不同环境下几种叶面喷施处理对油茶幼苗生长影响的研究
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摘要
油茶是我国优良的木本油料树种,具有多种多样的功能价值。从古至今,我国对油茶栽培和利用的研究不断深入,形成了一套比较完备的理论体系。然而研究主要集中于林木繁殖方面,对于育苗的研究,尤其是促进幼苗生长方面的研究并不多见。
本试验通过正交试验设计,将九二零、尿素和磷酸二氢钾设置4个浓度,组合成了16个不同处理,在自然、盖膜、遮阴、遮阴加盖膜四种环境条件下对嫁接后的油茶幼苗进行叶面喷施处理。综合油茶幼苗茎、叶、根和光合作用等各项生理生化指标,提出了油茶育苗的最优处理方案。得到结论如下：
(1)影响油茶幼苗地上茎增长的主要因素是环境,次要因素是磷酸二氢钾和九二零,尿素为不重要因素。最适合油茶幼苗地上茎伸长的环境条件为遮阴环境,单纯盖膜环境下地上茎伸长程度小于自然条件；在磷酸二氢钾浓度小于0.4%范围内浓度越高,对地上茎伸长促进作用越大,最适合油茶幼苗地上茎伸长的磷酸二氢钾浓度为0.4%；九二零在浓度为0.04%时促进作用才明显,高浓度或低浓度喷洒九二零对地上茎伸长均无促进作用。
(2)影响油茶幼苗地上茎增粗的主要因素为尿素,次要因素为环境,九二零和磷酸二氢钾为不重要因素。喷洒各个浓度的尿素均能促进地上茎增粗,在浓度为0.4%时促进作用最明显；最能促进地上茎增粗的环境为遮阴,盖膜条件对地上茎增粗无促进作用,在盖膜条件下地上茎增粗程度甚至略小于自然条件。
(3)影响新发叶片数的主要因素是环境控制,次要因素是九二零,尿素和磷酸二氢钾为不重要因素。九二零的最佳浓度为0.02%,随着浓度增大促进作用逐渐降低,但是仍然高于或不低于未喷洒的植株。环境控制方面,最适合的环境为遮阴+盖膜,其次为遮阴,而盖膜状态下新发叶片数反而低于自然条件。
(4)影响地下主根伸长的主要因素为环境因素,次要因素为尿素和九二零,磷酸二氢钾为不重要因素。对地下根伸长促进作用最大的环境控制手段为遮阴,盖膜环境下地下根伸长小于自然条件；尿素浓度越高,对主根伸长的促进作用越大；九二零只有在浓度为0.04%时促进主根伸长,其他浓度对主根伸长无促进作用,甚至有可能阻碍主根生长；磷酸二氢钾仅在浓度达到0.4%时对主根伸长有促进作用。
(5)影响油茶幼苗地下须根数量的主要因素为尿素,次要因素为磷酸二氢钾,环境控制和九二零为不重要因素。喷洒各个浓度的尿素对油茶地下须根数量增长均有促进作用,且随着浓度增加促进作用越明显,最佳浓度为0.5%；浓度为0.3%的磷酸二氢钾对地下须根数量增长有明显促进作用,其他浓度也能小幅促进须根生长。
(6)影响油茶幼苗光合速率的主要因素是九二零,次要因素为磷酸二氢钾和环境控制,尿素为不重要因素。喷洒各种浓度的九二零均能促进光合作用,但随着浓度增加,促进作用逐渐降低；各个浓度的磷酸二氢钾也都能促进光合作用,且随着浓度增加,促进作用逐渐增强；环境控制总体来说遮阴状态好于不遮阴,但是盖膜有可能影响光合作用。
综合各项形态及生理生化指标,促进油茶幼苗生长的最优方案为：九二零0.04%+尿素0.5%+磷酸二氢钾0.4%+遮阴。总体来说,遮阴有利于油茶幼苗生长,进入三月份后,盖膜有可能阻碍幼苗生长。
Camellia Oleifera Abel is a kind of woody oil-bearing plant in our country with high quality and various function values. Since the dawn of time, in-depth research has been conducted to understand the cultivation and application of Camellia oleifera Abel and thus a comparatively complete theoretical system has been developed. However, research has mainly focused on the three genetic aspects; there is little research on cultivating seedlings, even less research on how to improve the growth of sprouts.
In this experiment, orthogonal experiment design was used by setting four different concentrations of GA3, carbamide and potassium dihydroxide phosphate and thus formed sixteen different treatments, and do the foliar fertilizers in four environments—the nature environment, tectorial membrane environments, shade environments, tectorial membrane and shade environments. By synthesizing the index of the stem, leaf, root, the photosynthesis and other physiology and biochemistry of the sprouts, this thesis raises an optimal treatment plan on cultivating the Camellia Oleifera Abel seedlings.
(1) The main factors that influence the extension of the stem of the Camellia Oleifera Abel seedlings is the environment, the secondary factors are the potassium dihydroxide phosphate and GA3, and carbamide is an unimportant factor. The most suitable environment for the extension of the stem is the shading environment, and the stem elongation is better developed in natural environment than covered with film; the potassium dihydroxide phosphate concentration has a positive effect on the growth of stem within the range of 0.4%,that is, the higher the concentration is,the better the stem grows, and the ideal concentration of potassium dihydrogen phosphate for the growth of the stem is 0.4%. The positive effect of GA3 is obvious only under the concentration of 0.04%, high or low concentrations of GA3 has no effect on improving the extension of the stem.
(2) The main factor that influences the width of the stem of the Camellia oleifera Abel seedlings is carbamide. The secondary factor is the environment, the potassium dihydroxide phosphate and GA3 are unimportant factors. Spraying different concentrations of carbamide can promote different widths of the stem, and when the concentration is 0.4% one can see significant growth. The best way to promote thickening of the stem is its shade environment. But the stem will not grow wider when the plant is covered by film, thus the former environment is not conducive to growth as opposed to its natural environment.
(3) The main factor which influences the number of newly grown leaves of the Camellia oleifera Abel seedlings is the environmental control. The secondary factors are GA3, carbamide and potassium dihydroxide phosphate are unimportant factors. The best concentration of GA3 is 0.02%. The higher the concentration of GA3 the less the leaves will grow. The higher the concentration of GA3, the less the leaves will grow. It is still better than without GA3. In the aspect of environmental control, the most suitable environment is the shaded environment and also the one covered with film. The secondary environment is the shade environment. But the number of newly grown leaves is less when the plants are covered with film than when thay are in the natural environment.
(4) The main factor that influences the number of underground fibrous roots is carbamide, the secondary factors are potassium dihydroxide phosphate, GA3 and environmental control are unimportant factors. Spraying different concentrations of carbamide may promote varied growth of numbers of fibrous roots underground, and you can see more significant growth with the increase of concentrations, the Optimal concentration is 0.5%. The potassium dihydroxide phosphate has an obvious effect on the number of underground fibrous roots when its concentration is 0.3%, other concentrations have small effect on promoting growth of underground fibrous roots.
(5) The main factor that influences the photosynthetic rate of the Camellia oleifera Abel seedlings is GA3, the secondary factor is potassium dihydroxide phosphate and its environmental control. Carbamide is an unimportant factor. Spraying different concentrations of GA3 can promote photosynthesis, but the effect will be diminished when the concentration is increased. Various concentrations of potassium dihydroxide phosphate can also promote photosynthesis, and the effect will be diminished when the concentration is increased. On the aspect of environmental control, the shade environment is better than that with no shade, but photosynthesis will be affected if the plants are covered by film.
(6) The main factor that influences the photosynthetic rate of the Camellia oleifera Abel seedlings is GA3, the secondary factors are the potassium dihydroxide phosphate and environmental control, carbamide is an unimportant factor. Spraying different concentrations of GA3 can promote photosynthesis, but the effect in promoting will decrease with the increase of concentrations. Various concentrations of potassium dihydroxide phosphate can promote photosynthesis, and the effect in promoting increases with the increase of concentrations. On the aspect of environmental control, the shade environment is better than that with no shade, but photosynthesis will be affected if the plants are covered by film.
Synthesizing physiological and biochemical indexes, the optimal treatment on promoting the growth of Camellia Oleifera Abel seedlings.is:GA3 0.04%+ carbamide 0.5%+ potassium dihydroxide phosphate 0.4% +shade environment. In all, the shade environment is good for the growth of Camellia Oleifera Abel seedlings. After March, covering the plants with film may impede the growth of Camellia Oleifera Abel seedlings.
本试验通过正交试验设计,将九二零、尿素和磷酸二氢钾设置4个浓度,组合成了16个不同处理,在自然、盖膜、遮阴、遮阴加盖膜四种环境条件下对嫁接后的油茶幼苗进行叶面喷施处理。综合油茶幼苗茎、叶、根和光合作用等各项生理生化指标,提出了油茶育苗的最优处理方案。得到结论如下：
(1)影响油茶幼苗地上茎增长的主要因素是环境,次要因素是磷酸二氢钾和九二零,尿素为不重要因素。最适合油茶幼苗地上茎伸长的环境条件为遮阴环境,单纯盖膜环境下地上茎伸长程度小于自然条件；在磷酸二氢钾浓度小于0.4%范围内浓度越高,对地上茎伸长促进作用越大,最适合油茶幼苗地上茎伸长的磷酸二氢钾浓度为0.4%；九二零在浓度为0.04%时促进作用才明显,高浓度或低浓度喷洒九二零对地上茎伸长均无促进作用。
(2)影响油茶幼苗地上茎增粗的主要因素为尿素,次要因素为环境,九二零和磷酸二氢钾为不重要因素。喷洒各个浓度的尿素均能促进地上茎增粗,在浓度为0.4%时促进作用最明显；最能促进地上茎增粗的环境为遮阴,盖膜条件对地上茎增粗无促进作用,在盖膜条件下地上茎增粗程度甚至略小于自然条件。
(3)影响新发叶片数的主要因素是环境控制,次要因素是九二零,尿素和磷酸二氢钾为不重要因素。九二零的最佳浓度为0.02%,随着浓度增大促进作用逐渐降低,但是仍然高于或不低于未喷洒的植株。环境控制方面,最适合的环境为遮阴+盖膜,其次为遮阴,而盖膜状态下新发叶片数反而低于自然条件。
(4)影响地下主根伸长的主要因素为环境因素,次要因素为尿素和九二零,磷酸二氢钾为不重要因素。对地下根伸长促进作用最大的环境控制手段为遮阴,盖膜环境下地下根伸长小于自然条件；尿素浓度越高,对主根伸长的促进作用越大；九二零只有在浓度为0.04%时促进主根伸长,其他浓度对主根伸长无促进作用,甚至有可能阻碍主根生长；磷酸二氢钾仅在浓度达到0.4%时对主根伸长有促进作用。
(5)影响油茶幼苗地下须根数量的主要因素为尿素,次要因素为磷酸二氢钾,环境控制和九二零为不重要因素。喷洒各个浓度的尿素对油茶地下须根数量增长均有促进作用,且随着浓度增加促进作用越明显,最佳浓度为0.5%；浓度为0.3%的磷酸二氢钾对地下须根数量增长有明显促进作用,其他浓度也能小幅促进须根生长。
(6)影响油茶幼苗光合速率的主要因素是九二零,次要因素为磷酸二氢钾和环境控制,尿素为不重要因素。喷洒各种浓度的九二零均能促进光合作用,但随着浓度增加,促进作用逐渐降低；各个浓度的磷酸二氢钾也都能促进光合作用,且随着浓度增加,促进作用逐渐增强；环境控制总体来说遮阴状态好于不遮阴,但是盖膜有可能影响光合作用。
综合各项形态及生理生化指标,促进油茶幼苗生长的最优方案为：九二零0.04%+尿素0.5%+磷酸二氢钾0.4%+遮阴。总体来说,遮阴有利于油茶幼苗生长,进入三月份后,盖膜有可能阻碍幼苗生长。
Camellia Oleifera Abel is a kind of woody oil-bearing plant in our country with high quality and various function values. Since the dawn of time, in-depth research has been conducted to understand the cultivation and application of Camellia oleifera Abel and thus a comparatively complete theoretical system has been developed. However, research has mainly focused on the three genetic aspects; there is little research on cultivating seedlings, even less research on how to improve the growth of sprouts.
In this experiment, orthogonal experiment design was used by setting four different concentrations of GA3, carbamide and potassium dihydroxide phosphate and thus formed sixteen different treatments, and do the foliar fertilizers in four environments—the nature environment, tectorial membrane environments, shade environments, tectorial membrane and shade environments. By synthesizing the index of the stem, leaf, root, the photosynthesis and other physiology and biochemistry of the sprouts, this thesis raises an optimal treatment plan on cultivating the Camellia Oleifera Abel seedlings.
(1) The main factors that influence the extension of the stem of the Camellia Oleifera Abel seedlings is the environment, the secondary factors are the potassium dihydroxide phosphate and GA3, and carbamide is an unimportant factor. The most suitable environment for the extension of the stem is the shading environment, and the stem elongation is better developed in natural environment than covered with film; the potassium dihydroxide phosphate concentration has a positive effect on the growth of stem within the range of 0.4%,that is, the higher the concentration is,the better the stem grows, and the ideal concentration of potassium dihydrogen phosphate for the growth of the stem is 0.4%. The positive effect of GA3 is obvious only under the concentration of 0.04%, high or low concentrations of GA3 has no effect on improving the extension of the stem.
(2) The main factor that influences the width of the stem of the Camellia oleifera Abel seedlings is carbamide. The secondary factor is the environment, the potassium dihydroxide phosphate and GA3 are unimportant factors. Spraying different concentrations of carbamide can promote different widths of the stem, and when the concentration is 0.4% one can see significant growth. The best way to promote thickening of the stem is its shade environment. But the stem will not grow wider when the plant is covered by film, thus the former environment is not conducive to growth as opposed to its natural environment.
(3) The main factor which influences the number of newly grown leaves of the Camellia oleifera Abel seedlings is the environmental control. The secondary factors are GA3, carbamide and potassium dihydroxide phosphate are unimportant factors. The best concentration of GA3 is 0.02%. The higher the concentration of GA3 the less the leaves will grow. The higher the concentration of GA3, the less the leaves will grow. It is still better than without GA3. In the aspect of environmental control, the most suitable environment is the shaded environment and also the one covered with film. The secondary environment is the shade environment. But the number of newly grown leaves is less when the plants are covered with film than when thay are in the natural environment.
(4) The main factor that influences the number of underground fibrous roots is carbamide, the secondary factors are potassium dihydroxide phosphate, GA3 and environmental control are unimportant factors. Spraying different concentrations of carbamide may promote varied growth of numbers of fibrous roots underground, and you can see more significant growth with the increase of concentrations, the Optimal concentration is 0.5%. The potassium dihydroxide phosphate has an obvious effect on the number of underground fibrous roots when its concentration is 0.3%, other concentrations have small effect on promoting growth of underground fibrous roots.
(5) The main factor that influences the photosynthetic rate of the Camellia oleifera Abel seedlings is GA3, the secondary factor is potassium dihydroxide phosphate and its environmental control. Carbamide is an unimportant factor. Spraying different concentrations of GA3 can promote photosynthesis, but the effect will be diminished when the concentration is increased. Various concentrations of potassium dihydroxide phosphate can also promote photosynthesis, and the effect will be diminished when the concentration is increased. On the aspect of environmental control, the shade environment is better than that with no shade, but photosynthesis will be affected if the plants are covered by film.
(6) The main factor that influences the photosynthetic rate of the Camellia oleifera Abel seedlings is GA3, the secondary factors are the potassium dihydroxide phosphate and environmental control, carbamide is an unimportant factor. Spraying different concentrations of GA3 can promote photosynthesis, but the effect in promoting will decrease with the increase of concentrations. Various concentrations of potassium dihydroxide phosphate can promote photosynthesis, and the effect in promoting increases with the increase of concentrations. On the aspect of environmental control, the shade environment is better than that with no shade, but photosynthesis will be affected if the plants are covered by film.
Synthesizing physiological and biochemical indexes, the optimal treatment on promoting the growth of Camellia Oleifera Abel seedlings.is:GA3 0.04%+ carbamide 0.5%+ potassium dihydroxide phosphate 0.4% +shade environment. In all, the shade environment is good for the growth of Camellia Oleifera Abel seedlings. After March, covering the plants with film may impede the growth of Camellia Oleifera Abel seedlings.
引文
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