客家土楼风荷载特性风洞实验研究
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摘要
客家土楼地处东南沿海省份,分布数量繁多,近年来随着生产与建设的发展,全球气候的变化,屡次遭受台风破坏,且大多源于屋盖结构的破坏,其主要原因是屋檐悬挑过大,极易导致屋盖上下表面形成“上吸下顶”的叠加效应;但目前为止对风作用下屋檐的风荷载特性影响研究为数不多,加之其独特的体型结构,很难用现有规范给出的单体建筑体型系数去近似,且我国《建筑结构荷载规范》没有对结构上、下表面体型系数做相应的规定,同时现代的计算机风场模拟技术也很难完全准确的模拟土楼建筑这种低矮异型结构的风场,因此风洞实验显得势在必行。
本文首先确定研究对象,进行实地调研,了解客家土楼的结构特点和地理环境情况,确定原型并对原型尺寸稍加修改使之更具有普遍性和代表性以建立单体模型,完成风洞实验,得到其风荷载特性。同时完成相应的数值模拟,通过数值模拟与风洞实验结果对比,分析表明数值模拟结果可信,将CFD数值模拟技术用在研究客家土楼屋盖风荷载特性上可行。收集近年来国内外在低矮建筑风荷载特性方面的研究资料,分析低矮建筑屋面的风荷载特性及风致破坏机理,并对影响低矮建筑风压分布特性的诸多因素进行了较全面的归纳和分析以确定土楼模型的相关变化参数,完成相应的数值模拟计算,以对风洞实验结果形成有力补充。
通过对风洞实验和数值模拟结果对比分析,得到单体圆楼(方楼)屋面风荷载随屋面坡度与高径比(高宽比)的变化的变化规律,并总结出相应屋面分区的体型系数以供设计参考。
Hakka Earth Buildings lie in the southeast of Fujian province and have wide distribution. In recent years, with the development of production and construction and the change of global climate, the Earth Buildings often suffered from typhoons because of the long pick eave which can induce the synergistic effect of wind on the roof. So far there are not enough researches about wind load characteristics on the eaves yet. For the unique shape, it is difficult to get the shape coefficients of upper and lower surfaces using the existing standard, so the wind tunnel experiments appear imperative.
Firstly,this paper did some practical research to access the feature of structure and geographical environment of the Hakka Earth Building. Do a little revision to make the prototype has more universal and representative , then adopts the method of wind tunnel experiments and numerical simulation to get the wind load characteristics of that prototype. Through comparing the numerical simulation and experimental results, we can find that numerical simulation is credible. Therefore numerical simulation result is credible, and it is feasible to take CFD simulation technology used in the study of Hakka Earth Building wind load characteristics. This paper collect wind load characteristics research materials of low buildings at home and abroad in recent years, analysis wind load characteristics and wind-induced failure mechanism of low building’s roof, do a comprehensive summary and analysis to the many factors affect low air pressure distribution characteristics, complete the corresponding numerical simulation, and forms strong added to the results of wind tunnel experiments.
This paper got the roofing wind load of monomer round Earth Building (square Earth Building) changes with the roof pitch and ratio of height to diameter (height-width ratio), and summarize the shape coefficient of corresponding roofing zone for reference in design.
本文首先确定研究对象,进行实地调研,了解客家土楼的结构特点和地理环境情况,确定原型并对原型尺寸稍加修改使之更具有普遍性和代表性以建立单体模型,完成风洞实验,得到其风荷载特性。同时完成相应的数值模拟,通过数值模拟与风洞实验结果对比,分析表明数值模拟结果可信,将CFD数值模拟技术用在研究客家土楼屋盖风荷载特性上可行。收集近年来国内外在低矮建筑风荷载特性方面的研究资料,分析低矮建筑屋面的风荷载特性及风致破坏机理,并对影响低矮建筑风压分布特性的诸多因素进行了较全面的归纳和分析以确定土楼模型的相关变化参数,完成相应的数值模拟计算,以对风洞实验结果形成有力补充。
通过对风洞实验和数值模拟结果对比分析,得到单体圆楼(方楼)屋面风荷载随屋面坡度与高径比(高宽比)的变化的变化规律,并总结出相应屋面分区的体型系数以供设计参考。
Hakka Earth Buildings lie in the southeast of Fujian province and have wide distribution. In recent years, with the development of production and construction and the change of global climate, the Earth Buildings often suffered from typhoons because of the long pick eave which can induce the synergistic effect of wind on the roof. So far there are not enough researches about wind load characteristics on the eaves yet. For the unique shape, it is difficult to get the shape coefficients of upper and lower surfaces using the existing standard, so the wind tunnel experiments appear imperative.
Firstly,this paper did some practical research to access the feature of structure and geographical environment of the Hakka Earth Building. Do a little revision to make the prototype has more universal and representative , then adopts the method of wind tunnel experiments and numerical simulation to get the wind load characteristics of that prototype. Through comparing the numerical simulation and experimental results, we can find that numerical simulation is credible. Therefore numerical simulation result is credible, and it is feasible to take CFD simulation technology used in the study of Hakka Earth Building wind load characteristics. This paper collect wind load characteristics research materials of low buildings at home and abroad in recent years, analysis wind load characteristics and wind-induced failure mechanism of low building’s roof, do a comprehensive summary and analysis to the many factors affect low air pressure distribution characteristics, complete the corresponding numerical simulation, and forms strong added to the results of wind tunnel experiments.
This paper got the roofing wind load of monomer round Earth Building (square Earth Building) changes with the roof pitch and ratio of height to diameter (height-width ratio), and summarize the shape coefficient of corresponding roofing zone for reference in design.
引文
[1]黄汉民.福建土楼[J].中国历史文物,2002,(1):77-78.
[2]李正农,宫博,卢春玲等.低矮建筑物的抗风研究现状[J].自然灾害学报,2007, 16(6):115-121.
[3]万科-土楼计划.中国[J].世界建筑,2007,206(8):64-73
[4] Krishna.P. Windloads.on.lowrise buildings-Areview[J]. .J.Wind.Eng.Inc.Aeredyn,1995,54/55:383-396
[5] Gerhadt H J,Kramer C. Effect of building geometry on roof wind loading[J]. Journal of wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics,1992,43(3) :1717-1726
[6] Meacham D.The inprove performance of hip roofs in extreme wind-A case study [J].Journal of wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics,1994,52:249-261
[7] Stathopoulos T,Luchian H.Wind-induced forces on eaves of low building. [J].Ioural of wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics,1994,52:249-261
[8] Franchin S,Pindado S.Aparametric experimental analysis of conical vortices on curvedroofs of low-rise buildings[J]. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynam-ics,2005,93:639-650.
[9]张维,汤广发,风对建筑绕流流动的数值方法[J].空气动力学学报,1990,8(4): 437-444.
[10]方正,李炜.建筑物风场及净力风压的二维数值模拟[J].应用基础与工程科学学报,1997,,5(4):418-423
[11]陈水福,吕少琳.层双坡房屋屋面风荷载的数值研究[J].浙江大学学报(工学版),2006,40(10),1738-1742
[12]陈水福,焦燏烽.低层四坡屋面房屋风特性及相互干扰的数值模拟[D].浙江大学硕士学位论文.2005
[13]陈水福,吕少琳.低层双坡屋面房屋屋面风荷载影响因素的数值模拟[D].浙江大学硕士学位论文.2006
[14]孙晓颖,武岳,林斌,沈世钊.鞍型屋盖平均风压分布特性的数值模拟研究[J].工程力学,2006,23(10):7-14
[15]彭兴黔.基于气动措施的低矮房屋抗风设计[D].同济大学博士学位论文,2006
[16]贾勇.主动开洞对门式钢架结构风荷载的影响[D]华侨大学硕士论文,2007
[17]张松,彭兴黔,贾勇.几种实体女儿墙对低矮房屋平面屋顶风荷载的影响[J].福州大学学报,2006,34(3):405-409
[18]建筑结构荷载规范[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社. 2005
[19]黄本才.结构抗风分析原理及应用[M].上海:同济大学出版社,2001
[20] Davenport.A.G. The Relationship of Wind Struture to Wind Loading.[J] Vol.1.Nationl Ph-ysical Laboratory.Teddington.U.K.,Her Majesty’s Stionery Office.London.1965,53-102.
[21] Richard P J.Hoxey R P. Wind pressures on a6m cube,Jouanal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics[J]. 2001,89,1553-1564
[22]埃米尔·希缪,罗伯特·斯坎伦著,刘尚培,项海帆,谢籍明译.风对结构的作用.第二版,同济大学出版社,1992
[23] Hellman.G. Uber die Bewegung der Luft in den untersten Schichten der Atmosphar Meteorol.[J] Z.,34(1916) 273-277
[24] Eurocode 1.Basis of design and actions on structures-Part-4:Action on structures-Wind action[S]. European Prestandard ENV 1991-2-4,1995.
[25] Simiu E.. Logarithmic Profiles and Design Wind Speeds.[J]. Eng.Mech.Div.,ASCE,99,No.EM5,proc,Paper 10100(Oct.1973),1073-1073.
[26] Wind tunnel studies of buildings and structures, ASCE manuals and reports on engineering practice No.67, Task committee on wind tunnel testing of buildings and structures [M]. Aerodynamics committee aerospace division, American society of Civil Engineers, 1999.
[27]黄汉民.福建土楼[M].北京:三联书店,2003
[28]郑丰稔.龙岩县志[M].福建:福建省地图出版社. 2003
[29]黄鹏,顾明.风洞中模拟大气边界层流场的方法研究[J].同济大学学报,Vol,27,No.2,1999.
[30] S. Senthooran,Dong-Dae Lee,S. Parameswaran. A computational model to calculate the fl-ow -induced pressure fluctuations on buildings[J]. Journal of Wind Engineeringand Indu -strial Aerodynamics,2004, 92(13):1131-1145
[31]徐刚.客家土楼风荷载特性及抗风措施研究[D]华侨大学硕士论文. 2010
[32] M.Gluck ,M.Breuer,F.Durst,A.Halfmann,E.Rank. Computation of fluid-structure interaction on light weight structures[J] .Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics. 2001,89:1351-1368
[33]日本建筑学会对建筑物荷载的建议—关于风荷载的条文和注解[S]. 1996.
[34] Koikekoi H. Evolution of CFD software from academic code to practical engineering software[J]. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics,1999,81:41-55.
[35]杨伟.基于RANS的结构风荷载和响应的数值模拟研究[D].同济大学博士学位论文,2004
[36]孙晓颖,武岳,林斌,沈世钊.土木工程CFD数值模拟中的参数设置[A].第七届风工程和工业空气动力学学术会议论文集[C].成都,2006,558一563
[37]付国宏.低层房屋中风荷载特性及抗台风设计研究[D].浙江大学博士学位论文,2002
[38]张相庭.工程抗风设计计算手册[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1998
[39]王东耀.低层房屋风荷载及抗风措施研究[D].浙江大学硕士学位论文,2007
[40]陶永莉.沿海地区轻钢仓库围护结构风灾调研及风荷载数值模拟[D].北京交通大学硕士学位论文,2008
[41]焦燏烽.低层四坡屋面房屋风特性及相互干扰的数值模拟究[D].浙江大学硕士学位论文,2005
[42]吴小平.低层房屋风雨作用效用的数值研究[D].浙江大学硕士学位论文,2008
[43]胡大新.永定客家土楼研究[M].北京:中央文献出版社,2006
[44]陈景仁.湍流模型及有限分析法[M] .上海:上海交通大学出版社,1989
[45] Paulo J.Oliveira, Bassam A.Younis. On the prediction of turbulent flows around full-scale buildings [J]. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics,2000,86:203-220
[2]李正农,宫博,卢春玲等.低矮建筑物的抗风研究现状[J].自然灾害学报,2007, 16(6):115-121.
[3]万科-土楼计划.中国[J].世界建筑,2007,206(8):64-73
[4] Krishna.P. Windloads.on.lowrise buildings-Areview[J]. .J.Wind.Eng.Inc.Aeredyn,1995,54/55:383-396
[5] Gerhadt H J,Kramer C. Effect of building geometry on roof wind loading[J]. Journal of wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics,1992,43(3) :1717-1726
[6] Meacham D.The inprove performance of hip roofs in extreme wind-A case study [J].Journal of wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics,1994,52:249-261
[7] Stathopoulos T,Luchian H.Wind-induced forces on eaves of low building. [J].Ioural of wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics,1994,52:249-261
[8] Franchin S,Pindado S.Aparametric experimental analysis of conical vortices on curvedroofs of low-rise buildings[J]. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynam-ics,2005,93:639-650.
[9]张维,汤广发,风对建筑绕流流动的数值方法[J].空气动力学学报,1990,8(4): 437-444.
[10]方正,李炜.建筑物风场及净力风压的二维数值模拟[J].应用基础与工程科学学报,1997,,5(4):418-423
[11]陈水福,吕少琳.层双坡房屋屋面风荷载的数值研究[J].浙江大学学报(工学版),2006,40(10),1738-1742
[12]陈水福,焦燏烽.低层四坡屋面房屋风特性及相互干扰的数值模拟[D].浙江大学硕士学位论文.2005
[13]陈水福,吕少琳.低层双坡屋面房屋屋面风荷载影响因素的数值模拟[D].浙江大学硕士学位论文.2006
[14]孙晓颖,武岳,林斌,沈世钊.鞍型屋盖平均风压分布特性的数值模拟研究[J].工程力学,2006,23(10):7-14
[15]彭兴黔.基于气动措施的低矮房屋抗风设计[D].同济大学博士学位论文,2006
[16]贾勇.主动开洞对门式钢架结构风荷载的影响[D]华侨大学硕士论文,2007
[17]张松,彭兴黔,贾勇.几种实体女儿墙对低矮房屋平面屋顶风荷载的影响[J].福州大学学报,2006,34(3):405-409
[18]建筑结构荷载规范[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社. 2005
[19]黄本才.结构抗风分析原理及应用[M].上海:同济大学出版社,2001
[20] Davenport.A.G. The Relationship of Wind Struture to Wind Loading.[J] Vol.1.Nationl Ph-ysical Laboratory.Teddington.U.K.,Her Majesty’s Stionery Office.London.1965,53-102.
[21] Richard P J.Hoxey R P. Wind pressures on a6m cube,Jouanal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics[J]. 2001,89,1553-1564
[22]埃米尔·希缪,罗伯特·斯坎伦著,刘尚培,项海帆,谢籍明译.风对结构的作用.第二版,同济大学出版社,1992
[23] Hellman.G. Uber die Bewegung der Luft in den untersten Schichten der Atmosphar Meteorol.[J] Z.,34(1916) 273-277
[24] Eurocode 1.Basis of design and actions on structures-Part-4:Action on structures-Wind action[S]. European Prestandard ENV 1991-2-4,1995.
[25] Simiu E.. Logarithmic Profiles and Design Wind Speeds.[J]. Eng.Mech.Div.,ASCE,99,No.EM5,proc,Paper 10100(Oct.1973),1073-1073.
[26] Wind tunnel studies of buildings and structures, ASCE manuals and reports on engineering practice No.67, Task committee on wind tunnel testing of buildings and structures [M]. Aerodynamics committee aerospace division, American society of Civil Engineers, 1999.
[27]黄汉民.福建土楼[M].北京:三联书店,2003
[28]郑丰稔.龙岩县志[M].福建:福建省地图出版社. 2003
[29]黄鹏,顾明.风洞中模拟大气边界层流场的方法研究[J].同济大学学报,Vol,27,No.2,1999.
[30] S. Senthooran,Dong-Dae Lee,S. Parameswaran. A computational model to calculate the fl-ow -induced pressure fluctuations on buildings[J]. Journal of Wind Engineeringand Indu -strial Aerodynamics,2004, 92(13):1131-1145
[31]徐刚.客家土楼风荷载特性及抗风措施研究[D]华侨大学硕士论文. 2010
[32] M.Gluck ,M.Breuer,F.Durst,A.Halfmann,E.Rank. Computation of fluid-structure interaction on light weight structures[J] .Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics. 2001,89:1351-1368
[33]日本建筑学会对建筑物荷载的建议—关于风荷载的条文和注解[S]. 1996.
[34] Koikekoi H. Evolution of CFD software from academic code to practical engineering software[J]. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics,1999,81:41-55.
[35]杨伟.基于RANS的结构风荷载和响应的数值模拟研究[D].同济大学博士学位论文,2004
[36]孙晓颖,武岳,林斌,沈世钊.土木工程CFD数值模拟中的参数设置[A].第七届风工程和工业空气动力学学术会议论文集[C].成都,2006,558一563
[37]付国宏.低层房屋中风荷载特性及抗台风设计研究[D].浙江大学博士学位论文,2002
[38]张相庭.工程抗风设计计算手册[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1998
[39]王东耀.低层房屋风荷载及抗风措施研究[D].浙江大学硕士学位论文,2007
[40]陶永莉.沿海地区轻钢仓库围护结构风灾调研及风荷载数值模拟[D].北京交通大学硕士学位论文,2008
[41]焦燏烽.低层四坡屋面房屋风特性及相互干扰的数值模拟究[D].浙江大学硕士学位论文,2005
[42]吴小平.低层房屋风雨作用效用的数值研究[D].浙江大学硕士学位论文,2008
[43]胡大新.永定客家土楼研究[M].北京:中央文献出版社,2006
[44]陈景仁.湍流模型及有限分析法[M] .上海:上海交通大学出版社,1989
[45] Paulo J.Oliveira, Bassam A.Younis. On the prediction of turbulent flows around full-scale buildings [J]. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics,2000,86:203-220