清洁生产及其在污水和生态治理中的应用研究
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摘要
环境污染与能源短缺问题已经严重影响到世界经济的可持续发展,单纯依靠“末端治理”已经不能有效控制环境污染和生态破坏,清洁生产理论基于可持续发展、循环经济和工业生态等理论,是一种广义的污染防治途径。在许多发达国家受到重视,而我国的清洁生产还存在一些问题,受技术和基础所限,目前的清洁生产多集中在清洁技术和生产末端,对维持生产的能源产生过程以及产品全寿命周期内的污染防治力度不够。因此,本研究采用理论分析和实践应用相结合的研究方法,系统研究了清洁生产的内涵、评价指标体系、评价流程,开展了清洁生产在污水处理和生态环境综合治理中的应用研究。旨在促进我国清洁生产的发展和推行,为促进我国的环境保护和可持续发展提供一定的参考。通过研究,得出如下主要结论:
(1)将清洁生产的内涵拓展提升为“三清一控制”,即清洁的生产能源、清洁的生产过程、清洁的生产技术以及贯穿于产品形成全过程的综合控制,更强调重视生产能源和更广泛的生产过程综合控制。因此能够体现清洁生产的预防性和有效性特点,有利于促进全过程的清洁生产。
(2)深入研究了清洁生产的评估流程,在分析现有指标评价体系不足的基础上,构建了较全面的清洁生产指标评价体系,指标体系包括4个一级指标,18个二级指标,61个三级指标,涵盖了能源资源、生产过程、废物处理、产品价值等各方面,充分考虑了生产所需的能源问题、生产技术工艺、生产设备、生产管理和生产人员等因素以及废弃物处理再利用方面对环境的影响等,使得指标评价更加全面。
(3)针对某毛纺有限公司污水处理,分别采用末端治理和清洁生产两种方法进行效益分析和比较,结果表明,末端处理虽然能够较为有效地处理污染物,但无法避免能源产生过程中的资源消耗和污染物排放,在污染物处理过程中又带来了新的污染;而清洁生产采用清洁技术和工艺,不仅减少了生产过程污染物排放,而且采用清洁能源实现了化石资源的零消耗和电力产生过程污染的零排放,达到了最佳环境效益和能源效益。
(4)针对新疆艾比湖生态综合治理问题,运用清洁生产的理念,设计了以风力布水,植物纤维覆盖,浓水晒盐等方法为核心,合理利用当地资源开展环境综合治理的方案,有利于实现社会和自然环境的综合效益的最大化。
以上研究成果,有利于更好地推广与评估清洁生产,为科学评价清洁生产水平提供了理论依据。清洁生产的概念、指标体系、理论方法等应用于生产与生态环境综合治理等方面,能够带来较大的资源价值、经济价值、社会价值和环境价值,因此对促进环境保护和社会的可持续发展具有一定的理论和实践意义。
The problem of energy shortage and environmental pollution has become the most important factor influencing the world economy sustainable development. Relying solely on“end-treatment”can’t effectively prevent the environmental pollution and the ecological damage. Based on the theory of sustainable development, circular economy and industrial ecosystem,“Cleaner Production”is a useful way to prevent pollution. The Strategy of“Cleaner Production”is being to use in USA, Germany and France, but it should be noticed that there are still some problems on cleaner-production in our country, such as attention mostly paid to the technique of cleaner-production and end-treatment, while the pollution produced by energy utilization and how to prevent the pollution occurred in whole life of product have been ignored. Therefore, the method that combined reference with application is used to study the connotation of“cleaner production”, evaluation process and index evaluation system for cleaner production, the application of wastewater treatment and ecological integrated treatment of Xinjiang Aibi Lake. It is meaningful in theory and practice to emphasize and generalize the cleaner production and give some good advice to environment protection and sustainable development to entire energy and production chain.
(1) The concept of“Cleaner production”is expanded in this paper, which pay more attention to produce energy and integrated control in whole process.“Cleaner production”can be decomposed in cleaner energy, cleaner production, cleaner technology and integrated control in whole process. The concept of“Cleaner production”will have preventability and availability characteristics and will be benefit to promote the whole process of cleaner production.
(2) In order to better promote and evaluate cleaner production, it is very important to do a scientific evaluation for the level of cleaner production. Evaluation process for cleaner production is deeply studied in this paper. The comprehensive index evaluation system for cleaner production have been made, including 4 first-class-indexes, 18 second-class-indexes, and 61 third-class-indexes, covering energy resources, production process , waste treatment and product value. The index evaluation system for cleaner production is more integrity, because it takes into account more factors, such as energy, technical matters, equipment, worker and reuse of rejected material.
(3) The comparison of two approaches of“End-treatment”and“Cleaner Production”for the wastewater treatment in a wool textile company have been made and the results show that“end-treatment”method can effectively treat pollution but pollutants discharge and resources consumption in the process of energy production can’t be avoided.“Cleaner production”apply cleaning technology and process which can not only reduce pollutants discharge in production, but also application of cleaning energy can achieve zero consumption of fossil resources and zero discharge of pollution in power generation process, which attains the best environmental and energy benefits.
(4) For ecological integrated treatment of Xinjiang Aibi Lake, it applies cleaner production by distributing water with wind, coverage with plant fiber and exposure concentrate to produce salt. This integrated treatment by reasonably using local resource achieves integrated benefits of human society and natural environment. The result of this paper will benefit to spread and evaluate the cleaner production and establish the theory foundation. The application of cleaner production, index system and theoretical methods to environmental integrated treatment can obtain huge resource value, economic value, social and environmental value. It is one of effective ways to achieve economic, environmental and energy sustainable development.
(1)将清洁生产的内涵拓展提升为“三清一控制”,即清洁的生产能源、清洁的生产过程、清洁的生产技术以及贯穿于产品形成全过程的综合控制,更强调重视生产能源和更广泛的生产过程综合控制。因此能够体现清洁生产的预防性和有效性特点,有利于促进全过程的清洁生产。
(2)深入研究了清洁生产的评估流程,在分析现有指标评价体系不足的基础上,构建了较全面的清洁生产指标评价体系,指标体系包括4个一级指标,18个二级指标,61个三级指标,涵盖了能源资源、生产过程、废物处理、产品价值等各方面,充分考虑了生产所需的能源问题、生产技术工艺、生产设备、生产管理和生产人员等因素以及废弃物处理再利用方面对环境的影响等,使得指标评价更加全面。
(3)针对某毛纺有限公司污水处理,分别采用末端治理和清洁生产两种方法进行效益分析和比较,结果表明,末端处理虽然能够较为有效地处理污染物,但无法避免能源产生过程中的资源消耗和污染物排放,在污染物处理过程中又带来了新的污染;而清洁生产采用清洁技术和工艺,不仅减少了生产过程污染物排放,而且采用清洁能源实现了化石资源的零消耗和电力产生过程污染的零排放,达到了最佳环境效益和能源效益。
(4)针对新疆艾比湖生态综合治理问题,运用清洁生产的理念,设计了以风力布水,植物纤维覆盖,浓水晒盐等方法为核心,合理利用当地资源开展环境综合治理的方案,有利于实现社会和自然环境的综合效益的最大化。
以上研究成果,有利于更好地推广与评估清洁生产,为科学评价清洁生产水平提供了理论依据。清洁生产的概念、指标体系、理论方法等应用于生产与生态环境综合治理等方面,能够带来较大的资源价值、经济价值、社会价值和环境价值,因此对促进环境保护和社会的可持续发展具有一定的理论和实践意义。
The problem of energy shortage and environmental pollution has become the most important factor influencing the world economy sustainable development. Relying solely on“end-treatment”can’t effectively prevent the environmental pollution and the ecological damage. Based on the theory of sustainable development, circular economy and industrial ecosystem,“Cleaner Production”is a useful way to prevent pollution. The Strategy of“Cleaner Production”is being to use in USA, Germany and France, but it should be noticed that there are still some problems on cleaner-production in our country, such as attention mostly paid to the technique of cleaner-production and end-treatment, while the pollution produced by energy utilization and how to prevent the pollution occurred in whole life of product have been ignored. Therefore, the method that combined reference with application is used to study the connotation of“cleaner production”, evaluation process and index evaluation system for cleaner production, the application of wastewater treatment and ecological integrated treatment of Xinjiang Aibi Lake. It is meaningful in theory and practice to emphasize and generalize the cleaner production and give some good advice to environment protection and sustainable development to entire energy and production chain.
(1) The concept of“Cleaner production”is expanded in this paper, which pay more attention to produce energy and integrated control in whole process.“Cleaner production”can be decomposed in cleaner energy, cleaner production, cleaner technology and integrated control in whole process. The concept of“Cleaner production”will have preventability and availability characteristics and will be benefit to promote the whole process of cleaner production.
(2) In order to better promote and evaluate cleaner production, it is very important to do a scientific evaluation for the level of cleaner production. Evaluation process for cleaner production is deeply studied in this paper. The comprehensive index evaluation system for cleaner production have been made, including 4 first-class-indexes, 18 second-class-indexes, and 61 third-class-indexes, covering energy resources, production process , waste treatment and product value. The index evaluation system for cleaner production is more integrity, because it takes into account more factors, such as energy, technical matters, equipment, worker and reuse of rejected material.
(3) The comparison of two approaches of“End-treatment”and“Cleaner Production”for the wastewater treatment in a wool textile company have been made and the results show that“end-treatment”method can effectively treat pollution but pollutants discharge and resources consumption in the process of energy production can’t be avoided.“Cleaner production”apply cleaning technology and process which can not only reduce pollutants discharge in production, but also application of cleaning energy can achieve zero consumption of fossil resources and zero discharge of pollution in power generation process, which attains the best environmental and energy benefits.
(4) For ecological integrated treatment of Xinjiang Aibi Lake, it applies cleaner production by distributing water with wind, coverage with plant fiber and exposure concentrate to produce salt. This integrated treatment by reasonably using local resource achieves integrated benefits of human society and natural environment. The result of this paper will benefit to spread and evaluate the cleaner production and establish the theory foundation. The application of cleaner production, index system and theoretical methods to environmental integrated treatment can obtain huge resource value, economic value, social and environmental value. It is one of effective ways to achieve economic, environmental and energy sustainable development.
引文
[1]陈博.工程项目清洁生产方案的优化方法研究[D].天津: 2009.
[2]崔兆杰.循环经济理论与方法[M].北京:科学出版社, 2008.3第一版:1-2.
[3]高晓佳.环境影响评价中清洁生产分析方法研究[D].天津:天津大学2009.
[4]宫伟,范晓虹.实施工5014000标准与清洁生产相结合,推动经济可持续发展[J].城市环境与城市生态, 1999,6(5),
[5]龚文娟.煤矿清洁生产及产业链研究[D].山东大学2007.
[6]候华华.区域清洁生产理论与方法研究[D].山东大学2005.
[7]金涌.生态工业原理与应用[M].清华大学出版社, 2004.
[8]江丕森.推行清洁生产对策研究[D].东北大学2005.
[9]金碚.资源与环境约束下的中国工业发展[J].中国工业经济, 2005, (3):5-14
[10]孔令丞.循环经济推进战略研究在中国[M].北京:中国时代经济出版社, 2008.5.
[11]钱易.环境保护与可持续发展[M].高等教育出版社, 2000.
[12]石芝玲.清洁生产理论与实践研究[D].河北工业大学2005.
[13]斯德哥尔摩环境研究院.《2002年中国人类发展报告:让绿色发展成为一种选择》[R]. 2002.
[14]王林秀.清洁生产驱动因素及调控机制研究[D].中国矿业大学2009.
[15]王素玲.循环经济理念下的清洁生产立法问题研究[D].山西财经大学2008.
[16]王玉庆.在2004年清洁生产工作现场会的讲话摘要[R]. 2004.
[17]王雪.艾比湖生态环境治理措施[J].中国环境管理干部学院学报, 2011, 1(21)29-31+36
[18]王庆声.循环经济在天津经济技术开发区发展应用研究[D].北京交通大学2009.
[19]吴治坚.能源与可再生能源的利用[M].机械工业出版社, 2006.
[20]熊文强.绿色环保与清洁生产概论[M].北京:化学工业出版社, 2002.
[21]夏训诚,杨根生.中国西北地区沙尘暴灾害及防治[M]. 1996,35-71.
[22]谢正宇.基于生态系统服务功能价值评估的新疆艾比湖实地退化恢复措施研究[D].北京师范大学2006.
[23]于国强.新能源发电技术[M].中国电力出版社, 2009.
[24]尹建中.循环经济理论及其在中国的实践研究[J].中国人口资源与环境, 2003, 13(2):28-33
[25]张凯.清洁生产理论与方法[M].北京:科学出版社, 2005.3.
[26]赵莹.食用植物油工业清洁生产综合评价方法[D].吉林大学2007.
[27]张平.清洁生产指标体系构建与案例数据库网站开发[D].东华大学2004.
[28]周自江.近45年中国扬沙和沙尘暴天气[J].第四纪研究, 2001,21(1): 9-17,
[29]诸大建.从可持续发展到循环经济[J].世界环境, 2000, (3):6-12
[30]周鹏.大庆油田公司第三采油厂清洁生产项目管理与控制研究[D].吉林大学2010.
[31] Brutter J. From Cleaner Production to Sustainable Industrial Production Modes [J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2004 (12), 249-256
[32] Davison F. Gaining from green management:Environmental management systems inside and outside the factory [J]. California Management Review, 2001(3):62,
[33] Flamos A, Doukas H. CDM-PAT:A decision support tool for the pre-assessment of CDM projects [J]. International Journal of Computer Applications in Technology (IJCAT), 2005,22,419-433,
[34] Gouldson A, Murphy J. Regulatory realities [M]. Earthscan, London: 1998.
[35] Holm K, Olsen. Sustainable development benefits of clean development mechanism projects: A new methodology for sustainability assessment based on text analysis of the project design documents submitted for validation [J]. Energy Policy, 2008,36(8):2819-2830,
[36] J.Glasson, J.M.Piper. Cleaner Production and Environmental Impact Assessment :UK perspective [J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2000.8, 127 ~132
[37] Karakosta C, Doukas H. Sustainable energy technologies in Israel under the CDM:Needs and prospects [J]. Renewable Energy, 2009,34(5):1399–1406,
[38] Kollman, Prakash. EMS-based environmental regimes as club goods: Examining variations in firm-level adoption of ISO 14002 and EMAS in U.K., U.S. and Germany [J]. Policy Sciences, 2002,(35):54-67,
[39] Levy D. The Environmental practices and Performance of Transnational Corporations [J]. Transnational Coroorations, 1995(2):44-50,
[40] L.Reijnders. Policies influencing cleaner production: the role of prices and regulation [J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, May 2003, Volume 11, Issue 3:333-338
[41] Nussbaumer P. On the contribution of labelled Certified Emission Reductions to sustainable development:A multi-criteria evaluation of CDM projects [J]. Energy Policy, 2009,37(1):91-101,
[42] Rahman M, Deros B, Yasin R. Cleaner Produetion Implementation Towards Environmental Quality Improvement [J]. European Journal of Seientific Research, 2009, 30(2):187一194
[43] Webber M. The theory of social and economic organization [M]. London: Oxford University Press, 1947.
[44] Weiss P, Lefevre T. Modelling the impacts of CDM incentives for the Thai electricity sector [J]. Energy Policy, 2008,36,1134–1147,
[2]崔兆杰.循环经济理论与方法[M].北京:科学出版社, 2008.3第一版:1-2.
[3]高晓佳.环境影响评价中清洁生产分析方法研究[D].天津:天津大学2009.
[4]宫伟,范晓虹.实施工5014000标准与清洁生产相结合,推动经济可持续发展[J].城市环境与城市生态, 1999,6(5),
[5]龚文娟.煤矿清洁生产及产业链研究[D].山东大学2007.
[6]候华华.区域清洁生产理论与方法研究[D].山东大学2005.
[7]金涌.生态工业原理与应用[M].清华大学出版社, 2004.
[8]江丕森.推行清洁生产对策研究[D].东北大学2005.
[9]金碚.资源与环境约束下的中国工业发展[J].中国工业经济, 2005, (3):5-14
[10]孔令丞.循环经济推进战略研究在中国[M].北京:中国时代经济出版社, 2008.5.
[11]钱易.环境保护与可持续发展[M].高等教育出版社, 2000.
[12]石芝玲.清洁生产理论与实践研究[D].河北工业大学2005.
[13]斯德哥尔摩环境研究院.《2002年中国人类发展报告:让绿色发展成为一种选择》[R]. 2002.
[14]王林秀.清洁生产驱动因素及调控机制研究[D].中国矿业大学2009.
[15]王素玲.循环经济理念下的清洁生产立法问题研究[D].山西财经大学2008.
[16]王玉庆.在2004年清洁生产工作现场会的讲话摘要[R]. 2004.
[17]王雪.艾比湖生态环境治理措施[J].中国环境管理干部学院学报, 2011, 1(21)29-31+36
[18]王庆声.循环经济在天津经济技术开发区发展应用研究[D].北京交通大学2009.
[19]吴治坚.能源与可再生能源的利用[M].机械工业出版社, 2006.
[20]熊文强.绿色环保与清洁生产概论[M].北京:化学工业出版社, 2002.
[21]夏训诚,杨根生.中国西北地区沙尘暴灾害及防治[M]. 1996,35-71.
[22]谢正宇.基于生态系统服务功能价值评估的新疆艾比湖实地退化恢复措施研究[D].北京师范大学2006.
[23]于国强.新能源发电技术[M].中国电力出版社, 2009.
[24]尹建中.循环经济理论及其在中国的实践研究[J].中国人口资源与环境, 2003, 13(2):28-33
[25]张凯.清洁生产理论与方法[M].北京:科学出版社, 2005.3.
[26]赵莹.食用植物油工业清洁生产综合评价方法[D].吉林大学2007.
[27]张平.清洁生产指标体系构建与案例数据库网站开发[D].东华大学2004.
[28]周自江.近45年中国扬沙和沙尘暴天气[J].第四纪研究, 2001,21(1): 9-17,
[29]诸大建.从可持续发展到循环经济[J].世界环境, 2000, (3):6-12
[30]周鹏.大庆油田公司第三采油厂清洁生产项目管理与控制研究[D].吉林大学2010.
[31] Brutter J. From Cleaner Production to Sustainable Industrial Production Modes [J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2004 (12), 249-256
[32] Davison F. Gaining from green management:Environmental management systems inside and outside the factory [J]. California Management Review, 2001(3):62,
[33] Flamos A, Doukas H. CDM-PAT:A decision support tool for the pre-assessment of CDM projects [J]. International Journal of Computer Applications in Technology (IJCAT), 2005,22,419-433,
[34] Gouldson A, Murphy J. Regulatory realities [M]. Earthscan, London: 1998.
[35] Holm K, Olsen. Sustainable development benefits of clean development mechanism projects: A new methodology for sustainability assessment based on text analysis of the project design documents submitted for validation [J]. Energy Policy, 2008,36(8):2819-2830,
[36] J.Glasson, J.M.Piper. Cleaner Production and Environmental Impact Assessment :UK perspective [J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2000.8, 127 ~132
[37] Karakosta C, Doukas H. Sustainable energy technologies in Israel under the CDM:Needs and prospects [J]. Renewable Energy, 2009,34(5):1399–1406,
[38] Kollman, Prakash. EMS-based environmental regimes as club goods: Examining variations in firm-level adoption of ISO 14002 and EMAS in U.K., U.S. and Germany [J]. Policy Sciences, 2002,(35):54-67,
[39] Levy D. The Environmental practices and Performance of Transnational Corporations [J]. Transnational Coroorations, 1995(2):44-50,
[40] L.Reijnders. Policies influencing cleaner production: the role of prices and regulation [J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, May 2003, Volume 11, Issue 3:333-338
[41] Nussbaumer P. On the contribution of labelled Certified Emission Reductions to sustainable development:A multi-criteria evaluation of CDM projects [J]. Energy Policy, 2009,37(1):91-101,
[42] Rahman M, Deros B, Yasin R. Cleaner Produetion Implementation Towards Environmental Quality Improvement [J]. European Journal of Seientific Research, 2009, 30(2):187一194
[43] Webber M. The theory of social and economic organization [M]. London: Oxford University Press, 1947.
[44] Weiss P, Lefevre T. Modelling the impacts of CDM incentives for the Thai electricity sector [J]. Energy Policy, 2008,36,1134–1147,