地波雷达遥感资料的反演及应用研究
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摘要
高频地波雷达是一种近十几年才发展起来的岸基海洋环境动力遥感仪器。地波雷达利用其垂直极化电磁波能够沿弯曲的地球表面绕射传播的机理,来获取海面流场、海面浪场和海面风场的信息,进行反演海气界面的流场、浪场和风场,也可实现对“超远距”海面舰船和低空飞行目标进行“超视距”监测。
高频地波雷达按照天线波束的宽度可分为窄波束(相控阵式天线)雷达和宽波束(单元鞭状天线)雷达。窄波束雷达相控阵式天线的特征为多元、阵列长,配置这种天线的地波雷达具有测量海洋要素多、测量精度较高、空间分辨率较高的特点,但要使用庞大的相控阵天线和较高的发射功率,因此具有占地面积较大、移动十分困难的不足。宽波束雷达单元鞭状天线具有较小的发射和接收天线,配置这种天线的地波雷达具有移动性好、管理方便等的特点(如SeaSonde系统),但其角度分辨率和测量精度却差于窄波束雷达。
因为高频地波雷达是利用发射和接收雷达波频率的变化来遥感波束方向上的海面的流速,因此,高频地波雷达对海洋表层流速的遥感有单站遥感、双站遥感和多站遥感之分。单站高频地波雷达遥感海洋表层流速只能测量遥感波束方向上的海面的流速,一般称之为“径向流”,经过双站或多种高频地波雷达遥感信息的合成,才能获得海洋表层二维流场。
高频地波雷达相对于传统海洋观测仪器具有观测距离远、覆盖面积大、观测要素多、工作全天候等特点;而相对于海洋卫星遥感具有造价低、测量精度高、空间分辨率高、采样频率高等特点。高频地波雷达是一种非常具有发展前途、使用范围非常广泛的新型岸基超视距遥感仪器。
虽然经过了20多年的发展,高频地波雷达无论是硬件和软件,还是应用都得到了很大的提高,但无容质疑,其成熟度无论是与传统海洋测量,还是卫星遥感都有较大的差距。因此,世界各国,特别是海洋大国和海洋强国,几乎都把高频地波雷达的(硬件、软件和应用)研究放在了非常重要的位置,从而使高频地波雷达的发展达到了前所未有的程度和水平。
我国高频地波雷达的(硬件、软件和应用)研究在近十年取得了非常大的成就。在“九五”和“十五”期间,国家海洋863计划都安排了项目进行高频地波雷达的研究,在硬件和软件方面
本文简要回顾了地波雷达遥感的国内外发展历史及应用研究的现状,简单介绍了高频地波雷达的遥感原理及其反演海面流场、浪场和风场的方法;结合作者承担的3个国家863项
High frequency ground wave radar is a land based remote sensing instrument formeasuring marine environment dynamics, developed in recent 10 years. Working on themechanism that the vertically polarized electromagnetic wave can diffract along thecurving earth surface, the ground wave radar can obtain the information of the seasurface current, wave and wind, so we can deduce current field, wave field and windfield, and the “super vision distance” monitoring on sea surface vessels and flyingobjects in low altitude can also be conducted.
High frequency ground wave radar can be divided into narrow beam (phase controlledarray antenna) radar and wide beam (unit flagelliform antenna) radar based on thewave width of antenna's wave beam. The former is characterized by multiple entitiesand long array, so it can measure many marine factors in high accuracy and fine spatialresolution. Because of huge phase controlled array and large emission power, itoccupies large area and is uneasy to move. On the other hand, the latter one'semitting and receiving antennas are small, so it can easily be moved and managed (forexample SeaSonde system). However its angle resolution and accuracy are lower thanthe former.
High frequency ground wave radar remotely measures fluid velocity of sea surfaceon wave beam's direction by the emitted and received radar waves variety, so remotesensing of sea surface fluid velocity can be carried on one, two or more stations.Because high frequency ground wave radar on one station can only measure fluidvelocity on wave beam's direction(radial fluid), in order to obtain sea surface'stwo dimension fluid field, we need synthesize remote sensing information of radarson two and more stations.
Compared with traditional marine survey instrumentation, high frequency groundwave radar is more advantageous with large measuring distance, large covering area,more observing factors and operating on all weather. Compared to marine satelliteremote sensing, it has lower cost, higher measuring accuracy, higher spatial
resolution and higher sampling frequency. High frequency ground wave radar is a newland based remote sensing instrument with superior vision and greater appliedpotentials.After twenty years' development, high frequency ground wave radar's software,hardware, and applied level are greatly improved. However no matter compared withtraditional marine survey or satellite remote sensing, there are big gaps. So allworlds, especially great and strong marine countries, attach great importance to theresearch of high frequency ground wave, thereby, its development reachesunprecedented level.Our country acquires great achievement on the research of high frequency groundwave radar (software, hardware and application). During the 9th and 10th 5-year plan,research on high frequency ground wave radar (software and hardware) are implementedin national marine 863 project.This paper briefly looks back inside and outside development history and researchlevel of high frequency ground wave radar, simply introduces its remote sensingprinciple and method to inverse sea surface fluid, wave and wind field. Combined withthree author charged 863 projects, this paper detailedly recounts radar's comparisonand verification on the sea and radar remote sensing data's calibration byphysical oceanography means, presents way and method of remote sensing data's qualitycontrol. This paper also demonstrates inverse precision of sea surface fluid fieldsynthesized by radar remote sensing data, particularly study the application of radardata's assimilation.
高频地波雷达按照天线波束的宽度可分为窄波束(相控阵式天线)雷达和宽波束(单元鞭状天线)雷达。窄波束雷达相控阵式天线的特征为多元、阵列长,配置这种天线的地波雷达具有测量海洋要素多、测量精度较高、空间分辨率较高的特点,但要使用庞大的相控阵天线和较高的发射功率,因此具有占地面积较大、移动十分困难的不足。宽波束雷达单元鞭状天线具有较小的发射和接收天线,配置这种天线的地波雷达具有移动性好、管理方便等的特点(如SeaSonde系统),但其角度分辨率和测量精度却差于窄波束雷达。
因为高频地波雷达是利用发射和接收雷达波频率的变化来遥感波束方向上的海面的流速,因此,高频地波雷达对海洋表层流速的遥感有单站遥感、双站遥感和多站遥感之分。单站高频地波雷达遥感海洋表层流速只能测量遥感波束方向上的海面的流速,一般称之为“径向流”,经过双站或多种高频地波雷达遥感信息的合成,才能获得海洋表层二维流场。
高频地波雷达相对于传统海洋观测仪器具有观测距离远、覆盖面积大、观测要素多、工作全天候等特点;而相对于海洋卫星遥感具有造价低、测量精度高、空间分辨率高、采样频率高等特点。高频地波雷达是一种非常具有发展前途、使用范围非常广泛的新型岸基超视距遥感仪器。
虽然经过了20多年的发展,高频地波雷达无论是硬件和软件,还是应用都得到了很大的提高,但无容质疑,其成熟度无论是与传统海洋测量,还是卫星遥感都有较大的差距。因此,世界各国,特别是海洋大国和海洋强国,几乎都把高频地波雷达的(硬件、软件和应用)研究放在了非常重要的位置,从而使高频地波雷达的发展达到了前所未有的程度和水平。
我国高频地波雷达的(硬件、软件和应用)研究在近十年取得了非常大的成就。在“九五”和“十五”期间,国家海洋863计划都安排了项目进行高频地波雷达的研究,在硬件和软件方面
本文简要回顾了地波雷达遥感的国内外发展历史及应用研究的现状,简单介绍了高频地波雷达的遥感原理及其反演海面流场、浪场和风场的方法;结合作者承担的3个国家863项
High frequency ground wave radar is a land based remote sensing instrument formeasuring marine environment dynamics, developed in recent 10 years. Working on themechanism that the vertically polarized electromagnetic wave can diffract along thecurving earth surface, the ground wave radar can obtain the information of the seasurface current, wave and wind, so we can deduce current field, wave field and windfield, and the “super vision distance” monitoring on sea surface vessels and flyingobjects in low altitude can also be conducted.
High frequency ground wave radar can be divided into narrow beam (phase controlledarray antenna) radar and wide beam (unit flagelliform antenna) radar based on thewave width of antenna's wave beam. The former is characterized by multiple entitiesand long array, so it can measure many marine factors in high accuracy and fine spatialresolution. Because of huge phase controlled array and large emission power, itoccupies large area and is uneasy to move. On the other hand, the latter one'semitting and receiving antennas are small, so it can easily be moved and managed (forexample SeaSonde system). However its angle resolution and accuracy are lower thanthe former.
High frequency ground wave radar remotely measures fluid velocity of sea surfaceon wave beam's direction by the emitted and received radar waves variety, so remotesensing of sea surface fluid velocity can be carried on one, two or more stations.Because high frequency ground wave radar on one station can only measure fluidvelocity on wave beam's direction(radial fluid), in order to obtain sea surface'stwo dimension fluid field, we need synthesize remote sensing information of radarson two and more stations.
Compared with traditional marine survey instrumentation, high frequency groundwave radar is more advantageous with large measuring distance, large covering area,more observing factors and operating on all weather. Compared to marine satelliteremote sensing, it has lower cost, higher measuring accuracy, higher spatial
resolution and higher sampling frequency. High frequency ground wave radar is a newland based remote sensing instrument with superior vision and greater appliedpotentials.After twenty years' development, high frequency ground wave radar's software,hardware, and applied level are greatly improved. However no matter compared withtraditional marine survey or satellite remote sensing, there are big gaps. So allworlds, especially great and strong marine countries, attach great importance to theresearch of high frequency ground wave, thereby, its development reachesunprecedented level.Our country acquires great achievement on the research of high frequency groundwave radar (software, hardware and application). During the 9th and 10th 5-year plan,research on high frequency ground wave radar (software and hardware) are implementedin national marine 863 project.This paper briefly looks back inside and outside development history and researchlevel of high frequency ground wave radar, simply introduces its remote sensingprinciple and method to inverse sea surface fluid, wave and wind field. Combined withthree author charged 863 projects, this paper detailedly recounts radar's comparisonand verification on the sea and radar remote sensing data's calibration byphysical oceanography means, presents way and method of remote sensing data's qualitycontrol. This paper also demonstrates inverse precision of sea surface fluid fieldsynthesized by radar remote sensing data, particularly study the application of radardata's assimilation.
引文
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