科学技术在生产力构成中的作用
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摘要
生产力与生产关系之间矛盾运动是社会发展的逻辑主线，而生产力在其中是第一位的因素。在知识经济时代，生产力系统是多种因素在一定关联方式下形成的多面体，劳动者、劳动资料、劳动对象是生产力系统的基层实体性因素；科技成为贯穿于生产力系统各个方面的重要渗透性要素；资本和管理分别构成了系统中的引导性和运筹性要素。
以邓小平为首的中共第二代领导集体在知识经济初见端倪与世界科技革命飞速发展的背景下，敏锐把握时代脉搏，创造性地提出了“科学技术是第一生产力”的鲜明论断，实现了知识经济时代马克思主义科技生产力理论的飞跃。以江泽民为核心的第三代领导集体对此进行了进一步的深化和开拓，提出了科学技术是先进生产力的集中体现和主要标志的重要论断，标志着知识经济时代马克思主义科技生产力思想走向成熟。
知识经济时代，科学技术作为第一生产力的推动作用是通过它对生产力系统中其他要素的渗透和驱动得以实现的。首先，随着科技的不断发展，劳动者能力中体力的方面所占重要性不断下降，而智力方面重要性逐渐上升。其次，在知识经济时代，劳动资料和生产工具在科技因素的渗透和改造下已经发生了天翻地覆的变化。第三，在科学技术要素的不断渗透和改造下，劳动对象不断的丰富化，同时素质和功能越来越高。第四，科技对资本要素效益发挥的影响体现的越来越明显。资本要素的投入必须与科技进步紧密结合在一起，才能使资本在运作中获得更大活力。第五，科技创新对管理活动的推动和挑战越来越明显，这种渗透体现为管理活动的信息化、组织结构柔性化、企业界限模糊化和重视知识管理四个方面。
当前知识经济浪潮为我国现代化进程提供了宝贵的历史机遇。要以知识经济为契机，实现生产力跨越式发展，必须在以下几方面采取努力。首先，必须把技术创新作为经济增长方式转变的基本动力。其次，从引进设备技术为主向自主创新为主转移。第三，研发活动应由政府投入为主转移到企业投入为主。第四，加速科技成果转化，提高科技成果实用性。第五，完善知识产权体系，发展风险投资，为科技发展创造良性制度环境。第六，建立开放的人才管理体制，解决人才短缺问题。
The contradictive movement between the relation of productive power and productive relationsconstitutes the logical mainline of social developement., with the former being the primary factor. In an era of knowledge economy, the system of productive power is a multi-entity effected by certain combination of many factors. The laboror, labor materials and labor object make the basic substantive factor of this system.; and science and technology becomesan important permeating factor running through the various sides of the system; capital and management constitute the directive managing factor thereof.
The second generation of the CCP leading circle headed by Dengxiaoping, sensitively grasping the theme of the time, when knowledge economy makes its first appearance under the background of the rapid developement of the worldwide revolution of science and tecknology., constructively put forth the distinctive statement that "science and technology constitutes the primary productive power", and effected a leap of the Maxist theory of productive power of science and tecknology in the era of knowledge economy. The third generation of the leading circle headed by Jiangzemin further opened and deepened the area, putting forward the vital statement that science and technology is the centralized representative and tne main symbol of advanced productive power, thus symbolizing the maturing of the contemporary Maxist theory of productive power in science and technology.
In the time of knowledge economy, the driving force of science and technology as the primary productive power is realized through its permeating and driving the other elements of the system of the productive power. Firstly, with the consecutive development of science and technology, the physical power among the laboring powers of the labors is growingly decreasing in importance, while the importance of mentality is progressively increasing. Secondly, great changes have taken place in laboring materials and production equipments as the result of the remolding and permeation of science and technology factors. Thirdly, under the same influence, the laboring objects have become
more enriched, with their quality and functions becoming higher and higher. Fourthly, the imfluence of science and technology upon the efficiency of capital factors is becoming growingly obvious. The factors of capital get their vitality in their movement only when thier imput are closely associated with the progreeions in science and technology. Lastly, scientific innovations are rendering obvious challenge and impetus to management, with the management information processed, the institutional structure delicated, the business boundary obscure and knowledge management emphasized.
The present wave of knowledge economy is rendering a precious historical chance to China's modernizations. To seize this chance, and to achieve a surmounting of a development, we must stride in the following fields: Firstly, we must regard scientific innovation as the main impetus of the style of economic increase. Secondly, achieve the transformation from the emphasis on equipment import to the emphasis on initiative innovation. Tirdly, the investment on R&D must be made mainly by enterprises rather than the government. Fourthly, speed up the transformation of scientific achievements, and improve its efficiency. Fifthly, improve the intellectual property system, and develop risk investments, thus rendering a good institutional surrounding to the scientific developement. Lasty, establish an open talent management system in oder to meet the need of talents.
以邓小平为首的中共第二代领导集体在知识经济初见端倪与世界科技革命飞速发展的背景下，敏锐把握时代脉搏，创造性地提出了“科学技术是第一生产力”的鲜明论断，实现了知识经济时代马克思主义科技生产力理论的飞跃。以江泽民为核心的第三代领导集体对此进行了进一步的深化和开拓，提出了科学技术是先进生产力的集中体现和主要标志的重要论断，标志着知识经济时代马克思主义科技生产力思想走向成熟。
知识经济时代，科学技术作为第一生产力的推动作用是通过它对生产力系统中其他要素的渗透和驱动得以实现的。首先，随着科技的不断发展，劳动者能力中体力的方面所占重要性不断下降，而智力方面重要性逐渐上升。其次，在知识经济时代，劳动资料和生产工具在科技因素的渗透和改造下已经发生了天翻地覆的变化。第三，在科学技术要素的不断渗透和改造下，劳动对象不断的丰富化，同时素质和功能越来越高。第四，科技对资本要素效益发挥的影响体现的越来越明显。资本要素的投入必须与科技进步紧密结合在一起，才能使资本在运作中获得更大活力。第五，科技创新对管理活动的推动和挑战越来越明显，这种渗透体现为管理活动的信息化、组织结构柔性化、企业界限模糊化和重视知识管理四个方面。
当前知识经济浪潮为我国现代化进程提供了宝贵的历史机遇。要以知识经济为契机，实现生产力跨越式发展，必须在以下几方面采取努力。首先，必须把技术创新作为经济增长方式转变的基本动力。其次，从引进设备技术为主向自主创新为主转移。第三，研发活动应由政府投入为主转移到企业投入为主。第四，加速科技成果转化，提高科技成果实用性。第五，完善知识产权体系，发展风险投资，为科技发展创造良性制度环境。第六，建立开放的人才管理体制，解决人才短缺问题。
The contradictive movement between the relation of productive power and productive relationsconstitutes the logical mainline of social developement., with the former being the primary factor. In an era of knowledge economy, the system of productive power is a multi-entity effected by certain combination of many factors. The laboror, labor materials and labor object make the basic substantive factor of this system.; and science and technology becomesan important permeating factor running through the various sides of the system; capital and management constitute the directive managing factor thereof.
The second generation of the CCP leading circle headed by Dengxiaoping, sensitively grasping the theme of the time, when knowledge economy makes its first appearance under the background of the rapid developement of the worldwide revolution of science and tecknology., constructively put forth the distinctive statement that "science and technology constitutes the primary productive power", and effected a leap of the Maxist theory of productive power of science and tecknology in the era of knowledge economy. The third generation of the leading circle headed by Jiangzemin further opened and deepened the area, putting forward the vital statement that science and technology is the centralized representative and tne main symbol of advanced productive power, thus symbolizing the maturing of the contemporary Maxist theory of productive power in science and technology.
In the time of knowledge economy, the driving force of science and technology as the primary productive power is realized through its permeating and driving the other elements of the system of the productive power. Firstly, with the consecutive development of science and technology, the physical power among the laboring powers of the labors is growingly decreasing in importance, while the importance of mentality is progressively increasing. Secondly, great changes have taken place in laboring materials and production equipments as the result of the remolding and permeation of science and technology factors. Thirdly, under the same influence, the laboring objects have become
more enriched, with their quality and functions becoming higher and higher. Fourthly, the imfluence of science and technology upon the efficiency of capital factors is becoming growingly obvious. The factors of capital get their vitality in their movement only when thier imput are closely associated with the progreeions in science and technology. Lastly, scientific innovations are rendering obvious challenge and impetus to management, with the management information processed, the institutional structure delicated, the business boundary obscure and knowledge management emphasized.
The present wave of knowledge economy is rendering a precious historical chance to China's modernizations. To seize this chance, and to achieve a surmounting of a development, we must stride in the following fields: Firstly, we must regard scientific innovation as the main impetus of the style of economic increase. Secondly, achieve the transformation from the emphasis on equipment import to the emphasis on initiative innovation. Tirdly, the investment on R&D must be made mainly by enterprises rather than the government. Fourthly, speed up the transformation of scientific achievements, and improve its efficiency. Fifthly, improve the intellectual property system, and develop risk investments, thus rendering a good institutional surrounding to the scientific developement. Lasty, establish an open talent management system in oder to meet the need of talents.
引文
1．《马克思恩格斯选集》，第1—4卷，北京：人民出版社，1972
2．《马克思恩格斯全集》，第23卷，北京；人民出版社，1972
3．《马克思恩格斯全集》，第25卷，北京：人民出版社，1974
4．《马克思恩格斯全集》，第47卷，北京：人民出版社，1979
5．《马克思恩格斯全集》，第12卷，北京：人民出版社，1962
6．《列宁全集》，第3卷，北京：人民出版社，1984
7．《列宁全集》，第20巷，北京：人民出版社，1985
8．《毛泽东选集》，北京：人民出版社，1966
9．《邓小平文选》，北京：人民出版社，1983
10．中共中央文献研究室：《新时期科学技术工作重要文献选编》，北京：中央文献出版社，1995
11．贝尔：《后工业社会的来临》，北京：商务印书馆，1986
12．潘球主编：《邓小平科学技术思想研究》，南宁：广西科学技术出版社，1992
13．陈建新等主编； 《当代中国科学技术发展史》，武汉：湖北教育出版社，1994
14．朱丽兰等编著：《科教兴国——中国迈向21世纪的重大战略决策》，北京：中共中央党校出版社，1995
15．樊期曾：《现代科技革命与未来社会》，北京：中国人民大学出版社，1993
16．管家栋主编：《科学技术是第一生产力十讲》，上海：上海人民出版社，1993
17．项启源：《马克思主义经济理论与社会主义》，重庆；重庆出版社，1991
18．谷书堂：《社会主义经济学导论》，上海：上海人民出版社，1989
19．潘培新等编：《信息社会和新科技革命》，北京：世界知识出版社，1988
20．王庶洋：《科学技术是第一生产力》上海人民出版社，1994
21．李庆臻：《第一生产力论》，济南：山东人民出版社，1993
22．李明德：《美国科学技术的政策、组织和管理》，北京轻工业出版社，1984
23．雷掳森：《高技术产业化道路探索》，北京：人民出版社，1995
24．郑左敬：《跨世纪：技术进步与产业发展》，北京：社会科学文献出版社，1995
25．柳郎林：《技术创新经济学》，北京：中国经济出版社，1999
26．国家统计局科技统计司：《中国科学技术四十年》．北京：中国统计出版社，1990
27．安维复：《科技兴国——社会主义命运之所系》，济南：山东人民出版社，1997
28. Ayers, R. U. The Next Industrial Revolution, Cambridge MA: Ballinger, 1984
29. Hamberg, D. Essays on the Economics of Research and Development, New York: random House, 1990
30. Rogers, E. M. Diffusion of Innovation, New York: Free Press, 1997
31. Veblen, T. the Place of Science in Modem Civilization, New York: B. W. Huebsch Inc, 1990
2．《马克思恩格斯全集》，第23卷，北京；人民出版社，1972
3．《马克思恩格斯全集》，第25卷，北京：人民出版社，1974
4．《马克思恩格斯全集》，第47卷，北京：人民出版社，1979
5．《马克思恩格斯全集》，第12卷，北京：人民出版社，1962
6．《列宁全集》，第3卷，北京：人民出版社，1984
7．《列宁全集》，第20巷，北京：人民出版社，1985
8．《毛泽东选集》，北京：人民出版社，1966
9．《邓小平文选》，北京：人民出版社，1983
10．中共中央文献研究室：《新时期科学技术工作重要文献选编》，北京：中央文献出版社，1995
11．贝尔：《后工业社会的来临》，北京：商务印书馆，1986
12．潘球主编：《邓小平科学技术思想研究》，南宁：广西科学技术出版社，1992
13．陈建新等主编； 《当代中国科学技术发展史》，武汉：湖北教育出版社，1994
14．朱丽兰等编著：《科教兴国——中国迈向21世纪的重大战略决策》，北京：中共中央党校出版社，1995
15．樊期曾：《现代科技革命与未来社会》，北京：中国人民大学出版社，1993
16．管家栋主编：《科学技术是第一生产力十讲》，上海：上海人民出版社，1993
17．项启源：《马克思主义经济理论与社会主义》，重庆；重庆出版社，1991
18．谷书堂：《社会主义经济学导论》，上海：上海人民出版社，1989
19．潘培新等编：《信息社会和新科技革命》，北京：世界知识出版社，1988
20．王庶洋：《科学技术是第一生产力》上海人民出版社，1994
21．李庆臻：《第一生产力论》，济南：山东人民出版社，1993
22．李明德：《美国科学技术的政策、组织和管理》，北京轻工业出版社，1984
23．雷掳森：《高技术产业化道路探索》，北京：人民出版社，1995
24．郑左敬：《跨世纪：技术进步与产业发展》，北京：社会科学文献出版社，1995
25．柳郎林：《技术创新经济学》，北京：中国经济出版社，1999
26．国家统计局科技统计司：《中国科学技术四十年》．北京：中国统计出版社，1990
27．安维复：《科技兴国——社会主义命运之所系》，济南：山东人民出版社，1997
28. Ayers, R. U. The Next Industrial Revolution, Cambridge MA: Ballinger, 1984
29. Hamberg, D. Essays on the Economics of Research and Development, New York: random House, 1990
30. Rogers, E. M. Diffusion of Innovation, New York: Free Press, 1997
31. Veblen, T. the Place of Science in Modem Civilization, New York: B. W. Huebsch Inc, 1990