图像处理技术在人眼像差仪中的应用研究
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摘要
波前像差用于指导手术,可极大提高LASIK手术后的视觉质量,在波前像差引导的准分子激光治疗手术过程中,患者眼波前像差的测量至关重要。论文研究了主观式人眼像差仪中像差测量部分,对其中的关键技术——图像处理、瞳孔中心提取、瞳孔中心自动跟踪技术进行深入研究,以达到对瞳孔中心的实时跟踪,确保人眼波前像差测量实时性、准确性。论文主要研究如下:
(1)引入了人眼像差的概念,探索了波前像差产生的原因,并分析了其对视觉质量的影响情况,为像差测量提供了理论依据。
(2)结合主观式人眼像差仪的结构,研究了人眼像差仪的测量原理,并对像差仪的机械部分、电气部分特别是光路部分进行了研究。
(3)研究了主观式人眼像差仪的图像处理关键技术。对人眼瞳孔图像采集、图像处理进行了研究,着重图像灰度处理、灰度变换、二值化处理的各种方法进行研究、分析,选择最适合本像差仪的方法对瞳孔图像进行处理。以期提取瞳孔中心实现跟踪。
(4)研究了像差测量中瞳孔中心自动跟踪的实现技术,从软硬件的角度分别研究了串口通信技术,API编程,对跟踪系统的设计原理,跟踪系统的软件进行了研究。
论文的研究成果已应用于WFA-1000人眼像差仪的控制软件中,取得了良好的效果。论文的最后对主观式像差仪中的相关技术进行了总结和展望。
The use of Wave-front Aberrometer in the corneal ablation surgery had a very important step in LASIK surgery.Wavefront aberration measurement was important in the excimer laser corneal refractive surgery
The paper mainly studied the working principle of a subjective Wave-front Aberrometer,and especially dealed with the key techniques including image processing,extaction of the pupil center and auto-tracking of the pupil center in order to tacking the pupil center and insure the exactness and celerity of the measurement of human eye’s aberration.Main research achievements of this paper are as following:
(1)The concept of wavefront aberration was introduced,The reason which cause the Wave-Front aberrometer was studied,and its causes are described.Which will be helpful in studying the survey on subjective wave-front aberrometer.
(2)The principle of the subjective wave-front aberrometer was discussed and studied according to its structue and analyzed to the machinery composition、electrical composition and specially the path of rays structure.
(3)Researched on the key technique of the subjective wave-front aberrometer, The paper studied of the working principle of the subjective Wave-Front Aberrometer,and especially dealt with image binarization on the image processing, discussed a survey of various existing image then chose the Ostu threshold method. which would be helpful in moving of the stepping motor.
(4)Studied the techniques of tracing pupil's center betimes in the wave-front aberrometer. Had a discussing of serial communication and windowAPI in the view of software and hardware.Researched on the design and software of automatic tracing. The research achievements have been applied in the WFA-1000 subjective Wave-Front Aberrometer and has achieved great clinical results. The summarization and expectation of the relative key techniques in Subjective Wave-Front Aberrometer were also presented.
(1)引入了人眼像差的概念,探索了波前像差产生的原因,并分析了其对视觉质量的影响情况,为像差测量提供了理论依据。
(2)结合主观式人眼像差仪的结构,研究了人眼像差仪的测量原理,并对像差仪的机械部分、电气部分特别是光路部分进行了研究。
(3)研究了主观式人眼像差仪的图像处理关键技术。对人眼瞳孔图像采集、图像处理进行了研究,着重图像灰度处理、灰度变换、二值化处理的各种方法进行研究、分析,选择最适合本像差仪的方法对瞳孔图像进行处理。以期提取瞳孔中心实现跟踪。
(4)研究了像差测量中瞳孔中心自动跟踪的实现技术,从软硬件的角度分别研究了串口通信技术,API编程,对跟踪系统的设计原理,跟踪系统的软件进行了研究。
论文的研究成果已应用于WFA-1000人眼像差仪的控制软件中,取得了良好的效果。论文的最后对主观式像差仪中的相关技术进行了总结和展望。
The use of Wave-front Aberrometer in the corneal ablation surgery had a very important step in LASIK surgery.Wavefront aberration measurement was important in the excimer laser corneal refractive surgery
The paper mainly studied the working principle of a subjective Wave-front Aberrometer,and especially dealed with the key techniques including image processing,extaction of the pupil center and auto-tracking of the pupil center in order to tacking the pupil center and insure the exactness and celerity of the measurement of human eye’s aberration.Main research achievements of this paper are as following:
(1)The concept of wavefront aberration was introduced,The reason which cause the Wave-Front aberrometer was studied,and its causes are described.Which will be helpful in studying the survey on subjective wave-front aberrometer.
(2)The principle of the subjective wave-front aberrometer was discussed and studied according to its structue and analyzed to the machinery composition、electrical composition and specially the path of rays structure.
(3)Researched on the key technique of the subjective wave-front aberrometer, The paper studied of the working principle of the subjective Wave-Front Aberrometer,and especially dealt with image binarization on the image processing, discussed a survey of various existing image then chose the Ostu threshold method. which would be helpful in moving of the stepping motor.
(4)Studied the techniques of tracing pupil's center betimes in the wave-front aberrometer. Had a discussing of serial communication and windowAPI in the view of software and hardware.Researched on the design and software of automatic tracing. The research achievements have been applied in the WFA-1000 subjective Wave-Front Aberrometer and has achieved great clinical results. The summarization and expectation of the relative key techniques in Subjective Wave-Front Aberrometer were also presented.
引文
[1] 陈功,方舸,生物医学工程和现代医疗设备器材的发展与应用[J],医疗装备,2006,7:26～28
[2] 李云花,骆晓玲,CAD/CAM 在过程设备优化中的应用[J],重型机械科技,2006,02:17～19
[3] 斯琴,康仁科,CAD/ CAM 技术在医疗康复中的应用[J],组合机床与自动化加工技术,2004,4:25～26
[4] Lieberman DM, Grierson JW. A mathematical model for laser in situ keratomileusis and photorefractive keratectomy [J]. J Refract Surg, 2000,16:177～18
[5] 刘永琰,周琼,张莉花等,近视患者波前像差的分析[J],江西医学院学报,2006,4:25～26
[6] Mrochen M,Kaemmerer M,Mierdel P,et al. Principles of Tscherning aberrometry [J],J Refract Surg,2000,16(5):570～571
[7] Shack RV,Platt BC,Production and use of a lenticular Hartmann screen [J],J Opt Soc Am A, 1971,61:656
[8] Liang J,Grimm B,Goelz S,Objective measurement of the wave aberrations of the human eye with the use of Hartmann-Shack wavefront sensor [J],J Opt Soc Am A,1994,11(7):1949～1957
[9] T .Y ong,Phil.Trans ,On the mechanism of the eye [J],1991,23:1801
[10] Howard C. Howland ophthalmic wavefront wensing [M],In:Customized Corneal Ablation.Thorofare,2001,36～38
[11] A .Ivanoff,Su rune methode de mesure des aberrations chromatiques C .R.Acad [M],Leur role en vision nocturne,1946,170～172
[12] Smirnov MS,Measurement of the wave aberration of the human eye [J],Biophy,1962,7:776～795
[13] Molebny SV,Sokurenko VM. Retinal ray tracing technique for eye-refraction mapping [J],Proceedings of the SPIE,1997,2971:175～183
[14] He JC,J Opt Soc Am A [A],1998,15:2449.
[15] Babcock H.W,The possibility of astronomical seeing.Pub [J],1953
[16] 张运海,沈建新,胡利刚,LASIK 和 PRK 术中角膜数学建模[J],中国生物医学工程学报, 2003,22(4):289～295
[17] 曹正林,沈建新,廖文和,主观式人眼波前像差仪中图像处理与自动跟踪的研究和实现[J],应用激光,2005,25(6):423～426
[18] 张运海,沈建新,廖文和,准分子激光矫正复性近视散光的屈光学机理及应用[J],光学精密工程,2003,11(3):291～295
[19] 沈建新,周儒荣,宗仁鹤,准分子激光与角膜组织的相互作用及在屈光矫正中应用[J],量子电子学报,2003,20(5):570～575
[20] 胡利刚,周儒荣,廖文和,193nm 准分子激光飞点扫描角膜的研究[J],应用激光,2004,24(3):179～184
[21] 林振能,沈建新,廖文和,小光斑准分子激光切削角膜方式的研究[J],激光杂志,2003,24(2):66～68
[22] 叶寒,沈建新,廖文和,准分子激光屈光矫正系统设计与实现[J],应用激光,2003,23(3):164～166
[23] 沈建新,周儒荣, 廖文和,准分子激光人眼像差矫正系统的研究[J], 中国生物医学工程学报,2003,22(5): 410～417
[24] 张运海,廖文和,沈建新,波前像差引导的激光眼屈光手术中角膜切削模型[J],东南大学学报(自然科学版),2004,34(5):585～588
[25] 沈建新,叶寒,张运海,第二阶 Zernike 多项式与屈光不正的关系及其像差的矫正[J],东南大学学报(医学版),2004,23(1):6～12
[26] 李晓彤,几何光学和光学设计[M],杭州,浙江大学山版社出版,1997:94～128
[27] Huang D,Physics of customized corneal ablation,Scott M,Customized Corneal Ablation [M] . Thorofare,2001:51～62
[28] Applegate RA,Thibors LN,Hilmantel G,Optics of aberroscopy and super vision [M],2001,27:1093～1107
[29] Thibos LN,J Refract Surg,,Wavefront data reporting and terminology [J],2001,17:578～583
[30] Huang D,Physics of customized corneal aberrantion.,customized corneal ablation. Thorofare [M],001:51～62
[31] Applegate RA,Thibos LN,Hilmantel G,Optics of aberrosoopy and super vision [J],J Refract Surg,2001,27:1093～1107
[32] Thibos LN,Applegate RA, Schwiegerling JT,Standards for reporting the optical aberrations of eyes [J],J Refract Surg,2002,18 (5):652～660
[33] Thibos LN,Wavefront data reporting and terminology [J],J Refract Surg,2001,17(5):578～583
[34] 艾立坤,付晶,波前像差的研究进展[J],国外医学眼科学分册,2004,28(2):132
[35] Applegate RA,Sarver EJ,Khemsara V. Are all aberrations equal [J],J Refract Surg,2002,18: 556～562
[36] Applegate RA,Marsack JD,Ramos R,Interaction between aberrations to improve or reduce visual performance [J],J Cataract Refract Surg,2003,29:1487～1495
[37] 郎锐,数字图像处理学——VisualC++实现[M],人民邮电出版社,2003,1
[38] 罗希平 等,“图像分割方法综述”[J],模式识别与人工智能,1999,12(3):301～312
[39] N.R.Pal and S.K.Pal, A Review on Image Segmentation Techiniques [J], Pattern Recognition,1993, 26(9):1277～1294
[40] 吴全,朱兆达,图像处理中灰度级阈值选取方法 30 年(1962-1992)的进展(一)[J],数据采集与处理,1993,8(3-4):193～201
[41] P.K.Sahoo,S.Soltani,A.K.C. Wong,Y.C.Chen,A Survey of Thresholding Techniques [J],Computer Graphics,Vision and Image Processing,1988 (41):233～260
[42] Pun.T,A new method for gray level picture thresholding using the entropy of the histogram [J],Signal Processing,1980,2(3):223～237
[43] J.N.Kapur,P.K. Sahoo,A.K.C. Wong,A new method for gray-level picture thresholding using the entropy of the histogram [J],Computer Graphics Vision and Image Processing,1985,29:273～285
[44] Abutaleb.A.S., Automatic thresholding of graylevel pictures using two-dimensional entropy [J] Computer Graphics,Vision and Image Processing,1989(47):22～32
[45] Pal.N.R.,Bhandari,D,Image thresholding:Some new techniques [J],Signal Processing,1993,33(2):139～158
[46] 陈露晨等,计算机通信接口技术[M],电子科技大学出版社,1999,12:127～136
[47] 雷丽文等,微机原理与接口技术[M],电子工业出版社,97,2
[48] 柯晶等,基于 windows95 的简化串行通讯编程[J],微计算机信息,1998,14(2):58～61
[49] Pantazis M,Visual instrumentation [M],New York:McGraw2hill,1999:106～110
[50] Blaker J W,Toward an adaptive model of the human eye [J],1980,70(2):220～223
[2] 李云花,骆晓玲,CAD/CAM 在过程设备优化中的应用[J],重型机械科技,2006,02:17～19
[3] 斯琴,康仁科,CAD/ CAM 技术在医疗康复中的应用[J],组合机床与自动化加工技术,2004,4:25～26
[4] Lieberman DM, Grierson JW. A mathematical model for laser in situ keratomileusis and photorefractive keratectomy [J]. J Refract Surg, 2000,16:177～18
[5] 刘永琰,周琼,张莉花等,近视患者波前像差的分析[J],江西医学院学报,2006,4:25～26
[6] Mrochen M,Kaemmerer M,Mierdel P,et al. Principles of Tscherning aberrometry [J],J Refract Surg,2000,16(5):570～571
[7] Shack RV,Platt BC,Production and use of a lenticular Hartmann screen [J],J Opt Soc Am A, 1971,61:656
[8] Liang J,Grimm B,Goelz S,Objective measurement of the wave aberrations of the human eye with the use of Hartmann-Shack wavefront sensor [J],J Opt Soc Am A,1994,11(7):1949～1957
[9] T .Y ong,Phil.Trans ,On the mechanism of the eye [J],1991,23:1801
[10] Howard C. Howland ophthalmic wavefront wensing [M],In:Customized Corneal Ablation.Thorofare,2001,36～38
[11] A .Ivanoff,Su rune methode de mesure des aberrations chromatiques C .R.Acad [M],Leur role en vision nocturne,1946,170～172
[12] Smirnov MS,Measurement of the wave aberration of the human eye [J],Biophy,1962,7:776～795
[13] Molebny SV,Sokurenko VM. Retinal ray tracing technique for eye-refraction mapping [J],Proceedings of the SPIE,1997,2971:175～183
[14] He JC,J Opt Soc Am A [A],1998,15:2449.
[15] Babcock H.W,The possibility of astronomical seeing.Pub [J],1953
[16] 张运海,沈建新,胡利刚,LASIK 和 PRK 术中角膜数学建模[J],中国生物医学工程学报, 2003,22(4):289～295
[17] 曹正林,沈建新,廖文和,主观式人眼波前像差仪中图像处理与自动跟踪的研究和实现[J],应用激光,2005,25(6):423～426
[18] 张运海,沈建新,廖文和,准分子激光矫正复性近视散光的屈光学机理及应用[J],光学精密工程,2003,11(3):291～295
[19] 沈建新,周儒荣,宗仁鹤,准分子激光与角膜组织的相互作用及在屈光矫正中应用[J],量子电子学报,2003,20(5):570～575
[20] 胡利刚,周儒荣,廖文和,193nm 准分子激光飞点扫描角膜的研究[J],应用激光,2004,24(3):179～184
[21] 林振能,沈建新,廖文和,小光斑准分子激光切削角膜方式的研究[J],激光杂志,2003,24(2):66～68
[22] 叶寒,沈建新,廖文和,准分子激光屈光矫正系统设计与实现[J],应用激光,2003,23(3):164～166
[23] 沈建新,周儒荣, 廖文和,准分子激光人眼像差矫正系统的研究[J], 中国生物医学工程学报,2003,22(5): 410～417
[24] 张运海,廖文和,沈建新,波前像差引导的激光眼屈光手术中角膜切削模型[J],东南大学学报(自然科学版),2004,34(5):585～588
[25] 沈建新,叶寒,张运海,第二阶 Zernike 多项式与屈光不正的关系及其像差的矫正[J],东南大学学报(医学版),2004,23(1):6～12
[26] 李晓彤,几何光学和光学设计[M],杭州,浙江大学山版社出版,1997:94～128
[27] Huang D,Physics of customized corneal ablation,Scott M,Customized Corneal Ablation [M] . Thorofare,2001:51～62
[28] Applegate RA,Thibors LN,Hilmantel G,Optics of aberroscopy and super vision [M],2001,27:1093～1107
[29] Thibos LN,J Refract Surg,,Wavefront data reporting and terminology [J],2001,17:578～583
[30] Huang D,Physics of customized corneal aberrantion.,customized corneal ablation. Thorofare [M],001:51～62
[31] Applegate RA,Thibos LN,Hilmantel G,Optics of aberrosoopy and super vision [J],J Refract Surg,2001,27:1093～1107
[32] Thibos LN,Applegate RA, Schwiegerling JT,Standards for reporting the optical aberrations of eyes [J],J Refract Surg,2002,18 (5):652～660
[33] Thibos LN,Wavefront data reporting and terminology [J],J Refract Surg,2001,17(5):578～583
[34] 艾立坤,付晶,波前像差的研究进展[J],国外医学眼科学分册,2004,28(2):132
[35] Applegate RA,Sarver EJ,Khemsara V. Are all aberrations equal [J],J Refract Surg,2002,18: 556～562
[36] Applegate RA,Marsack JD,Ramos R,Interaction between aberrations to improve or reduce visual performance [J],J Cataract Refract Surg,2003,29:1487～1495
[37] 郎锐,数字图像处理学——VisualC++实现[M],人民邮电出版社,2003,1
[38] 罗希平 等,“图像分割方法综述”[J],模式识别与人工智能,1999,12(3):301～312
[39] N.R.Pal and S.K.Pal, A Review on Image Segmentation Techiniques [J], Pattern Recognition,1993, 26(9):1277～1294
[40] 吴全,朱兆达,图像处理中灰度级阈值选取方法 30 年(1962-1992)的进展(一)[J],数据采集与处理,1993,8(3-4):193～201
[41] P.K.Sahoo,S.Soltani,A.K.C. Wong,Y.C.Chen,A Survey of Thresholding Techniques [J],Computer Graphics,Vision and Image Processing,1988 (41):233～260
[42] Pun.T,A new method for gray level picture thresholding using the entropy of the histogram [J],Signal Processing,1980,2(3):223～237
[43] J.N.Kapur,P.K. Sahoo,A.K.C. Wong,A new method for gray-level picture thresholding using the entropy of the histogram [J],Computer Graphics Vision and Image Processing,1985,29:273～285
[44] Abutaleb.A.S., Automatic thresholding of graylevel pictures using two-dimensional entropy [J] Computer Graphics,Vision and Image Processing,1989(47):22～32
[45] Pal.N.R.,Bhandari,D,Image thresholding:Some new techniques [J],Signal Processing,1993,33(2):139～158
[46] 陈露晨等,计算机通信接口技术[M],电子科技大学出版社,1999,12:127～136
[47] 雷丽文等,微机原理与接口技术[M],电子工业出版社,97,2
[48] 柯晶等,基于 windows95 的简化串行通讯编程[J],微计算机信息,1998,14(2):58～61
[49] Pantazis M,Visual instrumentation [M],New York:McGraw2hill,1999:106～110
[50] Blaker J W,Toward an adaptive model of the human eye [J],1980,70(2):220～223