中国乌孜别克族语言使用现状研究
摘要
乌孜别克族,国外的乌孜别克族被写作乌兹别克族,是从中亚迁入我国的跨境民族。国外的乌孜别克族人口众多,分布在乌兹别克斯坦、哈萨克斯坦、阿富汗等国家,而生活在我国的乌孜别克族人口较少,主要居住在新疆维吾尔自治区各市县,其中以北疆的伊犁哈萨克自治州、木垒哈萨克自治县、塔城地区和南疆的喀什地区居多。据2000年第五次人口普查统计,我国的乌孜别克族共有12370人,其中90%以上居住在城市,少数在农村或牧区。在城市的乌孜别克族与维吾尔族、汉族等其他民族杂居或散居,牧区的乌孜别克族大多与哈萨克族杂居。特殊的居住环境使得乌孜别克族在不同地区的语言使用状况表现出不同的特点。然而,至目前为止的研究资料显示,我国乌孜别克族的语言使用情况并没有得到全面而系统地研究,更没有相关的统计资料说明其语言生活状况,可以说这是我国语言国情调查中的一项空白。
本研究以社会语言学的研究方法为主,采用了个案调查法、问卷调查法、访谈法及融入式观察法,并结合民族学和统计学的知识和方法,对个案进行了综合分析,力求得出我国乌孜别克族语言使用现状的科学结论。文中的调查结果均为田野调查第一手资料。本研究的选点及取样的依据有以下特点：一,典型性。以我国乌孜别克族人口分布较集中的地区一伊犁州伊宁市、喀什地区喀什市、莎车县、昌吉州木垒县乌孜别克民族自治乡作为调查点,再根据居住格局类型,对典型的社区及个人进行调查；二,代表性。对不同年龄段、不同职业、不同文化层次的人群进行入户调查,尤其是重点调查各社区中具代表性的乌孜别克族家庭。对掌握乌孜别克语的被调查对象进行专访,并录音摄像,收集语料；三,全面性。取样时主要采用随机抽样的方法,对社区居住的乌孜别克族家庭发放问卷,使每个家庭都能参与调查研究中,全面反映各家庭成员的语言情况。
参与本研究的共有1008人,其中伊宁市438人,喀什地区435人,木垒县135人。以2000年全国乌孜别克族总人口为准(12096人),本研究的被调查者占总人口的8.3%。调查涵盖6岁以上所有年龄段,职业包含了乌孜别克族所从事的各个行业领域。无论被调查者的人数、年龄段分布,还是从不同职业及不同文化程度群体的覆盖面来看,本研究都是规模最大,范围最广的一次。研究结果能够体现我国乌孜别克族语言使用情况的真实面貌。
本研究对三个调查点的乌孜别克族语言的使用情况进行了多方面、多角度地考察,认为我国乌孜别克族已经基本不使用母语,乌孜别克语不也再是乌孜别克族日常工作学习及生活中的交际工具,也已经基本失去家庭内部语言的地位。乌孜别克族母语使用现状有三种显著的类型：母语濒危型、完全维吾尔语转用型、完全哈萨克语转用型。从乌孜别克语的使用范围、使用人数、使用群体及使用场合等方面说明在我国该语言已成为具典型特征的濒危语言之一,其表现为除少数老人能够使用乌孜别克交流外,伊宁市及喀什地区的乌孜别克族基本转用维吾尔语,维吾尔语也已成为青少年的第一语言。从三地调查情况来看,木垒县的乌孜别克民族乡全体乌孜别克族转用了哈萨克语,哈萨克语水平熟练,并成为其第一语言。
综合问卷调查和实地考察的研究结果,乌孜别克族现在的语言使用情况有四种类型：第一,维吾尔语汉语兼用型,在年龄段上主要集中在成年组和青少年组,在地域上主要集中在伊宁市及喀什地区。第二,哈萨克语汉语兼用型,在年龄段上主要集中在成年组和青少年组,在地域上主要集中在木垒县乌孜别克民族乡。第三,维吾尔语乌孜别克语兼用型,这主要集中在老年组,地域上集中在伊宁市及喀什地区。第四,维汉乌哈混合型。这种类型人数较少,主要集中在伊宁市,但不普遍。
引起乌孜别克族语言使用多样化的主要原因有：人口少,杂居和散居的居住格局是乌孜别克族语言转用和兼用的客观条件；长期的族际婚姻是影响语言使用的重要因素；民族的适应性是接受另一种语言的基础。基于实地调查,乌孜别克族的母语可能朝两个方向发展,或顺其自然,直至在我国境内消亡,或全力保护,逐渐恢复使用。鉴于国内外乌孜别克族文字体系使用的差异,本研究了解了我国乌孜别克族使用文字的意愿,结果显示我国的乌孜别克族更希望使用以阿拉伯字母为基础的文字,这为日后推广乌孜别克语提供了一定的依据。附录中的乌孜别克语访谈录、基本词汇和日常用语的整理,为研究我国乌孜别克语的语音、词汇及语法提供了基本材料。
本研究有以下几方面的意义：第一、填补了建国以来对我国人口较少民族之一一乌孜别克族语言调查研究方面的空白；第二、对我国新疆各地乌孜别克族的语言使用情况有了首次较为全面的介绍和了解；第三、对我国乌孜别克族语言文字的使用情况提供了较为全面的资料,这对于乌孜别克族语言文字的保护及统一规划都有一定的现实意义；第四、积累了较多的乌孜别克语语料,为语言学研究人员进一步探讨乌孜别克语提供了第一手田野调查语料；第五、对我国境内其他濒危语言的调查研究有一定的参考价值。
论文包括五章：第一章为绪论,主要论述选题缘由、选题的目的及意义,以及整个研究的调查设计及实施。第二章从族源、人口分布、经济生活、语言文字及宗教信仰等方面介绍中国乌孜别克族的概况。第三章为论文的主体,调查分析了我国新疆伊宁市、喀什地区及木垒县乌孜别克民族乡三地乌孜别克族的语言使用情况。第四章综合三地调查结果,总结了我国乌孜别克族的语言使用现状。分析乌孜别克族母语及兼用语使用及转用的成因及条件。第五章为结语,分析本研究的局限性及今后的研究方向。
The Uzbek (O'zbek) nationality in China is a transnational ethnic group originated from Central Asia. There is a larger population of Uzbek people living in Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Afghanistan and other countries compared to the smaller Uzbek population in China. They live mainly in the cities and counties of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. The majority of them are located in the North, Yili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture and Tacheng District, in the south, Kashgar District. According to the census from2000, China has12,370Uzbeks,90%of them live in the city with a few in rural or in the pasture area. In the city, the Uzbeks live among Uyghur, Han and other ethnic groups. In the pastures, the Uzbeks live among the Kazakh people. These unique living environments resulted in the different language characteristics used by the Uzbeks in their respective area. Since the birth of new China, studies had been conducted on minority languages and the study showed that Uzbek people use Uzbek language in their home. Outside of their homes, they use Uyghur and Kazakh languages. With the passing of times and progress in the society, Uzbek language had experienced some degrees of change. However, researches showed that comprehensive and systematic research on Uzbek language has not been carried out. There is no relevant statistical data on the use of this language in relationship to the daily life of the people. Therefore, in China there is a great necessity to conduct an in-depth and thorough study on the use of Uzbeks'language.
To get a better understanding of Uzbeks'language use in China, this study mainly applied the social linguistics research methods, intergrated with the other methods in ethnology, anthropology, cultural studies. In order to achieve a scientific conclusion, statistical tools are used in data analysis. The basis principles for sampling are typical, representative and comprehensive. Random sampling method is mainly applied so that data can be collected on a wider base. The study is conducted in three areas where Uzbek people are more concentrated, namely:Yining City in Yili Kazakh Autonomous State, Kashgar District, Uzbek Autonomous Township in Muri Autonomous county. Participants covering people of different ages, occupations and education levels. The study focuses especially on representative Uzbek family in the community. Research instruments used are questionnaires and interview guides. For every Uzbek family in the community to participate in the study is given the questionnaires to be filled out. This enables a better reflection of the language use of different family members.In addition to the questionnaire, some subjects are interviewed individually for more details. Interviews are audio-taped and video-taped for further studies.
This study involves a total number of1008Uzbek participants, including438in Yining city,435in Kashgar District, and135in Muri. Based on the Uzbek population in year2000, this study surveyed8.3%of the total population. Respondents age covers all ages6years old and above. Respondents' occupation includes various trades and industries engaged by the Uzbeks, such as:cadres, farming herdsman, teachers and students. Majority of the participants are self-employed. The education level of majority of the respondent is junior middle school. This is by far the largest and most extensive study conducted regardless of the number of respondents, age distribution, varying occupation and people from different education levels. The results of the research can truly reflect the facts on the language use of Uzbeks in China.
From a thorough and meticulous survey and study on the language use of Uzbeks at the three districts, the conclusion drawn is that China's Uzbek people have not been using their mother tongue. Uzbek language is no longer the common language used in their daily life. More specifically, the current use of mother tongue among the Uzbek people has these three distinct types:1. Uzbek language is being endangered in terms of the extent of use, numbers of users, ages of speakers etc.2. Full conversion to Uyghur language. This is especially evidence in the Uzbek people living in Yining city and Kashgar District. They are using Uygur language in their daily life, work, education and in every other aspects of life. The Uzbek people have well mastered Uyghur language and it has become the first language of the young generation.3. Full conversion to Kazakh language. From the three locations surveyed, only the Uzbek people in Muri County completely use Kazakh language. They have a high proficiency in the use of Kazakh language and it has become their first language.
The result from combination of questionnaire survey and interview can be summarized into four types:use of Chinese and Uyghur language are mainly concentrated in the adult and youth groups living in the Yining city and Kashgar District; use of Chinese and Kazakh language are mainly concentrated in the adult and youth groups living mainly in the Uzbek ethnic township in Muri county; concurrent use of Uyghur and Uzbek languages are mainly concentrated in the older age group who are geographically situated in Yining and Kashgar District; combination use of Chinese, Uyghur, Uzbek and Kazakh languages, it has a very small number of people. Those of this hybrid use of language mainly concentrated in the city of Yining.
The reasons for the Uzbek people to have such diversified languages usage are due to the following causes:firstly, a small population of the Uzbeks who scattered and live among other ethnic groups, which resulted in their language conversion. Secondly, long-term inter-marriage is the important factors to influence the use of language. Thirdly, inter-nationality adaptation is the key foundation in accepting another language. Based on the field research, Uzbek's native language may develop in two directions. One direction is that it will naturally in the course of time, totally become an extinct language in China. The other direction is to intentionally protect the language and gradually restore it. In view of the difference in the written text of Uzbek language within and outside of China, it is necessary to find out which writing system is acceptable by the China's Uzbek people. Results show that China's Uzbek people hope to use the Arabic letter-based text.This finding provides a helpful scientific base to promote theUzbek language later on.
Th significance of this study as follows:to filling up the gap left by research done for nearly20years on the language used by a less population minority group as Uzbeks; to reveal more specific picture on the language use of Uzbek people in China; to provides more comprehensive first-hand language materials on the use of spoken and written language for the China's Uzbek people; to serve as valuable references for studies on other endangered languages in China.
The limitations of this study are two folds, on the one hand, reference materials are insufficient due to the few researches have been done on Uzbek language in China. On the other hand, difficulty in collecting data, less corpus, which affect thorough analysis and research result. Therefore, this is just the beginner's first step research into the Uzbek language and current language use of Uzbek people in China. The first-hand data collected and collated from field research serve as a bite for future catch. We need more in-depth discussions.
This dissertation consists five chapters. Chapter one is introduction, which includes background, objectives and significance of the study, and research methods employed are also discussed. Chapter two introduces the Uzbek nationality in China in terms of its origin, population, economic life, language and religious belief ect. Chapter three analyses the Uzbeks'language use in three areas, namely Yining city, Kashgar area and Muri Uzbek autonomous township. Chapter four concludes the data collected from three areas, and presents a whole picture of the language use of Uzbek people in China. Chapter five discusses the limitation of the study and recommendation for the future research.
本研究以社会语言学的研究方法为主,采用了个案调查法、问卷调查法、访谈法及融入式观察法,并结合民族学和统计学的知识和方法,对个案进行了综合分析,力求得出我国乌孜别克族语言使用现状的科学结论。文中的调查结果均为田野调查第一手资料。本研究的选点及取样的依据有以下特点：一,典型性。以我国乌孜别克族人口分布较集中的地区一伊犁州伊宁市、喀什地区喀什市、莎车县、昌吉州木垒县乌孜别克民族自治乡作为调查点,再根据居住格局类型,对典型的社区及个人进行调查；二,代表性。对不同年龄段、不同职业、不同文化层次的人群进行入户调查,尤其是重点调查各社区中具代表性的乌孜别克族家庭。对掌握乌孜别克语的被调查对象进行专访,并录音摄像,收集语料；三,全面性。取样时主要采用随机抽样的方法,对社区居住的乌孜别克族家庭发放问卷,使每个家庭都能参与调查研究中,全面反映各家庭成员的语言情况。
参与本研究的共有1008人,其中伊宁市438人,喀什地区435人,木垒县135人。以2000年全国乌孜别克族总人口为准(12096人),本研究的被调查者占总人口的8.3%。调查涵盖6岁以上所有年龄段,职业包含了乌孜别克族所从事的各个行业领域。无论被调查者的人数、年龄段分布,还是从不同职业及不同文化程度群体的覆盖面来看,本研究都是规模最大,范围最广的一次。研究结果能够体现我国乌孜别克族语言使用情况的真实面貌。
本研究对三个调查点的乌孜别克族语言的使用情况进行了多方面、多角度地考察,认为我国乌孜别克族已经基本不使用母语,乌孜别克语不也再是乌孜别克族日常工作学习及生活中的交际工具,也已经基本失去家庭内部语言的地位。乌孜别克族母语使用现状有三种显著的类型：母语濒危型、完全维吾尔语转用型、完全哈萨克语转用型。从乌孜别克语的使用范围、使用人数、使用群体及使用场合等方面说明在我国该语言已成为具典型特征的濒危语言之一,其表现为除少数老人能够使用乌孜别克交流外,伊宁市及喀什地区的乌孜别克族基本转用维吾尔语,维吾尔语也已成为青少年的第一语言。从三地调查情况来看,木垒县的乌孜别克民族乡全体乌孜别克族转用了哈萨克语,哈萨克语水平熟练,并成为其第一语言。
综合问卷调查和实地考察的研究结果,乌孜别克族现在的语言使用情况有四种类型：第一,维吾尔语汉语兼用型,在年龄段上主要集中在成年组和青少年组,在地域上主要集中在伊宁市及喀什地区。第二,哈萨克语汉语兼用型,在年龄段上主要集中在成年组和青少年组,在地域上主要集中在木垒县乌孜别克民族乡。第三,维吾尔语乌孜别克语兼用型,这主要集中在老年组,地域上集中在伊宁市及喀什地区。第四,维汉乌哈混合型。这种类型人数较少,主要集中在伊宁市,但不普遍。
引起乌孜别克族语言使用多样化的主要原因有：人口少,杂居和散居的居住格局是乌孜别克族语言转用和兼用的客观条件；长期的族际婚姻是影响语言使用的重要因素；民族的适应性是接受另一种语言的基础。基于实地调查,乌孜别克族的母语可能朝两个方向发展,或顺其自然,直至在我国境内消亡,或全力保护,逐渐恢复使用。鉴于国内外乌孜别克族文字体系使用的差异,本研究了解了我国乌孜别克族使用文字的意愿,结果显示我国的乌孜别克族更希望使用以阿拉伯字母为基础的文字,这为日后推广乌孜别克语提供了一定的依据。附录中的乌孜别克语访谈录、基本词汇和日常用语的整理,为研究我国乌孜别克语的语音、词汇及语法提供了基本材料。
本研究有以下几方面的意义：第一、填补了建国以来对我国人口较少民族之一一乌孜别克族语言调查研究方面的空白；第二、对我国新疆各地乌孜别克族的语言使用情况有了首次较为全面的介绍和了解；第三、对我国乌孜别克族语言文字的使用情况提供了较为全面的资料,这对于乌孜别克族语言文字的保护及统一规划都有一定的现实意义；第四、积累了较多的乌孜别克语语料,为语言学研究人员进一步探讨乌孜别克语提供了第一手田野调查语料；第五、对我国境内其他濒危语言的调查研究有一定的参考价值。
论文包括五章：第一章为绪论,主要论述选题缘由、选题的目的及意义,以及整个研究的调查设计及实施。第二章从族源、人口分布、经济生活、语言文字及宗教信仰等方面介绍中国乌孜别克族的概况。第三章为论文的主体,调查分析了我国新疆伊宁市、喀什地区及木垒县乌孜别克民族乡三地乌孜别克族的语言使用情况。第四章综合三地调查结果,总结了我国乌孜别克族的语言使用现状。分析乌孜别克族母语及兼用语使用及转用的成因及条件。第五章为结语,分析本研究的局限性及今后的研究方向。
The Uzbek (O'zbek) nationality in China is a transnational ethnic group originated from Central Asia. There is a larger population of Uzbek people living in Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Afghanistan and other countries compared to the smaller Uzbek population in China. They live mainly in the cities and counties of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. The majority of them are located in the North, Yili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture and Tacheng District, in the south, Kashgar District. According to the census from2000, China has12,370Uzbeks,90%of them live in the city with a few in rural or in the pasture area. In the city, the Uzbeks live among Uyghur, Han and other ethnic groups. In the pastures, the Uzbeks live among the Kazakh people. These unique living environments resulted in the different language characteristics used by the Uzbeks in their respective area. Since the birth of new China, studies had been conducted on minority languages and the study showed that Uzbek people use Uzbek language in their home. Outside of their homes, they use Uyghur and Kazakh languages. With the passing of times and progress in the society, Uzbek language had experienced some degrees of change. However, researches showed that comprehensive and systematic research on Uzbek language has not been carried out. There is no relevant statistical data on the use of this language in relationship to the daily life of the people. Therefore, in China there is a great necessity to conduct an in-depth and thorough study on the use of Uzbeks'language.
To get a better understanding of Uzbeks'language use in China, this study mainly applied the social linguistics research methods, intergrated with the other methods in ethnology, anthropology, cultural studies. In order to achieve a scientific conclusion, statistical tools are used in data analysis. The basis principles for sampling are typical, representative and comprehensive. Random sampling method is mainly applied so that data can be collected on a wider base. The study is conducted in three areas where Uzbek people are more concentrated, namely:Yining City in Yili Kazakh Autonomous State, Kashgar District, Uzbek Autonomous Township in Muri Autonomous county. Participants covering people of different ages, occupations and education levels. The study focuses especially on representative Uzbek family in the community. Research instruments used are questionnaires and interview guides. For every Uzbek family in the community to participate in the study is given the questionnaires to be filled out. This enables a better reflection of the language use of different family members.In addition to the questionnaire, some subjects are interviewed individually for more details. Interviews are audio-taped and video-taped for further studies.
This study involves a total number of1008Uzbek participants, including438in Yining city,435in Kashgar District, and135in Muri. Based on the Uzbek population in year2000, this study surveyed8.3%of the total population. Respondents age covers all ages6years old and above. Respondents' occupation includes various trades and industries engaged by the Uzbeks, such as:cadres, farming herdsman, teachers and students. Majority of the participants are self-employed. The education level of majority of the respondent is junior middle school. This is by far the largest and most extensive study conducted regardless of the number of respondents, age distribution, varying occupation and people from different education levels. The results of the research can truly reflect the facts on the language use of Uzbeks in China.
From a thorough and meticulous survey and study on the language use of Uzbeks at the three districts, the conclusion drawn is that China's Uzbek people have not been using their mother tongue. Uzbek language is no longer the common language used in their daily life. More specifically, the current use of mother tongue among the Uzbek people has these three distinct types:1. Uzbek language is being endangered in terms of the extent of use, numbers of users, ages of speakers etc.2. Full conversion to Uyghur language. This is especially evidence in the Uzbek people living in Yining city and Kashgar District. They are using Uygur language in their daily life, work, education and in every other aspects of life. The Uzbek people have well mastered Uyghur language and it has become the first language of the young generation.3. Full conversion to Kazakh language. From the three locations surveyed, only the Uzbek people in Muri County completely use Kazakh language. They have a high proficiency in the use of Kazakh language and it has become their first language.
The result from combination of questionnaire survey and interview can be summarized into four types:use of Chinese and Uyghur language are mainly concentrated in the adult and youth groups living in the Yining city and Kashgar District; use of Chinese and Kazakh language are mainly concentrated in the adult and youth groups living mainly in the Uzbek ethnic township in Muri county; concurrent use of Uyghur and Uzbek languages are mainly concentrated in the older age group who are geographically situated in Yining and Kashgar District; combination use of Chinese, Uyghur, Uzbek and Kazakh languages, it has a very small number of people. Those of this hybrid use of language mainly concentrated in the city of Yining.
The reasons for the Uzbek people to have such diversified languages usage are due to the following causes:firstly, a small population of the Uzbeks who scattered and live among other ethnic groups, which resulted in their language conversion. Secondly, long-term inter-marriage is the important factors to influence the use of language. Thirdly, inter-nationality adaptation is the key foundation in accepting another language. Based on the field research, Uzbek's native language may develop in two directions. One direction is that it will naturally in the course of time, totally become an extinct language in China. The other direction is to intentionally protect the language and gradually restore it. In view of the difference in the written text of Uzbek language within and outside of China, it is necessary to find out which writing system is acceptable by the China's Uzbek people. Results show that China's Uzbek people hope to use the Arabic letter-based text.This finding provides a helpful scientific base to promote theUzbek language later on.
Th significance of this study as follows:to filling up the gap left by research done for nearly20years on the language used by a less population minority group as Uzbeks; to reveal more specific picture on the language use of Uzbek people in China; to provides more comprehensive first-hand language materials on the use of spoken and written language for the China's Uzbek people; to serve as valuable references for studies on other endangered languages in China.
The limitations of this study are two folds, on the one hand, reference materials are insufficient due to the few researches have been done on Uzbek language in China. On the other hand, difficulty in collecting data, less corpus, which affect thorough analysis and research result. Therefore, this is just the beginner's first step research into the Uzbek language and current language use of Uzbek people in China. The first-hand data collected and collated from field research serve as a bite for future catch. We need more in-depth discussions.
This dissertation consists five chapters. Chapter one is introduction, which includes background, objectives and significance of the study, and research methods employed are also discussed. Chapter two introduces the Uzbek nationality in China in terms of its origin, population, economic life, language and religious belief ect. Chapter three analyses the Uzbeks'language use in three areas, namely Yining city, Kashgar area and Muri Uzbek autonomous township. Chapter four concludes the data collected from three areas, and presents a whole picture of the language use of Uzbek people in China. Chapter five discusses the limitation of the study and recommendation for the future research.
引文
①戴庆厦：《构建多语和谐的社会语言生活》,北京：民族出版社,2009：1-2
②丁石庆：《莫旗达斡尔族语言使用现状与发展趋势》,北京：商务印书馆,2009：1-2.
①程适良,阿不都热合曼：《乌孜别克语简志》,民族出版社1987：1.
①戴庆厦：《构建我国多民族语言和谐的几个理论问题》,载《构建多语和谐的社会语言生活》,北京：民族出版社,2009：10-17.
②赵小刚：《乌孜别克族经济文化生活研究》,北京：民族出版社,2004：3
①新疆维吾尔自治区行政区域图,http://image.baidu.com/i?ct=503316480&z=0&tn
①国家统计局,httt://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/renkoupucha/2000pucha/html.
①马大正、冯锡时：《中亚五国史纲》,新疆人民出版社,2000：56-60.
②加文·汉布里著,(吴玉贵译)：《中亚史纲要》,商务印书馆,1994：164；格列科夫、雅库博夫斯基著,(余大钧译)：《金帐汗国兴衰史》,商务印书馆,1985：73-76.
③新疆维吾尔自治区地方志编纂委员会编.《新疆通志-民族志》,乌鲁木齐：新疆人民出版社,2009：568。
①赵小刚：《乌孜别克族经济文化生活研究》,北京：民族出版社,2004：14-15.
②刘有安：《乌孜别克人的迁徙及其社会文化变迁》,《甘肃联合大学学报》,2008：(1)5-9.
③《新疆维吾尔自治区概况》,《新疆维吾尔自治区概况》编写组,民族出版社,2008：62.
①佐口透著,(凌颂纯译)：《18-19世纪新疆社会史研究》(下册),乌鲁木齐：新疆人民出版社,1993：433.
②吾尔买提江·阿布都热合曼,卡德尔·艾克拜尔：《中国乌孜别克族文学史》(维文版).新疆人民出版社.2005：40-41.
①赵小刚：《乌孜别克族社会经济文化研究》,北京：民族出版社,2004：50-51.
②关于乌孜别克族族称和族源的研究,贾丛江(1996)的《乌孜别克族》、罗建生(2004)的《乌孜别克族》、国家民委修订出版的《乌孜别克族简史》中都有较详尽的论述。另外,赵小刚(2006)的《乌孜别克族社会经济文化研究》、阿丽亚·吉力力(2004)的《乌孜别克族新疆木垒县阿克巴克村调查》的文章中也探讨了乌孜别克族的族源和族称.
③《中国少数民族语言使用情况》,北京：民族出版社,1997：39-49.
①赵小刚：《乌孜别克族社会经济文化研究》,北京:民族出版社,20042.另,《新疆通志·民族志》也有相关研究。
②中国少数民族人口分布图,http://image.baidu.com/i?ct=503316480&z=0&tn.
①新疆维吾尔自治区地方志编纂委员会：《新疆通志·民族志》,乌鲁木齐：新疆人民出版社,2008：570.
①巴哈尔：《新疆乌孜别克人口的文化构成特点》,《新疆社科》,2004：(4)53-58.
②新疆维吾尔自治区地方志编纂委员会：《新疆通志·民族志》,乌鲁木齐：新疆人民出版社,2008：570.
①中国语言系属分布图,http://image.baidu.com/i?ct=503316480&z=&tn。
①阿不都艾尼·海山：《乌孜别克语言文字简述》,《新疆社会科学》(维文版),1985(2)：41-45
②耿世民：《中亚的古代语文》,载《中亚民族语言文化研究》,北京：中央民族大学出版社,2012：71
①中国少数民族语言分布图http://image.baidu.com/i?ct=503316480&z=&tn.
②阿丽亚·吉力力：《乌孜别克族民俗文化》,乌鲁木齐：新疆人民出版社,2008：30-32.
①阿丽亚·吉力力.《乌孜别克族民间故事的叙事特征》,《西北民族研究》,2005(2)：140-145.
②吾尔买提江·阿不都热合曼：《中国乌孜别克现代文学的形成和发展》《民族文学研究》,2007(1)：117-120。
③同上。
①程适良,阿不都热合曼：《乌孜别克语简志》,北京：民族出版社,1987.
②贾丛江：《乌孜别克族》,古吴轩出版社,1996.
③罗建生： 《乌孜别克族》,民族出版社,1990.
④国家民委《乌孜别克族简史》编写组：《乌孜别克族简史》(修订本),民族出版社,2008.
⑤赵小刚：《乌孜别克族社会经济文化研究》,民族出版社,2006.
⑥阿丽亚·吉力力：《乌孜别克族新疆木垒县阿克喀巴克村调查》,云南大学出版社，2004
①谭莉莉,王晓珠：《大南沟的乌孜别克族》,《今日民族》,2005：(9)24-29.
②刘仕国：《牧区乌孜别克族生活方式的变迁---对新疆木垒县大南沟乌孜别克乡的民族社会学调查》,《昌吉师范高等科学校学报》,2001：(3)50-53.
③张咏：《牧区定型与文化转型新疆木垒县乌孜别克民族乡定居工程的考察报告》,《青海民族研究》,2007(1)
④吾买尔提江·菲克来提和喀德尔·艾克帕尔：《中国少数民族文学史丛书》之《乌孜别克文学史》(维文版),新疆人民出版社,2005.
⑤阿丽亚·吉力力：《乌孜别克族民间故事的叙事特征》,《西北民族研究》,2005： (2)140-145.
⑥吾买尔提江·阿不都热合曼：《论新疆乌孜别克族剧作家许库尔·亚里坤》,2007：(1)117-120.
⑦熊坤新,吕邵男：《乌孜别克族伦理思想概述》,《新疆师范大学学报》,2006： (4)37-43.
⑧房若愚：《新疆乌孜别克族人口城市化成因及其效应分析》,《西北人口》,2005：(5)61-64.
⑨巴哈尔：《新疆乌孜别克族人口的文化构成特点》,《新疆社会科学》,2004： (4)。
⑩新疆维吾尔自治区地方志编纂委员会《新疆通志·民族志》编纂委员会：《新疆通志·第二十七卷·民族志》,新疆人民出版社,2005.
①国家民委《民族问题五种丛书》之三.《新疆维吾尔自治区概况》,中国少数民族自治地方概况丛书(修订本),北京：民族出版社,2009：575-578.
①资料来源于《伊犁乌孜别克族》(维文版),民间出版,2000。
①新疆维吾尔自治区喀什地区行政区划图,资料来源于：http://image.baidu.com
②资料来源于新疆喀什市人民政府网：http://www.xjks.gov.cn/Itern/112.aspx.
①国家民委《民族问题五种丛书》：《昌吉回族自治州概括》,北京：民族出版社,2009：1.
②国家民委《民族问题五种丛书》：《昌吉回族自治州概况》,北京：民族出版社,2009：25.
①戴庆厦：《云南蒙古族喀卓人语言使用现状及其演变》,北京：商务出版社：2008：39.
①高莉琴：《新疆濒危语言研究》,《语言与翻译》,2006(3)：8-12.
②徐世璇：《濒危的语言》,《百科知识》,2008(6)：51-52.
①王远新：《加强人口较少民族语言的调查及弱势和濒危语言的保护》,《新疆师范大学学报》,2008(1)111-119.
①海峰：《乌孜别克语》,载《新疆民族语言分布状况与发展趋势》,2005：228-240.
①瞿继勇：《重建母语读写,保护濒危语言》,《青海民族研究》,2007(1)：110-113.
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①程适良,阿不都热合曼：《乌孜别克语简志》,民族出版社1987：1.
①戴庆厦：《构建我国多民族语言和谐的几个理论问题》,载《构建多语和谐的社会语言生活》,北京：民族出版社,2009：10-17.
②赵小刚：《乌孜别克族经济文化生活研究》,北京：民族出版社,2004：3
①新疆维吾尔自治区行政区域图,http://image.baidu.com/i?ct=503316480&z=0&tn
①国家统计局,httt://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/renkoupucha/2000pucha/html.
①马大正、冯锡时：《中亚五国史纲》,新疆人民出版社,2000：56-60.
②加文·汉布里著,(吴玉贵译)：《中亚史纲要》,商务印书馆,1994：164；格列科夫、雅库博夫斯基著,(余大钧译)：《金帐汗国兴衰史》,商务印书馆,1985：73-76.
③新疆维吾尔自治区地方志编纂委员会编.《新疆通志-民族志》,乌鲁木齐：新疆人民出版社,2009：568。
①赵小刚：《乌孜别克族经济文化生活研究》,北京：民族出版社,2004：14-15.
②刘有安：《乌孜别克人的迁徙及其社会文化变迁》,《甘肃联合大学学报》,2008：(1)5-9.
③《新疆维吾尔自治区概况》,《新疆维吾尔自治区概况》编写组,民族出版社,2008：62.
①佐口透著,(凌颂纯译)：《18-19世纪新疆社会史研究》(下册),乌鲁木齐：新疆人民出版社,1993：433.
②吾尔买提江·阿布都热合曼,卡德尔·艾克拜尔：《中国乌孜别克族文学史》(维文版).新疆人民出版社.2005：40-41.
①赵小刚：《乌孜别克族社会经济文化研究》,北京：民族出版社,2004：50-51.
②关于乌孜别克族族称和族源的研究,贾丛江(1996)的《乌孜别克族》、罗建生(2004)的《乌孜别克族》、国家民委修订出版的《乌孜别克族简史》中都有较详尽的论述。另外,赵小刚(2006)的《乌孜别克族社会经济文化研究》、阿丽亚·吉力力(2004)的《乌孜别克族新疆木垒县阿克巴克村调查》的文章中也探讨了乌孜别克族的族源和族称.
③《中国少数民族语言使用情况》,北京：民族出版社,1997：39-49.
①赵小刚：《乌孜别克族社会经济文化研究》,北京:民族出版社,20042.另,《新疆通志·民族志》也有相关研究。
②中国少数民族人口分布图,http://image.baidu.com/i?ct=503316480&z=0&tn.
①新疆维吾尔自治区地方志编纂委员会：《新疆通志·民族志》,乌鲁木齐：新疆人民出版社,2008：570.
①巴哈尔：《新疆乌孜别克人口的文化构成特点》,《新疆社科》,2004：(4)53-58.
②新疆维吾尔自治区地方志编纂委员会：《新疆通志·民族志》,乌鲁木齐：新疆人民出版社,2008：570.
①中国语言系属分布图,http://image.baidu.com/i?ct=503316480&z=&tn。
①阿不都艾尼·海山：《乌孜别克语言文字简述》,《新疆社会科学》(维文版),1985(2)：41-45
②耿世民：《中亚的古代语文》,载《中亚民族语言文化研究》,北京：中央民族大学出版社,2012：71
①中国少数民族语言分布图http://image.baidu.com/i?ct=503316480&z=&tn.
②阿丽亚·吉力力：《乌孜别克族民俗文化》,乌鲁木齐：新疆人民出版社,2008：30-32.
①阿丽亚·吉力力.《乌孜别克族民间故事的叙事特征》,《西北民族研究》,2005(2)：140-145.
②吾尔买提江·阿不都热合曼：《中国乌孜别克现代文学的形成和发展》《民族文学研究》,2007(1)：117-120。
③同上。
①程适良,阿不都热合曼：《乌孜别克语简志》,北京：民族出版社,1987.
②贾丛江：《乌孜别克族》,古吴轩出版社,1996.
③罗建生： 《乌孜别克族》,民族出版社,1990.
④国家民委《乌孜别克族简史》编写组：《乌孜别克族简史》(修订本),民族出版社,2008.
⑤赵小刚：《乌孜别克族社会经济文化研究》,民族出版社,2006.
⑥阿丽亚·吉力力：《乌孜别克族新疆木垒县阿克喀巴克村调查》,云南大学出版社，2004
①谭莉莉,王晓珠：《大南沟的乌孜别克族》,《今日民族》,2005：(9)24-29.
②刘仕国：《牧区乌孜别克族生活方式的变迁---对新疆木垒县大南沟乌孜别克乡的民族社会学调查》,《昌吉师范高等科学校学报》,2001：(3)50-53.
③张咏：《牧区定型与文化转型新疆木垒县乌孜别克民族乡定居工程的考察报告》,《青海民族研究》,2007(1)
④吾买尔提江·菲克来提和喀德尔·艾克帕尔：《中国少数民族文学史丛书》之《乌孜别克文学史》(维文版),新疆人民出版社,2005.
⑤阿丽亚·吉力力：《乌孜别克族民间故事的叙事特征》,《西北民族研究》,2005： (2)140-145.
⑥吾买尔提江·阿不都热合曼：《论新疆乌孜别克族剧作家许库尔·亚里坤》,2007：(1)117-120.
⑦熊坤新,吕邵男：《乌孜别克族伦理思想概述》,《新疆师范大学学报》,2006： (4)37-43.
⑧房若愚：《新疆乌孜别克族人口城市化成因及其效应分析》,《西北人口》,2005：(5)61-64.
⑨巴哈尔：《新疆乌孜别克族人口的文化构成特点》,《新疆社会科学》,2004： (4)。
⑩新疆维吾尔自治区地方志编纂委员会《新疆通志·民族志》编纂委员会：《新疆通志·第二十七卷·民族志》,新疆人民出版社,2005.
①国家民委《民族问题五种丛书》之三.《新疆维吾尔自治区概况》,中国少数民族自治地方概况丛书(修订本),北京：民族出版社,2009：575-578.
①资料来源于《伊犁乌孜别克族》(维文版),民间出版,2000。
①新疆维吾尔自治区喀什地区行政区划图,资料来源于：http://image.baidu.com
②资料来源于新疆喀什市人民政府网：http://www.xjks.gov.cn/Itern/112.aspx.
①国家民委《民族问题五种丛书》：《昌吉回族自治州概括》,北京：民族出版社,2009：1.
②国家民委《民族问题五种丛书》：《昌吉回族自治州概况》,北京：民族出版社,2009：25.
①戴庆厦：《云南蒙古族喀卓人语言使用现状及其演变》,北京：商务出版社：2008：39.
①高莉琴：《新疆濒危语言研究》,《语言与翻译》,2006(3)：8-12.
②徐世璇：《濒危的语言》,《百科知识》,2008(6)：51-52.
①王远新：《加强人口较少民族语言的调查及弱势和濒危语言的保护》,《新疆师范大学学报》,2008(1)111-119.
①海峰：《乌孜别克语》,载《新疆民族语言分布状况与发展趋势》,2005：228-240.
①瞿继勇：《重建母语读写,保护濒危语言》,《青海民族研究》,2007(1)：110-113.
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