大民屯凹陷油气性质与成藏机理研究
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摘要
本文是在中石油辽河油田分公司提供的《大民屯凹陷温压场演化及油气成藏机理研究》
项目基础上进行研究和编写的。论文以含油气系统和成藏动力学理论为指导思想,探讨了
大民屯凹陷油气成藏的动力学和运动学过程,应用油气地球化学、油藏地球化学和盆地模
拟等领域中先进的分析技术与研究方法,分析了大民屯凹陷油气藏油气性质、成因类型和
成藏特征,结合成藏背景与相对能量场分析,揭示出本区油气藏的成藏条件与主控因素,
从而为指导和预测油气有利远景区及勘探目标优选提供了依据。研究过程中,应用了近年
来石油地质、石油勘探领域中一些新方法、新理论:如利用流体包裹体激光拉曼技术、伊
利石 K-Ar 定年技术确定油气成藏时间、期次;利用饱和烃气相色谱/质谱、单体烃碳同位
素、红外光谱等分析测试手段进行精细油源对比;应用中性含氮化合物结合流体非均质性
来判断油气的充注方向;磷灰石裂变径迹分析凹陷地温演化;同时还利用了盆地模拟等方
法对研究区压力演化、油气运移路径进行了理论上的确定。
大民屯凹陷是我国东部著名的“小而肥”新生代陆相小凹陷,也是世界上著名的高凝
高蜡油生产基地,其独特的构造-沉积发育史、适宜的温压环境、多生烃洼陷、优质源岩、
良好的输导系统、近源充注、多套成藏组合使得 800km2面积内已探明石油地质储量近 3 亿
吨,有利的成藏背景伴随运移分异、生物降解等多种次生变化作用,形成了空间上正常原
油、高蜡油、凝析油藏相互叠合的复式油气藏体系。
通过研究,主要取得以下几点认识:
1.大民屯凹陷原油含蜡量变化大,按含蜡量(20%)划分正常油和高蜡油。经过原油
物性、甾萜等生物标志物、红外光谱分析,认为高蜡油油源沉积环境是较正常油贫粘土、
盐度相对高的闭塞弱还原环境,其母质应由陆源高等植物和低等水生生物共同构成,且经
微生物改造较强烈。正常油油源以高等植物为主体,处于相对氧化且富粘土的沉积环境。
通过精细油源对比分析,大民屯凹陷高蜡油主要来源于沙四下部的“油页岩”, 而正常油
母质主要为沙四上部和沙三四段的厚层泥岩。综合分析认为高蜡油成因主要受控于沉积母
质和沉积环境的双重控制;
2.大民屯凹陷现今地温梯度较低,平均为2.9℃/100m,古地温梯度较高,安福屯洼陷和
荣胜堡洼陷分别 4.07 和 3.6℃/100m。凹陷沉降-沉积速率的变化及地温梯度的变化,使大民
屯凹陷主力源岩进入生烃高峰后长期保持适合高蜡油形成和保存的温度条件。本区泥岩压实
特征可分为强欠压实型、欠压实型、局部欠压实型和正常压实型四大类;纵向上,沙三段
下部和沙四段地层内的超压幅度较为显著。横向上看,靠近凹陷中心部位的超压发育较强。
压力演化经历了超压原始积累和超压释放两大阶段,地层快速深埋导致的欠压实和生烃增
压是本区超压形成的主要机制。
3.大民屯凹陷油浸砂岩的自生伊利石 K-Ar 同位素年龄分析表明其主要充注时期为
37～33Ma,即沙一、二至东营早期;流体包裹体分析结果表明,大民屯凹陷下第三系和太
古界潜山的主成藏期为沙三末期至东营早期,两结论基本一致,并且与本区主力源岩(E2S4
和 E2S3 )主要生、排烃期在沙一、二期至东营早期的盆地模拟结论相吻合;
4
4.大民屯凹陷流体组成非均质性和中性含氮化合物分布特征揭示了原油的近源充注。
油气的富集和分布是有效源岩、能量场演化和流体输导系统及其决定的流体流动样式共同
控制的结果:优质源岩和适宜的温度条件有利于高蜡油的大量生成;较强的超压和有利的
源岩-储层/输导层配置决定了高蜡油较高的排出效率;良好的泥岩封闭层和张性断裂较早地
停止活动有利于原油的保存;汇聚型运移和近源成藏有利于原油的汇聚和大、中型油田的
形成;
5.静西构造带是高蜡油的汇聚区之一,目前尚无探明储量,具有较大的勘探潜力。
This dissertation is written on the base of the project “Study on temperature-pressure field
evolution and hydrocarbon accumulation mechanism in Damintun Depression”, which is
provided by Liaohe oil field of CNPC. The main leading ideas include petroleum system and
dynamics of accumulation theories. We discussed hydrocarbon accumulating processes of
dynamics and kinematics in Damintun Depression. Many advanced methods and technologies of
oil-gas geochemistry, reservoir geochemistry and basin modeling have been used, such as fluid
inclusion Laser Raman spectroscop, Illite K-Ar dating, saturated hydrocarbon GC/MS,
monomeric carbon isotope, nitrogen-containing compound and fluid heterogeneity. Hydrocarbon
characteristics, forming types, accumulation mechanism in this region have been well acquainted.
At the same time, combining with accumulation background and energy field, we acquired
reservoir forming conditions and its controlling factors. Consequently, they help to forecast
effective oil-gas perspectives and choose available exploration targets.
Damintun Depression is located in the northeast of Liaohe Basin, well-known as “small but
fertility”and rich high-wax oil in the world. The total area of Paleogene is only about 800 km2
and its geologic reserve is about 300 million tons. The fertility reserve is mainly owing to its
particular conformation-sediment development history, appropriate geothermal-pressure
circumstance, more source sags, high quality sources, favorable conduit systems, near-source
charging, multi-play types. Advantageous accumulation background, accompanying with
secondary changing effects such as migration differentiation and biodegradation formed mutual
overlapping complex reservoir systems, including normal crude oil, high-wax oil and condensate
reservoirs.
The following conclusions have been drawn:
1. The characters of petroleum are complex, with normal oil whose waxy percent is less than
20% and high-wax oil whose waxy percent is more than 20%. Comparing with normal oil, the
environment of source rocks of high-wax oil features with poorer shale, higher salty and
reduction, and the source features mainly composed with higher grade plant and lower grade
aquatic creatures by the analysis of crude oil physics nature, sterane, terpane and infrared
spectrum. Detailed oil-to-source correlation shows that high-wax oil originates from “oil shale”
of E2S4 , whereas normal oil sources from shale of E2S4 and E2S3 . The reasons of high-wax oil
2 1 4
generation are mainly due to organic matter and sedimentary environment.
2. The pale geothermal gradient is higher than the present, and in Anfutun and Rongshengpu
Sags, the PGs have reached 41℃/km and 36℃/km. The variety from rate of deposition and basin
tectonic subsidence to geothermal gradient have come into being properly low
thermo-developing history, which made high-wax oil generated and enriched and preserved after
peak time of hydrocarbon generation. Four types of compaction in Damintun Depression are
classified from the characteristics of mudstone compaction. At planes, the strong overpressure is
always formed in the sedimentary center of every sag. Yet From the point of profiles, it is mainly
generated from bottom of E2S3 member to inside of E2S3 and E2S4 members. Overpressure is
3 4
stronger and formed widely. Pressure evolvement can be divided into two phases of stress
accumulation and release. The under-compaction and hydrocarbon generation are the leading
mechanisms for the formation of the overpressure in this region.
3. Petroleum charging history in Damintun Depression is also acquired by means of Illite
K-Ar dating and fluid inclusion homogenous temperature technologies. Integrating with
petroleum generation history by basin modeling technique, conclusions are drawn:To the
reservoirs of Paleogene and Archean, one mainly charging period existed, w
项目基础上进行研究和编写的。论文以含油气系统和成藏动力学理论为指导思想,探讨了
大民屯凹陷油气成藏的动力学和运动学过程,应用油气地球化学、油藏地球化学和盆地模
拟等领域中先进的分析技术与研究方法,分析了大民屯凹陷油气藏油气性质、成因类型和
成藏特征,结合成藏背景与相对能量场分析,揭示出本区油气藏的成藏条件与主控因素,
从而为指导和预测油气有利远景区及勘探目标优选提供了依据。研究过程中,应用了近年
来石油地质、石油勘探领域中一些新方法、新理论:如利用流体包裹体激光拉曼技术、伊
利石 K-Ar 定年技术确定油气成藏时间、期次;利用饱和烃气相色谱/质谱、单体烃碳同位
素、红外光谱等分析测试手段进行精细油源对比;应用中性含氮化合物结合流体非均质性
来判断油气的充注方向;磷灰石裂变径迹分析凹陷地温演化;同时还利用了盆地模拟等方
法对研究区压力演化、油气运移路径进行了理论上的确定。
大民屯凹陷是我国东部著名的“小而肥”新生代陆相小凹陷,也是世界上著名的高凝
高蜡油生产基地,其独特的构造-沉积发育史、适宜的温压环境、多生烃洼陷、优质源岩、
良好的输导系统、近源充注、多套成藏组合使得 800km2面积内已探明石油地质储量近 3 亿
吨,有利的成藏背景伴随运移分异、生物降解等多种次生变化作用,形成了空间上正常原
油、高蜡油、凝析油藏相互叠合的复式油气藏体系。
通过研究,主要取得以下几点认识:
1.大民屯凹陷原油含蜡量变化大,按含蜡量(20%)划分正常油和高蜡油。经过原油
物性、甾萜等生物标志物、红外光谱分析,认为高蜡油油源沉积环境是较正常油贫粘土、
盐度相对高的闭塞弱还原环境,其母质应由陆源高等植物和低等水生生物共同构成,且经
微生物改造较强烈。正常油油源以高等植物为主体,处于相对氧化且富粘土的沉积环境。
通过精细油源对比分析,大民屯凹陷高蜡油主要来源于沙四下部的“油页岩”, 而正常油
母质主要为沙四上部和沙三四段的厚层泥岩。综合分析认为高蜡油成因主要受控于沉积母
质和沉积环境的双重控制;
2.大民屯凹陷现今地温梯度较低,平均为2.9℃/100m,古地温梯度较高,安福屯洼陷和
荣胜堡洼陷分别 4.07 和 3.6℃/100m。凹陷沉降-沉积速率的变化及地温梯度的变化,使大民
屯凹陷主力源岩进入生烃高峰后长期保持适合高蜡油形成和保存的温度条件。本区泥岩压实
特征可分为强欠压实型、欠压实型、局部欠压实型和正常压实型四大类;纵向上,沙三段
下部和沙四段地层内的超压幅度较为显著。横向上看,靠近凹陷中心部位的超压发育较强。
压力演化经历了超压原始积累和超压释放两大阶段,地层快速深埋导致的欠压实和生烃增
压是本区超压形成的主要机制。
3.大民屯凹陷油浸砂岩的自生伊利石 K-Ar 同位素年龄分析表明其主要充注时期为
37～33Ma,即沙一、二至东营早期;流体包裹体分析结果表明,大民屯凹陷下第三系和太
古界潜山的主成藏期为沙三末期至东营早期,两结论基本一致,并且与本区主力源岩(E2S4
和 E2S3 )主要生、排烃期在沙一、二期至东营早期的盆地模拟结论相吻合;
4
4.大民屯凹陷流体组成非均质性和中性含氮化合物分布特征揭示了原油的近源充注。
油气的富集和分布是有效源岩、能量场演化和流体输导系统及其决定的流体流动样式共同
控制的结果:优质源岩和适宜的温度条件有利于高蜡油的大量生成;较强的超压和有利的
源岩-储层/输导层配置决定了高蜡油较高的排出效率;良好的泥岩封闭层和张性断裂较早地
停止活动有利于原油的保存;汇聚型运移和近源成藏有利于原油的汇聚和大、中型油田的
形成;
5.静西构造带是高蜡油的汇聚区之一,目前尚无探明储量,具有较大的勘探潜力。
This dissertation is written on the base of the project “Study on temperature-pressure field
evolution and hydrocarbon accumulation mechanism in Damintun Depression”, which is
provided by Liaohe oil field of CNPC. The main leading ideas include petroleum system and
dynamics of accumulation theories. We discussed hydrocarbon accumulating processes of
dynamics and kinematics in Damintun Depression. Many advanced methods and technologies of
oil-gas geochemistry, reservoir geochemistry and basin modeling have been used, such as fluid
inclusion Laser Raman spectroscop, Illite K-Ar dating, saturated hydrocarbon GC/MS,
monomeric carbon isotope, nitrogen-containing compound and fluid heterogeneity. Hydrocarbon
characteristics, forming types, accumulation mechanism in this region have been well acquainted.
At the same time, combining with accumulation background and energy field, we acquired
reservoir forming conditions and its controlling factors. Consequently, they help to forecast
effective oil-gas perspectives and choose available exploration targets.
Damintun Depression is located in the northeast of Liaohe Basin, well-known as “small but
fertility”and rich high-wax oil in the world. The total area of Paleogene is only about 800 km2
and its geologic reserve is about 300 million tons. The fertility reserve is mainly owing to its
particular conformation-sediment development history, appropriate geothermal-pressure
circumstance, more source sags, high quality sources, favorable conduit systems, near-source
charging, multi-play types. Advantageous accumulation background, accompanying with
secondary changing effects such as migration differentiation and biodegradation formed mutual
overlapping complex reservoir systems, including normal crude oil, high-wax oil and condensate
reservoirs.
The following conclusions have been drawn:
1. The characters of petroleum are complex, with normal oil whose waxy percent is less than
20% and high-wax oil whose waxy percent is more than 20%. Comparing with normal oil, the
environment of source rocks of high-wax oil features with poorer shale, higher salty and
reduction, and the source features mainly composed with higher grade plant and lower grade
aquatic creatures by the analysis of crude oil physics nature, sterane, terpane and infrared
spectrum. Detailed oil-to-source correlation shows that high-wax oil originates from “oil shale”
of E2S4 , whereas normal oil sources from shale of E2S4 and E2S3 . The reasons of high-wax oil
2 1 4
generation are mainly due to organic matter and sedimentary environment.
2. The pale geothermal gradient is higher than the present, and in Anfutun and Rongshengpu
Sags, the PGs have reached 41℃/km and 36℃/km. The variety from rate of deposition and basin
tectonic subsidence to geothermal gradient have come into being properly low
thermo-developing history, which made high-wax oil generated and enriched and preserved after
peak time of hydrocarbon generation. Four types of compaction in Damintun Depression are
classified from the characteristics of mudstone compaction. At planes, the strong overpressure is
always formed in the sedimentary center of every sag. Yet From the point of profiles, it is mainly
generated from bottom of E2S3 member to inside of E2S3 and E2S4 members. Overpressure is
3 4
stronger and formed widely. Pressure evolvement can be divided into two phases of stress
accumulation and release. The under-compaction and hydrocarbon generation are the leading
mechanisms for the formation of the overpressure in this region.
3. Petroleum charging history in Damintun Depression is also acquired by means of Illite
K-Ar dating and fluid inclusion homogenous temperature technologies. Integrating with
petroleum generation history by basin modeling technique, conclusions are drawn:To the
reservoirs of Paleogene and Archean, one mainly charging period existed, w
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