水产品中甲醛的暴露评估与风险管理研究
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摘要
甲醛为较高毒性物质,2006年世界卫生组织下属的国际癌症研究局(IARC)已正式将其确定为A1类人类致癌物。本研究针对水产品中普遍自然存在着一定含量内源性甲醛的现象,对水产品中甲醛的本底含量进行了系统的、针对性的监测调查。在此基础上参照CAC食品安全风险分析理论和技术,应用基于蒙特卡罗模拟技术的@Risk定量风险评估软件开展了以水产品为来源的甲醛的定量风险评估初步研究,以期量化水产品食用途径的甲醛膳食暴露对我国普通居民造成的健康风险大小,探讨鲜活水产品中甲醛的限量标准建议。
综合考虑水产品的产量、居民日常食用习惯及市场消费情况等方面因素,运用乙酰丙酮分光光度法,先后对23种349个淡水鱼类样品、89种532个海水鱼类样品、19种175个甲壳类样品、18种163个贝类样品、7种63个头足类样品和414个水产干制品样品共计1696个水产样品中本底甲醛含量进行了测定。研究结果表明,多数水产品中甲醛的本底含量处于低端水平;在有针对性调查的49个水产品样品类别中,龙头鱼、鳕、中国枪乌贼、口虾蛄、梭子蟹等种类甲醛本底含量较高;淡水鱼类样品中的罗非鱼甲醛含量要显著高于其它种类的淡水鱼类(p<0.05);不同类型的水产品之间甲醛含量也存在一定差异(p<0.05),具体表现为水产干制品样品中甲醛含量最高,其次为海水鱼类样品、头足类样品、甲壳类样品和贝类样品,淡水鱼类样品中甲醛含量最低。
应用Monte Carlo模拟技术定量评估我国人群通过食用水产品途径的甲醛膳食暴露状况。结果表明,我国普通居民通过食用鲜活水产品途径摄入甲醛,日均暴露量的平均值为8.58E-3 mg/(kg·d),中位数为3.08E-3 mg/(kg·d),95百分位、97.5百分位甲醛暴露量分别为3.52E-2 mg/(kg·d)、4.70E-2 mg/(kg·d)。且通过食用鲜活水产品途径城市人群摄入甲醛面临的健康风险高于农村人群;不同年龄群体的膳食暴露量存在差异,幼年消费者(2～13岁)的暴露量均高于成年人;7岁前,女孩的暴露水平要高于男孩,7岁后,男孩的暴露水平高于女孩。我国普通居民通过食用干制水产品途径摄入甲醛的日均暴露量的平均值为1.62E-3mg/(kg·d),中位数为1.08E-3mg/(kg·d),95百分位、97.5百分位甲醛暴露量分别为5.01E-3mg/(kg·d)、6.27E-3mg/(kg·d)。
运用基于蒙特卡罗模拟的@Risk软件,以风险商表征食用水产品途径的甲醛膳食风险。评估结果表明,我国普通居民通过食用鲜活水产品及干制水产品途径摄入甲醛的风险商平均值和各百分位数风险商均小于1,且通过食用干制水产品途径的甲醛膳食风险商平均值和各百分位数均比食用鲜活水产品途径的甲醛膳食风险商平均值和各百分位数要低1个数量级。因而,我国普通居民仅通过食用水产品途径摄入甲醛对人体健康状况造成风险的可能性不大,但是幼儿、儿童是食用水产品途径甲醛暴露的敏感性群体,在后续的风险管理过程中应给予足够的关注和重视。
风险管理是根据风险评估的结果选择和实施适当的管理措施,旨在有效控制食品风险和保障公众健康。综合考虑其它来源的甲醛膳食暴露途径,应用@Risk定量评估软件建立甲醛评估模型,对我国普通人群和水产品高膳食水平的特殊人群食用鲜活水产品途径的甲醛膳食风险进行定量评估,建议将我国鲜活水产品中甲醛安全限量标准暂定为30mg/kg。与消费者建立有效的风险信息交流,指导其合理膳食,是目前能够有效控制食用水产品途径的甲醛膳食暴露水平和相应风险的主要风险管理措施。
Formaldehyde is a highly toxic substance, which had been formally identified as A1 class of human carcinogens by International Cancer Reasearch Agency(ICRA). In view of the general phenomenon that formaldehyde naturally existed in aquatic products, the background concentration of formaldehyde in aquactic products nationwide was investigated in a systematic and targeted monitoring survey. On this basis, a primary study on quantitative risk assessment of dietary formaldehyde in aquatic products based on Monte Carlo simulation technique was carried out by application of @Risk software according to the food safety risk analysis theory and technique of Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC). This study was aimed to evaluate the risk level of formaldehyde by means of aquatic products’dietary comsumption and propose a reasonable limit standard for formaldehyde in fresh aquatic products.
A series of practical influence factors were considered, such as the output of aquatic products, the daily consumption habits of the residents and the market consumption. The concentration of formaldehyde in 1696 aquatic product samples, which including 349 samples of 23 species of freshwater fishes, 532 samples of 89 species of marine fishes, 175 samples of 19 species of crustaceans, 163 samples of 18 species of shellfishs, 63 samples of 7 species of cephalopods and 414 samples of dried fishery products, were determined by acetylacetone spectrophotometric method. The results showed that most aquatic product samples have low formaldehyde contentration. In the pertinent survey of 49 species, bombay duck (Hacpodon neheceus), cod (Cadous macrocephalus, Theragra chalcogramma and Miciomesistius poutassou), squid (Loligo chinensis), squill (Oratosquilla) and swimming crab (Portunus trituberculatus and Portunus pelagicus) had higher levels of background formaldehyde. While formaldehyde content in tilapia seemed to be significantly higher than other freshwater fish species (p<0.05). Significant differences on types indicated that the formaldehyde concentrations were highest in dried fishery products, followed by samples of marine fish, cephalopod, crustacean and shellfish, however, samples of freshwater fish were in the lowest formaldehyde content (p<0.05).
The quantitative exposure assessment of formaldehyde by means of aquatic products’dietary consumption was conducted with application of Monte Carlo simulation techniques. The results revealed that the average daily intake of formaldehyde of general population via fresh aquatic products’consumption in China was 8.58E-3 mg/(kg·d), and the median, 95 percentile and 97.5 percentile was 3.08E-3 mg/(kg·d), 3.52E-2 mg/(kg·d) and 4.70E-2 mg/(kg·d) respectively. But the urban population faced a higher health risk level of formaldehyde exposure than rural population by means of fresh aquatic products’consumption. Different age groups had great differences in dietary expoure of formaldehyde by fresh aquatic products’intake. The exposure level of 2～13 age groups was higher than the adults’. Exposure risk faced by girls under the age of 7 was higher than the boys at the same age, and the exposure level reversed for the subpopulation at the age above 7. The average daily intake of formaldehyde of general population by eating dried fishery products in China was 1.62E-3 mg/(kg·d), and the median, 95 percentile and 97.5 percentile was 1.08E-3mg/(kg·d), 5.01E-3 mg/(kg·d) and 6.27E-3 mg/(kg·d) respectively.
Hazard quotient was employed to characterize the dietary risk of formaldehyde via eating aquatic product with the application of @Risk software basing on Monte Carlo simulation . The result showed that the average and each percentile of the hazard quotient of general population through consuming both aquatic products and dried fishery products were less than 1. Moreover, the average and every percentile of hazard quotient by dietary consumption of dried fishery products was almost one order of magnitude lower than that by dietary consumption of fresh aquatic products. Therefore, to the general population, the dietary exposure of formaldehyde only by aquatic products’consumption was unlikely to bring about severe human health risk. To reduce the formaldehyde exposure from aquatic products, sufficient concern and attention should be given to the infant and childern in the subsequent risk management process.
Based on the result of risk assessment, risk management aims to effectively control food risk level and protect public health with the selection and implementation of appropriate management measures. Taking into account other dietary sources of formaldehyde exposure pathways, risk assessment model of formaldehyde was estbablished by @Risk software to conduct quantitative dietary risk assessment of genneral population and high dietary consumers of aquatic products. It was suggested that the safety limit standard of formaldehyde in fresh aquatic products should be 30mg/kg. In conclusion, the main risk management measures to effectively control the dietary risk by consumption of aquatic products were to estbablish an effective risk communication with consumers and guide them carrying on rational diet.
综合考虑水产品的产量、居民日常食用习惯及市场消费情况等方面因素,运用乙酰丙酮分光光度法,先后对23种349个淡水鱼类样品、89种532个海水鱼类样品、19种175个甲壳类样品、18种163个贝类样品、7种63个头足类样品和414个水产干制品样品共计1696个水产样品中本底甲醛含量进行了测定。研究结果表明,多数水产品中甲醛的本底含量处于低端水平;在有针对性调查的49个水产品样品类别中,龙头鱼、鳕、中国枪乌贼、口虾蛄、梭子蟹等种类甲醛本底含量较高;淡水鱼类样品中的罗非鱼甲醛含量要显著高于其它种类的淡水鱼类(p<0.05);不同类型的水产品之间甲醛含量也存在一定差异(p<0.05),具体表现为水产干制品样品中甲醛含量最高,其次为海水鱼类样品、头足类样品、甲壳类样品和贝类样品,淡水鱼类样品中甲醛含量最低。
应用Monte Carlo模拟技术定量评估我国人群通过食用水产品途径的甲醛膳食暴露状况。结果表明,我国普通居民通过食用鲜活水产品途径摄入甲醛,日均暴露量的平均值为8.58E-3 mg/(kg·d),中位数为3.08E-3 mg/(kg·d),95百分位、97.5百分位甲醛暴露量分别为3.52E-2 mg/(kg·d)、4.70E-2 mg/(kg·d)。且通过食用鲜活水产品途径城市人群摄入甲醛面临的健康风险高于农村人群;不同年龄群体的膳食暴露量存在差异,幼年消费者(2～13岁)的暴露量均高于成年人;7岁前,女孩的暴露水平要高于男孩,7岁后,男孩的暴露水平高于女孩。我国普通居民通过食用干制水产品途径摄入甲醛的日均暴露量的平均值为1.62E-3mg/(kg·d),中位数为1.08E-3mg/(kg·d),95百分位、97.5百分位甲醛暴露量分别为5.01E-3mg/(kg·d)、6.27E-3mg/(kg·d)。
运用基于蒙特卡罗模拟的@Risk软件,以风险商表征食用水产品途径的甲醛膳食风险。评估结果表明,我国普通居民通过食用鲜活水产品及干制水产品途径摄入甲醛的风险商平均值和各百分位数风险商均小于1,且通过食用干制水产品途径的甲醛膳食风险商平均值和各百分位数均比食用鲜活水产品途径的甲醛膳食风险商平均值和各百分位数要低1个数量级。因而,我国普通居民仅通过食用水产品途径摄入甲醛对人体健康状况造成风险的可能性不大,但是幼儿、儿童是食用水产品途径甲醛暴露的敏感性群体,在后续的风险管理过程中应给予足够的关注和重视。
风险管理是根据风险评估的结果选择和实施适当的管理措施,旨在有效控制食品风险和保障公众健康。综合考虑其它来源的甲醛膳食暴露途径,应用@Risk定量评估软件建立甲醛评估模型,对我国普通人群和水产品高膳食水平的特殊人群食用鲜活水产品途径的甲醛膳食风险进行定量评估,建议将我国鲜活水产品中甲醛安全限量标准暂定为30mg/kg。与消费者建立有效的风险信息交流,指导其合理膳食,是目前能够有效控制食用水产品途径的甲醛膳食暴露水平和相应风险的主要风险管理措施。
Formaldehyde is a highly toxic substance, which had been formally identified as A1 class of human carcinogens by International Cancer Reasearch Agency(ICRA). In view of the general phenomenon that formaldehyde naturally existed in aquatic products, the background concentration of formaldehyde in aquactic products nationwide was investigated in a systematic and targeted monitoring survey. On this basis, a primary study on quantitative risk assessment of dietary formaldehyde in aquatic products based on Monte Carlo simulation technique was carried out by application of @Risk software according to the food safety risk analysis theory and technique of Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC). This study was aimed to evaluate the risk level of formaldehyde by means of aquatic products’dietary comsumption and propose a reasonable limit standard for formaldehyde in fresh aquatic products.
A series of practical influence factors were considered, such as the output of aquatic products, the daily consumption habits of the residents and the market consumption. The concentration of formaldehyde in 1696 aquatic product samples, which including 349 samples of 23 species of freshwater fishes, 532 samples of 89 species of marine fishes, 175 samples of 19 species of crustaceans, 163 samples of 18 species of shellfishs, 63 samples of 7 species of cephalopods and 414 samples of dried fishery products, were determined by acetylacetone spectrophotometric method. The results showed that most aquatic product samples have low formaldehyde contentration. In the pertinent survey of 49 species, bombay duck (Hacpodon neheceus), cod (Cadous macrocephalus, Theragra chalcogramma and Miciomesistius poutassou), squid (Loligo chinensis), squill (Oratosquilla) and swimming crab (Portunus trituberculatus and Portunus pelagicus) had higher levels of background formaldehyde. While formaldehyde content in tilapia seemed to be significantly higher than other freshwater fish species (p<0.05). Significant differences on types indicated that the formaldehyde concentrations were highest in dried fishery products, followed by samples of marine fish, cephalopod, crustacean and shellfish, however, samples of freshwater fish were in the lowest formaldehyde content (p<0.05).
The quantitative exposure assessment of formaldehyde by means of aquatic products’dietary consumption was conducted with application of Monte Carlo simulation techniques. The results revealed that the average daily intake of formaldehyde of general population via fresh aquatic products’consumption in China was 8.58E-3 mg/(kg·d), and the median, 95 percentile and 97.5 percentile was 3.08E-3 mg/(kg·d), 3.52E-2 mg/(kg·d) and 4.70E-2 mg/(kg·d) respectively. But the urban population faced a higher health risk level of formaldehyde exposure than rural population by means of fresh aquatic products’consumption. Different age groups had great differences in dietary expoure of formaldehyde by fresh aquatic products’intake. The exposure level of 2～13 age groups was higher than the adults’. Exposure risk faced by girls under the age of 7 was higher than the boys at the same age, and the exposure level reversed for the subpopulation at the age above 7. The average daily intake of formaldehyde of general population by eating dried fishery products in China was 1.62E-3 mg/(kg·d), and the median, 95 percentile and 97.5 percentile was 1.08E-3mg/(kg·d), 5.01E-3 mg/(kg·d) and 6.27E-3 mg/(kg·d) respectively.
Hazard quotient was employed to characterize the dietary risk of formaldehyde via eating aquatic product with the application of @Risk software basing on Monte Carlo simulation . The result showed that the average and each percentile of the hazard quotient of general population through consuming both aquatic products and dried fishery products were less than 1. Moreover, the average and every percentile of hazard quotient by dietary consumption of dried fishery products was almost one order of magnitude lower than that by dietary consumption of fresh aquatic products. Therefore, to the general population, the dietary exposure of formaldehyde only by aquatic products’consumption was unlikely to bring about severe human health risk. To reduce the formaldehyde exposure from aquatic products, sufficient concern and attention should be given to the infant and childern in the subsequent risk management process.
Based on the result of risk assessment, risk management aims to effectively control food risk level and protect public health with the selection and implementation of appropriate management measures. Taking into account other dietary sources of formaldehyde exposure pathways, risk assessment model of formaldehyde was estbablished by @Risk software to conduct quantitative dietary risk assessment of genneral population and high dietary consumers of aquatic products. It was suggested that the safety limit standard of formaldehyde in fresh aquatic products should be 30mg/kg. In conclusion, the main risk management measures to effectively control the dietary risk by consumption of aquatic products were to estbablish an effective risk communication with consumers and guide them carrying on rational diet.
引文
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