食品纸塑包装中荧光增白剂的检测及迁移研究
|
摘要
因与食品直接接触,食品包装的安全性越来越受到关注。有些不法商贩因利益驱使,以废旧纸料为原料进而生产食品包装用纸,甚至直接将荧光物质涂布在食品包装纸上。荧光增白剂通过接触有可能进入食品中。荧光增白剂易与伤口处蛋白质结合,过量接触还会有潜在的致癌作用。虽然各国标准明确规定食品包装禁用荧光增白剂,但是目前国内外对其检测的研究较少,鉴于荧光增白剂对人体的危害,建立快速、准确和灵敏的提取检测方法势在必行。
由于包装与食品直接接触,包装中的有害物质可能迁移到食品中,食用后极易对人体产生危害。而食品基体具有复杂和多样性,国内外大都采用食品模拟物替代食品进行迁移实验。由于迁移物质在食品模拟液的不稳定性会引起迁移实验结果的准确性和相关的毒理性问题,因此迁移物质的稳定性日益受到重视。
本实验以纸塑食品包装为研究对象,对其所含的3种荧光增白剂VBL、VBA、APC的高效液相色谱方法进行研究,得其高效液相色谱方法为：采用月旭AQ-C18(4.6x250mm,5μm)色谱柱,荧光检测器激发波长362nm、发射波长430nm,柱温35℃；以水和甲醇为流动相,流速1.0mL/min,进样量10μL,梯度洗脱程序如下：初始流动相甲醇：水=25：75；到3.00min,甲醇：水=65：35；到4.00min,甲醇：水=65：35；到5.00min,甲醇：水=95：5；到10.00min,甲醇：水=95：5。
本实验通过单因素实验和正交试验得到了加速溶剂萃取法提取纸塑包装中荧光增白剂VBL的最佳提取条件为：提取溶剂N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMF)、静态萃取时间7min,冲洗体积75%,循环次数3次,静态萃取温度110℃。方法学考察实验结果表明目标物VBL在浓度0.1-10.0μg/mL范围内,线性良好,相关系数为0.9999；加标回收率实验表明在三个添加水平下平均回收率89.86%-91.40%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.07%-2.18%,方法准确可靠,有望用于食品纸塑包装中荧光增白剂VBL的定量检测。
本实验通过研究荧光增白剂VBL、 VBA、 APC在蒸馏水、20%乙醇、50%乙醇、95%乙醇、3%乙酸、正己烷、异辛烷的溶解性后确定了荧光增白剂迁移实验的模拟液为蒸馏水、20%乙醇、50%乙醇、95%乙醇,进一步研究了三个迁移温度下三种荧光增白剂在四种迁移模拟物中的稳定性,确定了三种荧光增白剂的迁移条件。
本实验进行了常温下食品纸塑包装中荧光增白剂VBL在蒸馏水、20%乙醇、50%乙醇、95%乙醇四种模拟液的迁移实验,实验结果表明,三种荧光增白剂迁移时间越长,迁移量增加；模拟液的选择不同,荧光增白剂迁移量不同；此外迁移量也与污染物的初始浓度以及污染物分子量有关。
Because of contacting with food directly, the security of food packaging are took more and more attentions. Due to profit-driven, some unscrupulous traders use waste paper materials as raw materials to make food packaging paper again or even paint fluorescent substance in food wrappers directly. Fluorescent whitening agent may enter the food through contact. Fluorescent whitening agent can combine with the protein of the body wound or even lead to the potential carcinogenic effects if excessive exposure. Although national standards explicitly require that addition of the fluorescent whitening agent to food packaging are disable, but the method to detect fluorescent whitening agent are less. As a result, quickly, accurately and sensitively extraction detection is necessary.
As food packaging are always contacted with food, so the hazardous substances of food packaging which can do harm to body may migrate to food. Because of the complexity and diversity of the food matrix, most of the food stimulants are instead of food to do the migration experiment. For the instability of Migration of substances in food stimulants will cause the accuracy of the migration experimental results and relevant toxicological issues, so migration stability of the substance are get more attention.
In the experiment, we use paper and plastic food packaging to study three kinds of fluorescent whitening agents including VBL, VBA and APC by high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method.
HPLC conditions are as follows:ultimate C18(chromatographic column4.6×250mm,5μm), ethanol:water (90:10)(mobile phase), fluorescence detector (λexcitation=362nm, λemission=430nm),1.0ml/min (flow rate),35℃(column temperature) and10μL (injection volume). The conditions of the accelerated solvent extraction were optimized using both single factor experiment and orthogonal experiment and the results showed that the optimum extraction conditions were as follows:7min (extraction time),70%(flushed volume),3(cycle-index) and110℃(Extraction temperature).
It gets the optimum extraction conditions for accelerated solvent extraction microwave-assisted extraction through single-factor experiments and orthogonal test using N, N-dimethyl formamide (DMF) as solvent. The methodology inspection experimental results show that the accelerated solvent extraction-HPLC has good linearity in the range of target0.1-10.0μg/mL with correlation coefficient of0.9999; Three levels, average recovery is89.86%~91.40%, relative standard deviation (RSD) are as low as2.07%-2.18%.
In the study, we have researched fluorescent brighteners including VBL, VBA and APC in distilled water,20%ethanol,50%ethanol,95%ethanol,3%acetic acid, hexane, isooctane solubility. We set the migration experiment simulated body fluid for distilled water,20%ethanol,50%ethanol,95%ethanol. We study the stability of the three fluorescent brighteners in three migration temperature and in the four migration mimics identified so that three fluorescent brightener migration conditions are determined.
For convenience, this experiment is carried out at room temperature to study simulated body fluid migration experiment of fluorescent whitening agent VBL in distilled water,20%ethanol,50%ethanol and95%ethanol in food paper and plastic packaging. The experimental results show that, migration increases following migration time; different simulation,different migration; initial concentration and molecular also accounts for migration.
由于包装与食品直接接触,包装中的有害物质可能迁移到食品中,食用后极易对人体产生危害。而食品基体具有复杂和多样性,国内外大都采用食品模拟物替代食品进行迁移实验。由于迁移物质在食品模拟液的不稳定性会引起迁移实验结果的准确性和相关的毒理性问题,因此迁移物质的稳定性日益受到重视。
本实验以纸塑食品包装为研究对象,对其所含的3种荧光增白剂VBL、VBA、APC的高效液相色谱方法进行研究,得其高效液相色谱方法为：采用月旭AQ-C18(4.6x250mm,5μm)色谱柱,荧光检测器激发波长362nm、发射波长430nm,柱温35℃；以水和甲醇为流动相,流速1.0mL/min,进样量10μL,梯度洗脱程序如下：初始流动相甲醇：水=25：75；到3.00min,甲醇：水=65：35；到4.00min,甲醇：水=65：35；到5.00min,甲醇：水=95：5；到10.00min,甲醇：水=95：5。
本实验通过单因素实验和正交试验得到了加速溶剂萃取法提取纸塑包装中荧光增白剂VBL的最佳提取条件为：提取溶剂N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMF)、静态萃取时间7min,冲洗体积75%,循环次数3次,静态萃取温度110℃。方法学考察实验结果表明目标物VBL在浓度0.1-10.0μg/mL范围内,线性良好,相关系数为0.9999；加标回收率实验表明在三个添加水平下平均回收率89.86%-91.40%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.07%-2.18%,方法准确可靠,有望用于食品纸塑包装中荧光增白剂VBL的定量检测。
本实验通过研究荧光增白剂VBL、 VBA、 APC在蒸馏水、20%乙醇、50%乙醇、95%乙醇、3%乙酸、正己烷、异辛烷的溶解性后确定了荧光增白剂迁移实验的模拟液为蒸馏水、20%乙醇、50%乙醇、95%乙醇,进一步研究了三个迁移温度下三种荧光增白剂在四种迁移模拟物中的稳定性,确定了三种荧光增白剂的迁移条件。
本实验进行了常温下食品纸塑包装中荧光增白剂VBL在蒸馏水、20%乙醇、50%乙醇、95%乙醇四种模拟液的迁移实验,实验结果表明,三种荧光增白剂迁移时间越长,迁移量增加；模拟液的选择不同,荧光增白剂迁移量不同；此外迁移量也与污染物的初始浓度以及污染物分子量有关。
Because of contacting with food directly, the security of food packaging are took more and more attentions. Due to profit-driven, some unscrupulous traders use waste paper materials as raw materials to make food packaging paper again or even paint fluorescent substance in food wrappers directly. Fluorescent whitening agent may enter the food through contact. Fluorescent whitening agent can combine with the protein of the body wound or even lead to the potential carcinogenic effects if excessive exposure. Although national standards explicitly require that addition of the fluorescent whitening agent to food packaging are disable, but the method to detect fluorescent whitening agent are less. As a result, quickly, accurately and sensitively extraction detection is necessary.
As food packaging are always contacted with food, so the hazardous substances of food packaging which can do harm to body may migrate to food. Because of the complexity and diversity of the food matrix, most of the food stimulants are instead of food to do the migration experiment. For the instability of Migration of substances in food stimulants will cause the accuracy of the migration experimental results and relevant toxicological issues, so migration stability of the substance are get more attention.
In the experiment, we use paper and plastic food packaging to study three kinds of fluorescent whitening agents including VBL, VBA and APC by high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method.
HPLC conditions are as follows:ultimate C18(chromatographic column4.6×250mm,5μm), ethanol:water (90:10)(mobile phase), fluorescence detector (λexcitation=362nm, λemission=430nm),1.0ml/min (flow rate),35℃(column temperature) and10μL (injection volume). The conditions of the accelerated solvent extraction were optimized using both single factor experiment and orthogonal experiment and the results showed that the optimum extraction conditions were as follows:7min (extraction time),70%(flushed volume),3(cycle-index) and110℃(Extraction temperature).
It gets the optimum extraction conditions for accelerated solvent extraction microwave-assisted extraction through single-factor experiments and orthogonal test using N, N-dimethyl formamide (DMF) as solvent. The methodology inspection experimental results show that the accelerated solvent extraction-HPLC has good linearity in the range of target0.1-10.0μg/mL with correlation coefficient of0.9999; Three levels, average recovery is89.86%~91.40%, relative standard deviation (RSD) are as low as2.07%-2.18%.
In the study, we have researched fluorescent brighteners including VBL, VBA and APC in distilled water,20%ethanol,50%ethanol,95%ethanol,3%acetic acid, hexane, isooctane solubility. We set the migration experiment simulated body fluid for distilled water,20%ethanol,50%ethanol,95%ethanol. We study the stability of the three fluorescent brighteners in three migration temperature and in the four migration mimics identified so that three fluorescent brightener migration conditions are determined.
For convenience, this experiment is carried out at room temperature to study simulated body fluid migration experiment of fluorescent whitening agent VBL in distilled water,20%ethanol,50%ethanol and95%ethanol in food paper and plastic packaging. The experimental results show that, migration increases following migration time; different simulation,different migration; initial concentration and molecular also accounts for migration.
引文
[1]CHOI J O, JITSUNARI F, ASAKAWA F, et al. Migration of surrogate contaminants in paper and paperboard into water through polyethylene coating layer[J]. Food Addit. Contam.,2002,19(12):1200-1206
[2]Song Y S, Begley T, Paquette K, Komolprasert V. Effectiveness of polypropylene film as a barrier to migration from recycled paperboard packaging to fatty and highmoisture food[J]. Food Addit. Contam.,2003,20(9):857-883
[3]Ozaki A,Yamaguehi Y,Fujita T,Kuroda K,et al.Safety assessment of paper and board food packaging:chemical analysis and genotoxicity of possible contaminants in packaging[J]. Food Addit. Contam.,2005,22(10):1053-1060
[4]Triantafyllou V I, Akrida-Demertzi K, Demertzis P G. A study on the migration of organic pollutants from recycled paperboard packaging materials to solid food matrices[J]. Food Chemistry,2007,101(4):1759-1768
[5]John S M, Jickells S M, Read W A, et al.Studies on functional barriers to migration(III):Migration of benzophenone and model ink components from eartonboard to food during frozen storage and microwave heating[J]. Packag. Technol.Sci.,2000,13(3):99-104
[6]Anderson WAC, Castle L. Benzophenone in cartonboard packaging materials and the factors that influence its migration into food[J]. Food Addit. Contam.,2003, 20(6):607-618
[7]Triantafyllou V I, Akrida-Demertzi K, Demertzis P G. Migration studies from recycled paper packaging materials:development of an analytical method for rapid testing[J]. Analytica Chimica Acta,2002,467(1/2):253-260
[8]Asako Ozaki, Tomoko Ooshima, Yoshiaki Mori.Migration of dehudroabietic and abietic acids from paper and paperboard food packaging into food-simulating solvents and Tenax TA[J]. Food Addit.Contam.,2006,23(8):854-860
[9]高野.浅谈荧光增白剂在造纸工业中的使用以及其检测方法的探讨[J].中国科技信息,2005,(8)：25.
[10]Dubreuil.Introducing to Fluorescent in Fiber Recycling[C]. Progress in Paper Recycling,1995.
[11]董仲生.荧光增白剂实用技术[M].北京：纺织工业出版社,2006：1 5-26
[12]沈永嘉,李红斌,路炜.荧光增白剂[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2004
[13]朱勇强.造纸增白剂的种类与应用[J].上海造纸,36(5)：52-55.
[14]西尔涪斯坦RM,巴斯勒Gc,莫里尔1℃,等.有机化台物光谱鉴定[M].第1版.北京：科学出版社,1994.193-194.
[15]成都科学技术大学分析化学教研室组,浙江大学分析化学教研组.分析化学试验[M].第2版北京：高等教育出版社,1989.993-997.
[16]吴葆敦,李蔚.造纸用荧光增白剂[J].造纸化学晶,1995,7,(3)：7-12.：
[17]刘卉,李小瑞,郑顺姬.双三嗪氨基—二苯乙烯型造纸用荧光增白剂[J].西南造纸,2002(2)：25
[18]宋艳茹,竹百均,蔡定汗,等.三聚氯氰在荧光增白剂工业中的应用与展望[J].染料与染色,2006,43(5)：34-38
[19]GB11680-1989,食品包装用原纸卫生标准[S].中国标准出版社,1989.
[20]董仲生,沈日炯.用UV-VIS分光光度计测定荧光增白剂CXT强度的新方法[J].染料工业,2000,37(2)：27-29
[21]福州商品检验局茶检室.包装材料的荧光物质及其检测方法.茶叶包装鉴督[J].
[22]Jasper J L, Steiger P H. A system for determinin goptical brighteners in laundry detergents by TLC and HPLC[J]. J AmerOil ChemSoc,1992,69(7):621-625
[23]四川省地方标准DB51/T 907-2009
[24]史海根,秦文勇.食品包装材料中荧光性物质检测[J].浙江预防学,1999,10：20-21
[25]赵承礼,向仕学.荧光分光光度法测定餐具洗涤剂中荧光增白剂[J].中国卫生检验杂志,1998,8(5)：263-266
[26]郭仁宏,周颖红.一种快速检测纸张及纸板中荧光增白剂的方法及装置
[27]应玲,许峰,金发根,等.高效液相色谱法测定荧光增白剂[J]OB.分析测试技术与仪器,1995,1(2)：15-17
[28]Paola Appendini, Joseph H.Hotchkiss. Review of antimicrobial food packaging[J]. Innovative Food Science &Emerging Technologies2002, (3):113-126
[29]Kay Cooksey. Antimicrobial food packaging materials[J]. USA Additives for Polymers, 2001,(8):6-10
[30]PENNARUMD, FE IGENBAUM A. Overestimated diffusion coefficient s for the prediction of worst case migration from PET:application to recycled PET and to functional barriers as sessment [J]. Packag.T echnol.Sci.,2004,17(6):307-320.
[31]SONGYS, BEGLEYT, PAQUETTEK, et al. Ef fectiveness of polypropylene film as a barrier to migration from recycled paperboard packaging to fatty and high-moisture food [J]. Food Addit.Contam.,2003,20(9):857-883.
[33]DOLEP, VOULZATIS Y, VITRACO, et al. Modelling of migration from mult i-layers and functional barriers:estimation of parameters [J].Food Addit.Contam., 2006,23 (10):1038-1052.
[34]HANJK, SUSANES.Application of a computer model to evaluate the ability of plastics to act as functional barriers [J].Packag.Technol.Sci.,2003,16(3): 107-118.
[35]PENNARUNPY, NGON O Y, DOLEP, et al. Functional barriers in PET recycled bottles. Part II.diffusion of pollutants during processing[J]. J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2004,93(6):2859-2870.
[36]CANERC,HERNANDEZ RJ,HARTEBR.High pressure processing effects on the mechanical, barrier and mass transfer properties of food packaging flexible structure:a critical review[J].Packag. Technol.Sci.,2004,17(1):23-29.
[37]VITRACO,CHALLEB,LEBLANCJC,et al.Contamination of packaged food by substances migrating from a direct-contact plastic layer:assessment using a generic quantitative household scale methodologh[J].Food Addit.Contam.,2007, 24(1):75-94.
[38]PIRINGEROG, BANERAL. Plastic Packaging Materials for Food barrier Function, Mass Trans port,Quality Assurance and Legislation [M]. Canada:John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd, 2000.
[39]王志伟,黄秀玲,胡长鹰.多类型食品包装材料的迁移研究.包装工程.2008,29(10)：1-7
[40]刘志刚,王志伟,胡长鹰.塑料包装材料化合物迁移试验中食品模拟物的选用[J].食品科学.2006,06(07)：271-274
[41]袁振华.食品包装材料中化学物向食品迁移和安全评估[J].浙江预防医学,1999,(11)：29-31
[42]刘志刚,胡长鹰,王志伟.3种聚烯烃抗氧剂迁移的试验分析及数值模拟[J].包 装科学与工程2007,28(1)：1-3
[43]王平利,王志伟,胡长鹰,陈默.扩散系数的分子动力学模拟[J].包装工程,2009,60(8)：(1920-1925)
[44]黄秀玲,王志伟.PE淋膜纸中UV墨光引发剂向食品模拟物的迁移行为[J].高分子材料科学与工程,2009,25(7)：97-100
[45]AD, Till DE, Ehntholt DJ,etal. Migration of BHT and Irganox1010 from low-density polyethylene(LDPE) to foods and food simulating liquids[J]. FoodChemToxicol,1987,25(4):317-326.
[46]Schwope A D, Till D E, Ehntholt D J, etal. Migration of Irganox 1010 from ethylene-viny lacetate films to food sand food-simulating liquids[J]. Food Chem Toxicol,1987,25(4):327-330.
[47]P G Demertzis R Franz.Development of an HPLC method for measurements of the stability of Irganox-typepolymer antioxidants in fatty food simulants[J].Z Lebensm Unters Forsch A,1998,206:193-198.
[48]CSimoneau, PHannaert. Stability testing of selected plastics additives for food contact in EU aqueous, fatty and alternative stimulants [J].Food Additives andContaminants,1999,16(5):197-206.
[49]Monteiro, C Nerin, F G R Reyes.Migration of tinuvin P,a UV stabilizer,from PET bottles into Fatty-foodsimulants[J]. Packag Technol Sci,1999,12:241-248.
[50]Ivana Pottstkova, Jaroslav Dobias, Ingrid Steiner, et al. Stability of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether and bisphenol F diglycidyl ether in water-based food simulants[J]. Eur Food Res Technol,2004,219:534-539.
[51]刘志刚,王志伟.3种聚烯烃抗氧剂在不同食品模拟物内的不稳定性试验研究[J].包装工程,2008,29(4)：1—3
[52]黄秀玲,王志伟.UV墨光引发剂在迁移实验条件下的稳定性[J].包装工程,2008,29(5)：8-10
[53]刘志刚,胡长鹰,庞冬梅,王志伟.塑料包装材料迁移物在食品内不稳定性的数值模拟[J],2008,24(5)：11-14
[54]黄秀玲,王志伟,胡长鹰,等.纸塑复合包装材料纸中化学物迁移预测模型[J].化工学报,2008,59(6)：1579-1583
[55]刘志刚,王志伟.塑料食品包装材料化学物迁移的数值模拟[J].化工学报,2007, 58(8)：2125-2132
[56]孙彬青,王志伟.分析食品包装材料迁移模型中的扩散系数[J].包装工程,2006,27(3)：34-36
[57]Lu Hongling, Wang Baoguo. Prediction of diffusion coefficients in polymer-solvent systems[J]. Journal of Chemical Industry and Engineering (China),2006,57(1):6-12.
[58]Limm W, Hollifield H C.Effect s of temperature and mixing on polymer adjuvant migration to corn oil and water. Food Additives and Contaminants,1995,14(4): 609-624
[59]Bane A, Brandsch J, Franz R,et al. The application of a predictive migration model for evaluating the complianceof plastic material s with European food regulations1 Food Additives and Contaminants,1996,13 (5):587-601.
[60]Piringer O. Evaluation of plastics for food packaging. Food Additives and Contaminants,1994,11 (2):221-230.
[61]Brandsch J, Mercea P,Ruter M, Tosa V, Piringer O. Migration modeling as a tool for quality assurance of food packaging[J].Food Additives and Contaminants, 2002,19:29-41
[62]Brandsch J, Mercea P, Piringer O. Modeling of additive diffusion coefficient sxinpolyolefins[J]. Food Packaging ACS Symposium Series. Washington D C: ACS,2000:27-36
[63]Crank J, Park Helmorth E.Stochastic modeling of migration from polyolefins[J]. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,2005,85(6):909-916
[64]王平利,王志伟,胡长鹰,等.迁移预测模型中扩散系数的研究[J].包装工程,2009,30(1)：11-14
[65]Takeuchi H, Roe R J, Mark J. Molecular dynamics simulation of simple gas molecules in polymers (II):Effect of free volume distribution[J]. Journal of Chemical Physics,1990,93:9042-9048
[66]Pavel D, Sharks R. Molecular dynamics simulation of diffusion of O2 and CO2 in blends of amorphous poly (ethylene terephthalate) and related polyesters[J]. Pol ymer,2005,46:6135-6147
[67]Hahn O, Mooney D A,Muller-Plathe F,Kremer K.A new mechanism for penetrant diffusion in amorphous polymers:molecular dynamics simulations of phenol diffusion in bisphenol-A-polycarbonate[J].Journal of Chemical Physics,1999,111 (13):6061-6068
[68]Li T L, Dane O K, Kinam P.Computer simulation of molecular diffuxsion in amorphous polymers[J]. Journal of Controlled Release,1997,48:57-66
[69]Hofmann D, Fritz L, Ulbrich J, Paul D.Molecular simulation of small molecule diffusion and solution in dense amorphous polysiloxanes and polyimides[J]. Computational and Theoret ical Pol ymer Science,2000,10:419-436
[70]Begley T H, Hollifield H c. Recycled polymers in food packaging: migration considerations[J]. Food Technology,1993,12:109-112
[71]Commission Directive:2002/72/Ec.Relating to plastic materials and articles intended to come into contact wih foodstuffs[M]. Official Journal of the European Communities,2002, L 220/18
[72]Perou A L, Vergnaud J M. Contaminant transfer during the coextrusion of food packages made of recycled poiymer and virgin polymer layers[J]. Computational and Theoretical Polymer Science,1997,7(1):1-6
[73]Perou A L, Vergnaud J M. Transfer of contaminant during the processing of thick bi—layer food packages made of recycled and virgin polymer layers[J]. Polymer Testing,1997,16:575-588
[74]Rosca I D, Vergnaud J M. Transfer of contaminant into solid food from a bottle made of bilayer polymers with a recycied and a virgin layer:effect of the thickness of these polymer layers[J]. Journal of Applied Polymer layers.Journal of Applied Polymer Science,1997,66:1291-1301
[75]Perou A L, Laoubi S,Vergnaud J M. Effect of the thickness of food packages made of recycled and virgin polymer layers coextruded in sandwich form on the time of food protection[J]. Computational and Theoretial Polymer Science,1998,8 (3):331-338
[76]Perou A L,Laoubi S,Vergnaud J M. Model for transfer of contaminant during the coextrusion of three-1ayer food package with a recycled polymer:effect on the time of protection of the food of the relative thickness of the layers[J].Journal of Applied Polymer Science,1999,73:1939-1948
[77]Reynier A,Dole P,Feigenbaum A.Integrated approach of migration prediction using numerical modelling associated to experimental determination of key parameters[J].Food Additives &Contaminants,2002,19(suppl.):42-55
[78]Reynier A,Dole P,Feigenbaum A.Migration of additives from polymers into food stimulants:numerical solution of a mathematical model taking into account food and polymer interactions[J]. Food Additives & Contaminants,2002,19 (1):89-102
[79]Han J K, Selke S E, Downes T W, et al. Application of a computer model to evaluate the ability of plastics to act as functional barriers[J]. Packaging Technology and Science,2003,16:107-118
[80]Kouali M El, Salouhi M, Labi di F, et al, Vergnaud J M.Study of release and consumption of agents from active polymer packaging into food using dimensionless numbers[J]. Plastics, Rubber and Composites 2003,32 (3): 127-134
[81]刘志刚,王志伟.塑料包装材料化学物向食品迁移的模型研究进展[J].化工学报,2007,23(5)：19-23
[82]Liu zhigang,wang zhiwe.On study f mathematical model for predicting migration of chemical substances from plastic packaging materiaIs[J]. Polymer Materials Science and Engineering,2007,23, inpress
[83]王平利,王志伟,胡长鹰,等.聚合物中小分子扩散的分子动力学模拟[J].包装工程,2009,30(3)：25-27
[2]Song Y S, Begley T, Paquette K, Komolprasert V. Effectiveness of polypropylene film as a barrier to migration from recycled paperboard packaging to fatty and highmoisture food[J]. Food Addit. Contam.,2003,20(9):857-883
[3]Ozaki A,Yamaguehi Y,Fujita T,Kuroda K,et al.Safety assessment of paper and board food packaging:chemical analysis and genotoxicity of possible contaminants in packaging[J]. Food Addit. Contam.,2005,22(10):1053-1060
[4]Triantafyllou V I, Akrida-Demertzi K, Demertzis P G. A study on the migration of organic pollutants from recycled paperboard packaging materials to solid food matrices[J]. Food Chemistry,2007,101(4):1759-1768
[5]John S M, Jickells S M, Read W A, et al.Studies on functional barriers to migration(III):Migration of benzophenone and model ink components from eartonboard to food during frozen storage and microwave heating[J]. Packag. Technol.Sci.,2000,13(3):99-104
[6]Anderson WAC, Castle L. Benzophenone in cartonboard packaging materials and the factors that influence its migration into food[J]. Food Addit. Contam.,2003, 20(6):607-618
[7]Triantafyllou V I, Akrida-Demertzi K, Demertzis P G. Migration studies from recycled paper packaging materials:development of an analytical method for rapid testing[J]. Analytica Chimica Acta,2002,467(1/2):253-260
[8]Asako Ozaki, Tomoko Ooshima, Yoshiaki Mori.Migration of dehudroabietic and abietic acids from paper and paperboard food packaging into food-simulating solvents and Tenax TA[J]. Food Addit.Contam.,2006,23(8):854-860
[9]高野.浅谈荧光增白剂在造纸工业中的使用以及其检测方法的探讨[J].中国科技信息,2005,(8)：25.
[10]Dubreuil.Introducing to Fluorescent in Fiber Recycling[C]. Progress in Paper Recycling,1995.
[11]董仲生.荧光增白剂实用技术[M].北京：纺织工业出版社,2006：1 5-26
[12]沈永嘉,李红斌,路炜.荧光增白剂[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2004
[13]朱勇强.造纸增白剂的种类与应用[J].上海造纸,36(5)：52-55.
[14]西尔涪斯坦RM,巴斯勒Gc,莫里尔1℃,等.有机化台物光谱鉴定[M].第1版.北京：科学出版社,1994.193-194.
[15]成都科学技术大学分析化学教研室组,浙江大学分析化学教研组.分析化学试验[M].第2版北京：高等教育出版社,1989.993-997.
[16]吴葆敦,李蔚.造纸用荧光增白剂[J].造纸化学晶,1995,7,(3)：7-12.：
[17]刘卉,李小瑞,郑顺姬.双三嗪氨基—二苯乙烯型造纸用荧光增白剂[J].西南造纸,2002(2)：25
[18]宋艳茹,竹百均,蔡定汗,等.三聚氯氰在荧光增白剂工业中的应用与展望[J].染料与染色,2006,43(5)：34-38
[19]GB11680-1989,食品包装用原纸卫生标准[S].中国标准出版社,1989.
[20]董仲生,沈日炯.用UV-VIS分光光度计测定荧光增白剂CXT强度的新方法[J].染料工业,2000,37(2)：27-29
[21]福州商品检验局茶检室.包装材料的荧光物质及其检测方法.茶叶包装鉴督[J].
[22]Jasper J L, Steiger P H. A system for determinin goptical brighteners in laundry detergents by TLC and HPLC[J]. J AmerOil ChemSoc,1992,69(7):621-625
[23]四川省地方标准DB51/T 907-2009
[24]史海根,秦文勇.食品包装材料中荧光性物质检测[J].浙江预防学,1999,10：20-21
[25]赵承礼,向仕学.荧光分光光度法测定餐具洗涤剂中荧光增白剂[J].中国卫生检验杂志,1998,8(5)：263-266
[26]郭仁宏,周颖红.一种快速检测纸张及纸板中荧光增白剂的方法及装置
[27]应玲,许峰,金发根,等.高效液相色谱法测定荧光增白剂[J]OB.分析测试技术与仪器,1995,1(2)：15-17
[28]Paola Appendini, Joseph H.Hotchkiss. Review of antimicrobial food packaging[J]. Innovative Food Science &Emerging Technologies2002, (3):113-126
[29]Kay Cooksey. Antimicrobial food packaging materials[J]. USA Additives for Polymers, 2001,(8):6-10
[30]PENNARUMD, FE IGENBAUM A. Overestimated diffusion coefficient s for the prediction of worst case migration from PET:application to recycled PET and to functional barriers as sessment [J]. Packag.T echnol.Sci.,2004,17(6):307-320.
[31]SONGYS, BEGLEYT, PAQUETTEK, et al. Ef fectiveness of polypropylene film as a barrier to migration from recycled paperboard packaging to fatty and high-moisture food [J]. Food Addit.Contam.,2003,20(9):857-883.
[33]DOLEP, VOULZATIS Y, VITRACO, et al. Modelling of migration from mult i-layers and functional barriers:estimation of parameters [J].Food Addit.Contam., 2006,23 (10):1038-1052.
[34]HANJK, SUSANES.Application of a computer model to evaluate the ability of plastics to act as functional barriers [J].Packag.Technol.Sci.,2003,16(3): 107-118.
[35]PENNARUNPY, NGON O Y, DOLEP, et al. Functional barriers in PET recycled bottles. Part II.diffusion of pollutants during processing[J]. J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2004,93(6):2859-2870.
[36]CANERC,HERNANDEZ RJ,HARTEBR.High pressure processing effects on the mechanical, barrier and mass transfer properties of food packaging flexible structure:a critical review[J].Packag. Technol.Sci.,2004,17(1):23-29.
[37]VITRACO,CHALLEB,LEBLANCJC,et al.Contamination of packaged food by substances migrating from a direct-contact plastic layer:assessment using a generic quantitative household scale methodologh[J].Food Addit.Contam.,2007, 24(1):75-94.
[38]PIRINGEROG, BANERAL. Plastic Packaging Materials for Food barrier Function, Mass Trans port,Quality Assurance and Legislation [M]. Canada:John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd, 2000.
[39]王志伟,黄秀玲,胡长鹰.多类型食品包装材料的迁移研究.包装工程.2008,29(10)：1-7
[40]刘志刚,王志伟,胡长鹰.塑料包装材料化合物迁移试验中食品模拟物的选用[J].食品科学.2006,06(07)：271-274
[41]袁振华.食品包装材料中化学物向食品迁移和安全评估[J].浙江预防医学,1999,(11)：29-31
[42]刘志刚,胡长鹰,王志伟.3种聚烯烃抗氧剂迁移的试验分析及数值模拟[J].包 装科学与工程2007,28(1)：1-3
[43]王平利,王志伟,胡长鹰,陈默.扩散系数的分子动力学模拟[J].包装工程,2009,60(8)：(1920-1925)
[44]黄秀玲,王志伟.PE淋膜纸中UV墨光引发剂向食品模拟物的迁移行为[J].高分子材料科学与工程,2009,25(7)：97-100
[45]AD, Till DE, Ehntholt DJ,etal. Migration of BHT and Irganox1010 from low-density polyethylene(LDPE) to foods and food simulating liquids[J]. FoodChemToxicol,1987,25(4):317-326.
[46]Schwope A D, Till D E, Ehntholt D J, etal. Migration of Irganox 1010 from ethylene-viny lacetate films to food sand food-simulating liquids[J]. Food Chem Toxicol,1987,25(4):327-330.
[47]P G Demertzis R Franz.Development of an HPLC method for measurements of the stability of Irganox-typepolymer antioxidants in fatty food simulants[J].Z Lebensm Unters Forsch A,1998,206:193-198.
[48]CSimoneau, PHannaert. Stability testing of selected plastics additives for food contact in EU aqueous, fatty and alternative stimulants [J].Food Additives andContaminants,1999,16(5):197-206.
[49]Monteiro, C Nerin, F G R Reyes.Migration of tinuvin P,a UV stabilizer,from PET bottles into Fatty-foodsimulants[J]. Packag Technol Sci,1999,12:241-248.
[50]Ivana Pottstkova, Jaroslav Dobias, Ingrid Steiner, et al. Stability of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether and bisphenol F diglycidyl ether in water-based food simulants[J]. Eur Food Res Technol,2004,219:534-539.
[51]刘志刚,王志伟.3种聚烯烃抗氧剂在不同食品模拟物内的不稳定性试验研究[J].包装工程,2008,29(4)：1—3
[52]黄秀玲,王志伟.UV墨光引发剂在迁移实验条件下的稳定性[J].包装工程,2008,29(5)：8-10
[53]刘志刚,胡长鹰,庞冬梅,王志伟.塑料包装材料迁移物在食品内不稳定性的数值模拟[J],2008,24(5)：11-14
[54]黄秀玲,王志伟,胡长鹰,等.纸塑复合包装材料纸中化学物迁移预测模型[J].化工学报,2008,59(6)：1579-1583
[55]刘志刚,王志伟.塑料食品包装材料化学物迁移的数值模拟[J].化工学报,2007, 58(8)：2125-2132
[56]孙彬青,王志伟.分析食品包装材料迁移模型中的扩散系数[J].包装工程,2006,27(3)：34-36
[57]Lu Hongling, Wang Baoguo. Prediction of diffusion coefficients in polymer-solvent systems[J]. Journal of Chemical Industry and Engineering (China),2006,57(1):6-12.
[58]Limm W, Hollifield H C.Effect s of temperature and mixing on polymer adjuvant migration to corn oil and water. Food Additives and Contaminants,1995,14(4): 609-624
[59]Bane A, Brandsch J, Franz R,et al. The application of a predictive migration model for evaluating the complianceof plastic material s with European food regulations1 Food Additives and Contaminants,1996,13 (5):587-601.
[60]Piringer O. Evaluation of plastics for food packaging. Food Additives and Contaminants,1994,11 (2):221-230.
[61]Brandsch J, Mercea P,Ruter M, Tosa V, Piringer O. Migration modeling as a tool for quality assurance of food packaging[J].Food Additives and Contaminants, 2002,19:29-41
[62]Brandsch J, Mercea P, Piringer O. Modeling of additive diffusion coefficient sxinpolyolefins[J]. Food Packaging ACS Symposium Series. Washington D C: ACS,2000:27-36
[63]Crank J, Park Helmorth E.Stochastic modeling of migration from polyolefins[J]. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,2005,85(6):909-916
[64]王平利,王志伟,胡长鹰,等.迁移预测模型中扩散系数的研究[J].包装工程,2009,30(1)：11-14
[65]Takeuchi H, Roe R J, Mark J. Molecular dynamics simulation of simple gas molecules in polymers (II):Effect of free volume distribution[J]. Journal of Chemical Physics,1990,93:9042-9048
[66]Pavel D, Sharks R. Molecular dynamics simulation of diffusion of O2 and CO2 in blends of amorphous poly (ethylene terephthalate) and related polyesters[J]. Pol ymer,2005,46:6135-6147
[67]Hahn O, Mooney D A,Muller-Plathe F,Kremer K.A new mechanism for penetrant diffusion in amorphous polymers:molecular dynamics simulations of phenol diffusion in bisphenol-A-polycarbonate[J].Journal of Chemical Physics,1999,111 (13):6061-6068
[68]Li T L, Dane O K, Kinam P.Computer simulation of molecular diffuxsion in amorphous polymers[J]. Journal of Controlled Release,1997,48:57-66
[69]Hofmann D, Fritz L, Ulbrich J, Paul D.Molecular simulation of small molecule diffusion and solution in dense amorphous polysiloxanes and polyimides[J]. Computational and Theoret ical Pol ymer Science,2000,10:419-436
[70]Begley T H, Hollifield H c. Recycled polymers in food packaging: migration considerations[J]. Food Technology,1993,12:109-112
[71]Commission Directive:2002/72/Ec.Relating to plastic materials and articles intended to come into contact wih foodstuffs[M]. Official Journal of the European Communities,2002, L 220/18
[72]Perou A L, Vergnaud J M. Contaminant transfer during the coextrusion of food packages made of recycled poiymer and virgin polymer layers[J]. Computational and Theoretical Polymer Science,1997,7(1):1-6
[73]Perou A L, Vergnaud J M. Transfer of contaminant during the processing of thick bi—layer food packages made of recycled and virgin polymer layers[J]. Polymer Testing,1997,16:575-588
[74]Rosca I D, Vergnaud J M. Transfer of contaminant into solid food from a bottle made of bilayer polymers with a recycied and a virgin layer:effect of the thickness of these polymer layers[J]. Journal of Applied Polymer layers.Journal of Applied Polymer Science,1997,66:1291-1301
[75]Perou A L, Laoubi S,Vergnaud J M. Effect of the thickness of food packages made of recycled and virgin polymer layers coextruded in sandwich form on the time of food protection[J]. Computational and Theoretial Polymer Science,1998,8 (3):331-338
[76]Perou A L,Laoubi S,Vergnaud J M. Model for transfer of contaminant during the coextrusion of three-1ayer food package with a recycled polymer:effect on the time of protection of the food of the relative thickness of the layers[J].Journal of Applied Polymer Science,1999,73:1939-1948
[77]Reynier A,Dole P,Feigenbaum A.Integrated approach of migration prediction using numerical modelling associated to experimental determination of key parameters[J].Food Additives &Contaminants,2002,19(suppl.):42-55
[78]Reynier A,Dole P,Feigenbaum A.Migration of additives from polymers into food stimulants:numerical solution of a mathematical model taking into account food and polymer interactions[J]. Food Additives & Contaminants,2002,19 (1):89-102
[79]Han J K, Selke S E, Downes T W, et al. Application of a computer model to evaluate the ability of plastics to act as functional barriers[J]. Packaging Technology and Science,2003,16:107-118
[80]Kouali M El, Salouhi M, Labi di F, et al, Vergnaud J M.Study of release and consumption of agents from active polymer packaging into food using dimensionless numbers[J]. Plastics, Rubber and Composites 2003,32 (3): 127-134
[81]刘志刚,王志伟.塑料包装材料化学物向食品迁移的模型研究进展[J].化工学报,2007,23(5)：19-23
[82]Liu zhigang,wang zhiwe.On study f mathematical model for predicting migration of chemical substances from plastic packaging materiaIs[J]. Polymer Materials Science and Engineering,2007,23, inpress
[83]王平利,王志伟,胡长鹰,等.聚合物中小分子扩散的分子动力学模拟[J].包装工程,2009,30(3)：25-27