士论文.2005.6.
【25】解学通,方裕,陈晓翔,陈克海.一种新的SeaWinds散射计海面风场反演方法,高技术通讯,2005年10月,第15卷,第10期,pp.98-104.
【26】林明森.一种修正的星载散射计反演海面风场的场方式反演算法,遥感学报,第4卷,第1期,2000年2月,pp.61-65.
【27】F.T.乌拉比,R.K.穆尔,冯健超.微波遥感,第二卷(雷达遥感和面目标的散射、辐射理论),第1版.北京:科学出版社,1987.9.
【28】C. Liu, P. Park, A. Stoffelen, KNMI, V. Wismann, Ifars. Optimization of Rotating, Range-gated, Fanbeam Scatterometer for Wind Retrieval. Task 1 Technical Report, Review of the Requirements and Scatterometer Concept. October 17,2000.
【29】Tsai W. T., Spencer M., Wu C., et. a1. SeaWinds on QuikSCAT: sensor description and mission overview. In Proceedings of the 2000 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. July 2000, 3: 1021.
【30】dr. J. de Kloe, KNMI. Optimization of Rotating, Range-gated, Fanbeam Scatterometer for Wind Retrieval. Task 2a report, GMF and wind field definition, and wind retrieval. 2003.3.
【31】dr. J. de Kloe, KNMI, dr. ir. A.C.M. Stoffelen. Optimization of Rotating, Range-gated, Fanbeam Scatterometer for Wind Retrieval. Task 3a Report, FoM definition and validation. 2003.03.04.
【32】E.G.Njoku. W.J.Wilson. S.H. Yueh. And Y.Rahmat-Samii.”A Large-Antenna Microwave Radiometer-Scatterometer Concept for Ocean Salinity and Soil Moisture Sensing.”Geoscience and Remote Sensing, IEEE Transactions, Nov 2000, Volume 38, Issue:6, pp:2645-2655.
【33】王新中,姜景山.旋转扫描散射计海面风场检测仿真研究,遥感学报,第一卷,第3期,1997年8月,pp.185-191.
【34】Ivan S. Ashcraft, David G. Long, Arden Anderson, Steve Richards, Mike Spencer, Brian Jones, Sigma-0 Retrieval from SeaWinds on QuikSCAT, Part of the SPIE Conference on Earth Observing System IV, Denver, Colorado, July 1999,171-178.
【35】David G. Long, Michael W. Spencer, Radar Backscatter Measurement Accuracy for a Spaceborne Pencil-Beam Wind Scatterometer with Transmit Modulation, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, VOL. 35, NO 1,January 1997, 102-114.
【36】D.G. Long, T.E. Oliphant.“Wind measurement accuracy for the NASA Scatterometer.”SPIE Vol.3117.pp.98-106.
【37】W.Y. Tsai. S.V. Nghiem. J.X.Huddleston.M.W. Spencer.B.W.Stiles. and R.D.West.“Polarimetric Scatterometry: A Promising Technique for Improving Ocean Surface Wind Measurements from Space.”IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing. Vol.38.no.4.pp.1903-1921.2000.
【38】周良明,郭佩芳,过杰.ERS散射计风速资料反演海面粗糙度,海洋湖沼通报,2006年,pp.7-11.
【39】S.H. Yueh. R. Kwok.S.V.Nghiem.“Polarimetric Scattering and Emission Properties of Targets With Reflection Symmetry.”Radio Science. Vol.29.No.6.pp.1409-1420.1994.
【40】L.Rey, N.Suninot, E.Thouvenot.“Preliminary Design of the VAGSAT wave scatterometer.”SPIE Vol.2584 pp.466-473.
【41】Ivan S. Ashcraft and David G.Long.“The spatial response function of SeaWinds backscatter measurements.”Proceedings of SPIE Vol.5151 Earth Observing Systems VIII, edited by William L.Barnes.pp.609-618.
【42】C.Wu, J.Graf, M.Spencer, C.Winn.“The SeaWinds scatterometer instrument using a pulse compreeion radar.”SPIE Vol.3221.pp.340-345.
【43】SeaWinds Product Manual, September 2006.
【44】User Manual for the RFSCAT Simulator Software Package, European Space Agency.
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