定日镜和幕墙结构的抗风性能研究
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摘要
我国已建成的几个定日镜曾经发生过不同程度的风致破坏现象,亟待按照我国的实际情况对定日镜结构的抗风问题进行系统全面的理论和试验研究,获得符合我国具体情况的定日镜设计风荷载参数,提出符合实际的风致响应计算方法,制定符合我国国情的设计准则和控制标准,以满足我国塔式太阳能热发电站的发展的需要。本文结合延庆亚洲首座MW级太阳能塔式热发电站的定日镜抗风研究工作,以中科院电工所的定日镜为原型,进行一系列研究工作,取得了以下的研究成果：
(1)提出了定日镜结构风荷载的确定方法：
通过对于定日镜的风洞模型试验、理论分析和数值模拟研究,获得了定日镜风压分布的规律和特征,确定定日镜结构的风荷载及计算公式,并对公式中的参数取值进行了深入分析,研究了定日镜结构的脉动风压特性,将惯性风荷载法、多阶模态力法和时域分析法引入到等效风荷载的计算中,为定日镜的抗风设计提供了基本的风荷载参数。
(2)建立了定日镜结构风致响应的计算方法：
在风洞试验、数值模拟研究的基础上,对定日镜风致风振位移响应进行频域分析,基于Davenport谱推导了顺风向风致响应公式,并通过风洞试验数据拟合脉动风压归一化自谱,计算了风致响应,并用时域计算结果进行验证,建立了定日镜风振位移的简化计算方法和镜面板挠度变形的分析计算方法。
(3)解决定日镜抗风的关键问题：
在风洞试验、数值模拟研究的基础上,对镜面板开缝时的状况进行了研究,分析五种分隔缝宽度对定日镜受力、镜面板风压分布、结构动力特性和风致响应的影响。通过分析给出定日镜结构有利于抗风的停放姿态,供定日镜使用时采用。进行了定日镜结构动力优化研究,通过建立结构优化数学模型,进行了定日镜用钢量极小化的优化分析,提出了优化措施。
幕墙玻璃风致损坏现象在国内外时有发生,本文通过构建玻璃幕墙风效应的试验装置,进行了幕墙结构的风压挠度分析和幕墙玻璃的风致应力分析,提出了玻璃幕墙风效应的计算和分析方法。取得了以下的研究成果：
(1)提出了新的幕墙风致响应分析方法：
通过试验,对幕墙框架挠度变形、不可开启玻璃面板挠度变形、可开启玻璃面板挠度变形、玻璃面板风致应力等分别进行了研究,分析了负压作用下的窗锁的拉伸变形,对比研究了中空幕墙玻璃迎风面应力和背风面应力,分析了玻璃面板不同位置点处的应力,对比分析了不可开启玻璃幕墙面板应力和可开启玻璃幕墙面板应力,通过对挠度变形和风致应力的一系列综合研究,进而提出了新的玻璃幕墙风致响应的分析方法。
(2)提出了新的玻璃幕墙风效应的理论分析方法：
在风荷载作用下,结构胶变形复杂,是非线性的,很难确定它的拉伸或压缩变形所引起的玻璃测点的变形值,受到结构胶变形的影响,幕墙玻璃的实际的边界条件也是复杂的,是有一定的弹性变形的。由此,本文把四边弹性支承作为幕墙玻璃的边界条件,以薄板小挠度弯曲理论为理论基础,引入弯曲矩形板动力问题理论,求解四边弹性支承幕墙玻璃的边界条件,分析幕墙玻璃的风致效应,从而,推导出符合实际幕墙玻璃的边界条件,并提出新的幕墙玻璃效应的计算和分析方法。
Several heliostats appeared wind-induced local failure in our country. Therefore, we need to do some theoretical and experimental reasearch on wind resistance design of helioststs in order tosatisfying the reliability of heliostats. By studing, we can get wind load parameters, propose realistic calculation methods of wind-induced response and develop design criterias in line with our national standards. Our group participated wind resisitence performance analysis on heliostats of Asia's first MW-class solar tower thermal power stations. A series of research work have been done and the following findings have been completed.
(1)Proposing some methods for determining wind loads on heliostats:
By wind tunnel model testing, theoretical analysis and numerical simulation, we have obtained wind pressure distribution characteristics, propoesd wind load formulas of heliostats, completed depth analysis of these formulas'parameters and obtained characteristics of whole force of heliostats in different wind directions. And then, we studied characteristics of fluctuating wind pressure and caculated equivalent wind loads by using GBJ method, multi-modal force method and time-domain analysis method. Through these analysis, we obtained wind-resistant design parameters of heliostats
(2)Seting up calculation methods on wind effect of heliostats:
Taking the model of a heliostat in wind tunnel as example, the paper derives formulae for spatial wind-induced dynamic response of heliostat using Davenport wind spectrum. The paper presents empirical expressions of power spectrum density on the mirror surface of the heliostat by testing heliostat model in a wind tunnel. It is verified by an example that the accuracy of the power spectrum density of fitting is acceptable and it provides the reference basis for the structure wind-resistance design.
(3)Solving key issues on wind resisitence design of heliostats:
By wind tunnel model testing, theoretical analysis and numerical simulation, we studied the influence of mirror panels gap on wind loads, wind pressure distribution, dynamic characteristics and wind-induced response of heliostats. And then, we studied favorably wind-resistant park profile of heliostats. At last, we completed dynamic optimization design of heliostats. A mathematical optimization model was set up to minimize volume of steel of heliostats. Some optimization measures were proposed.
The damage of curtain walls would occur frequently affected by wind loads. We built test equipments for wind effect analysis of curtain walls and completed the reasearch of wind-induced deflection and stress of curtain walls. At last, we raised calculation methods of dynamic effects of curtain walls. A series of research work have been done and the following findings have been completed.
(1)Proposing a new analysis method on wind effect of curtain walls
Through experiments, we studied wind-induced stress of glass panels and wind-induced deflection of curtain wall frames and glass panels. And then, we studied tensile deformation of window locks of curtain walls under negative wind pressure. We compared wind-induced stress of windward side and leeward side of curtain walls, compared wind-induced stress of measuring points at different positions of glass panels and compared wind-induced stress of open glass panels and closed glass panels. At last, we proposed a new analysis method on wind effect of helioststs.
(2)Proposing a new calculation method of wind effects of glass panels of curtain walls:
Based on small-deflection thin plate flexure theory, we studied dynamic displacement theory of rectangular thin plate. And we assumed that glass panels under dynamic loads were simple propping rectangular plates under uniform harmonic loads. By calculating and studying, this assumption is consistent with the actual wind effects of glass panels of curtain walls.
(1)提出了定日镜结构风荷载的确定方法：
通过对于定日镜的风洞模型试验、理论分析和数值模拟研究,获得了定日镜风压分布的规律和特征,确定定日镜结构的风荷载及计算公式,并对公式中的参数取值进行了深入分析,研究了定日镜结构的脉动风压特性,将惯性风荷载法、多阶模态力法和时域分析法引入到等效风荷载的计算中,为定日镜的抗风设计提供了基本的风荷载参数。
(2)建立了定日镜结构风致响应的计算方法：
在风洞试验、数值模拟研究的基础上,对定日镜风致风振位移响应进行频域分析,基于Davenport谱推导了顺风向风致响应公式,并通过风洞试验数据拟合脉动风压归一化自谱,计算了风致响应,并用时域计算结果进行验证,建立了定日镜风振位移的简化计算方法和镜面板挠度变形的分析计算方法。
(3)解决定日镜抗风的关键问题：
在风洞试验、数值模拟研究的基础上,对镜面板开缝时的状况进行了研究,分析五种分隔缝宽度对定日镜受力、镜面板风压分布、结构动力特性和风致响应的影响。通过分析给出定日镜结构有利于抗风的停放姿态,供定日镜使用时采用。进行了定日镜结构动力优化研究,通过建立结构优化数学模型,进行了定日镜用钢量极小化的优化分析,提出了优化措施。
幕墙玻璃风致损坏现象在国内外时有发生,本文通过构建玻璃幕墙风效应的试验装置,进行了幕墙结构的风压挠度分析和幕墙玻璃的风致应力分析,提出了玻璃幕墙风效应的计算和分析方法。取得了以下的研究成果：
(1)提出了新的幕墙风致响应分析方法：
通过试验,对幕墙框架挠度变形、不可开启玻璃面板挠度变形、可开启玻璃面板挠度变形、玻璃面板风致应力等分别进行了研究,分析了负压作用下的窗锁的拉伸变形,对比研究了中空幕墙玻璃迎风面应力和背风面应力,分析了玻璃面板不同位置点处的应力,对比分析了不可开启玻璃幕墙面板应力和可开启玻璃幕墙面板应力,通过对挠度变形和风致应力的一系列综合研究,进而提出了新的玻璃幕墙风致响应的分析方法。
(2)提出了新的玻璃幕墙风效应的理论分析方法：
在风荷载作用下,结构胶变形复杂,是非线性的,很难确定它的拉伸或压缩变形所引起的玻璃测点的变形值,受到结构胶变形的影响,幕墙玻璃的实际的边界条件也是复杂的,是有一定的弹性变形的。由此,本文把四边弹性支承作为幕墙玻璃的边界条件,以薄板小挠度弯曲理论为理论基础,引入弯曲矩形板动力问题理论,求解四边弹性支承幕墙玻璃的边界条件,分析幕墙玻璃的风致效应,从而,推导出符合实际幕墙玻璃的边界条件,并提出新的幕墙玻璃效应的计算和分析方法。
Several heliostats appeared wind-induced local failure in our country. Therefore, we need to do some theoretical and experimental reasearch on wind resistance design of helioststs in order tosatisfying the reliability of heliostats. By studing, we can get wind load parameters, propose realistic calculation methods of wind-induced response and develop design criterias in line with our national standards. Our group participated wind resisitence performance analysis on heliostats of Asia's first MW-class solar tower thermal power stations. A series of research work have been done and the following findings have been completed.
(1)Proposing some methods for determining wind loads on heliostats:
By wind tunnel model testing, theoretical analysis and numerical simulation, we have obtained wind pressure distribution characteristics, propoesd wind load formulas of heliostats, completed depth analysis of these formulas'parameters and obtained characteristics of whole force of heliostats in different wind directions. And then, we studied characteristics of fluctuating wind pressure and caculated equivalent wind loads by using GBJ method, multi-modal force method and time-domain analysis method. Through these analysis, we obtained wind-resistant design parameters of heliostats
(2)Seting up calculation methods on wind effect of heliostats:
Taking the model of a heliostat in wind tunnel as example, the paper derives formulae for spatial wind-induced dynamic response of heliostat using Davenport wind spectrum. The paper presents empirical expressions of power spectrum density on the mirror surface of the heliostat by testing heliostat model in a wind tunnel. It is verified by an example that the accuracy of the power spectrum density of fitting is acceptable and it provides the reference basis for the structure wind-resistance design.
(3)Solving key issues on wind resisitence design of heliostats:
By wind tunnel model testing, theoretical analysis and numerical simulation, we studied the influence of mirror panels gap on wind loads, wind pressure distribution, dynamic characteristics and wind-induced response of heliostats. And then, we studied favorably wind-resistant park profile of heliostats. At last, we completed dynamic optimization design of heliostats. A mathematical optimization model was set up to minimize volume of steel of heliostats. Some optimization measures were proposed.
The damage of curtain walls would occur frequently affected by wind loads. We built test equipments for wind effect analysis of curtain walls and completed the reasearch of wind-induced deflection and stress of curtain walls. At last, we raised calculation methods of dynamic effects of curtain walls. A series of research work have been done and the following findings have been completed.
(1)Proposing a new analysis method on wind effect of curtain walls
Through experiments, we studied wind-induced stress of glass panels and wind-induced deflection of curtain wall frames and glass panels. And then, we studied tensile deformation of window locks of curtain walls under negative wind pressure. We compared wind-induced stress of windward side and leeward side of curtain walls, compared wind-induced stress of measuring points at different positions of glass panels and compared wind-induced stress of open glass panels and closed glass panels. At last, we proposed a new analysis method on wind effect of helioststs.
(2)Proposing a new calculation method of wind effects of glass panels of curtain walls:
Based on small-deflection thin plate flexure theory, we studied dynamic displacement theory of rectangular thin plate. And we assumed that glass panels under dynamic loads were simple propping rectangular plates under uniform harmonic loads. By calculating and studying, this assumption is consistent with the actual wind effects of glass panels of curtain walls.
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