非稳定饱和—非饱和渗流场数值计算关键技术及其应用研究
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摘要
本文以服务于我国水工结构工程及岩土工程建设为目标，就目前非稳定饱和-非饱和渗流场求解关键技术中的若干难点问题开展了较为深入的研究，主要研究内容及取得的相应研究成果如下：
(1)开展了复杂渗流场渗流特性的研究，重点探讨了降雨入渗、非饱和蒸发入渗面、密集排水孔幕等对工程渗流特性的影响，基本搞清了这些边界条件影响工程渗流特性的方式和机理。
(2)在固定网格结点虚流量法的基础上，针对有自由面渗流问题提出了改进结点虚流量法，并针对逸出面边界、纯虚单元及过渡单元处理等给出了严密的数学描述。
(3)提出了非饱和蒸发入渗面的严密精细的数值模拟方法，定量分析了非饱和蒸发入渗面的作用，这对于边坡工程及农田水利工程有着重要的意义。
(4)开发了考虑降雨入渗及非饱和蒸发入渗的三维非稳定饱和-非饱和渗流分析程序CIESUS-3D及专门求解有自由面的稳定饱和渗流分析程序PSSS-3D，同时探讨了相应的有限元加速技术。
(5)在对现有排水孔幕数值模拟方法评价的基础上，提出并深入研究了密集排水孔幕全精细模拟技术。该技术不对排水孔幕作任何简化，本文着重从子结构网格划分模式及二次自动剖分、子结构单元形态、子结构与总体单元网格之间的连续性、排水子结构完整水力学模型分类及定义、排水孔内水位迭代计算、排水子结构法在非稳定非饱和渗流场中的推广应用等各个方面进行论述，实现了对工程复杂渗流场中密集排水孔幕的高效、精细、定量分析。
(6)引入密集排水孔幕全精细模拟技术，分别开发了基于程序CIESUS-3D和PSSS-3D的排水子结构分析程序CIESUSS-3D和PSSSS-3D，并应用于江口拱坝工程，成功求解并分析了坝基复杂渗流场，论证了相应的渗控方案。
(7)开展了排水子结构分析中的改进技术研究，提出了重复排水子结构方法、多重排水子结构方法及自适应排水子结构方法。基于程序CIESUSS-3D和PSSSS-3D，编制了二重排水子结构分析程序CIEUSS-MULTI-3D和PSSSS-MULTI-3D以及自适应排水子结构分析程序CIEUSS-SAA-3D和PSSSS-SAA-3D。同时首次将非协调元法引入到排水子结构分析中，有力地提高了计算的精度和效率。
(8)开展了有复杂边界面的渗流场反分析方法的研究，在传统遗传算法的基础上，提出了改进加速遗传算法，并编制了相应的计算程序IAGA-OPT。
（9）运用本文提出的密集排水孔幕全精细模拟技术和改进加速遗传算法，对水工结
构工程及岩土工程中的防渗排水结构型式的优化设计方法进行了研究，首次提出了防渗
排水结构型式优化设计全局寻优一次求解新方法。根据优化设计分析的需要，首次提出
并定义了防渗子结构，并讨论了防渗子结构网格的划分模式及二次自动剖分。同时重点
探讨了优化分析中子结构网格的处理及目标函数的建立，并在IAGA－OPT基础上编制了
防渗排水结构型式优化分析程序SPWD．OPT。
（10）运用本文提出的改进加速遗传算法，将之应用于非稳定非饱和渗流场的反分
析求解中，开发了相应的计算程序IAGA－SSSBA，成功进行了碾压混凝土坝压水试验成
果整理数值分析。
（11）运用程序 IAGA－SSSBA，以峰山间为例，建立了针对引起平原地区水闸门基
渗流“异常现象”的特征参数变量的反分析数学物理模型，成功弄清了己困扰该问运行
40多年的闸基渗流“异常现象”的具体成因，进而对该闸的安全性和间基的加固处理方
案进行了综合评价和建议。
Targeting the service to the construction of hydraulic and geo-technical engineering in China, this paper puts comparatively deep research on the difficult points of the key techniques hi solving unsteady saturated-unsaturated seepage field. The main research contents and the results are as follows.
(1) The study on the seepage properties of complex seepage field is launched. The emphasis is put on the influence of rainfall infiltration, unsaturated vaporization and infiltration surface and densely distributed holes to the seepage properties of hydraulic and geo-technical engineering. The mode and mechanism of the influence of the boundary conditions on the engineering seepage properties has been largely discerned.
(2) On the basis of the method of invariable mesh & virtual flux of node, the improved nodal virtual flux is presented for the seepage problem with free face. Meanwhile, the precise mathematical description is given for the processing of vaporization and infiltration surfaces, pure virtual elements and transitional elements.
(3) The robust numerical simulation method is presented for the quantitative analysis of the effect of unsaturated vaporization and infiltration surface. It is especially of significance for slope and agricultural hydraulic engineering.
(4) The 3-D unsteady saturated-unsaturated seepage numerical program CIESUS-3D considering rainfall infiltration and unsaturated vaporization & infiltration is developed. And also, the steady saturated seepage numerical program PSSS-3D particularly in solving the seepage problem with free surface is coded. Meanwhile, some FEM accelerating techniques are discussed.
(5) Based on the evaluation of present numerical simulation of drainage holes, the all-refined simulation technique precisely simulating densely distributed drainage holes is presented and deeply studied. The technique does not have any simplification of drainage holes, hi this paper, discussions are mainly conducted on the substructure mesh dividing and its second tune automatic dividing, the substructure shape, the continuity among substructures and general elements, the classification and definition of the integrated hydraulic model of drainage substructure, the iteration computation of water level inside drainage hole, the application of the technique in solving unsteady unsaturated seepage field, etc., therefore, the high efficient, precise and quantitative analysis of the complex seepage with densely distributed drainage holes is totally realized.
(6) The substructure numerical programs CIESUSS-3D and PSSSS-3D are respectively developed based on the programs CIESUS-3D and PSSS-3D, introducing the all-refined simulation technique precisely simulating densely distributed drainage holes. With the application of PSSSS-3D to Jiangkou arch dam project, the complex seepage field of the dam foundation was successfully solved and analyzed, and the seepage control schemes were then
improved.
(7) The improving technique research of the drainage substructure method is performed. The repeated drainage substructure method, the multi-layer drainage substructure method and the adaptive drainage substructure method are presented. The 2-layer drainage substructure numerical programs CIEUSS-MULTI-3D and PSSSS-MULTI-3D and the adaptive drainage substructure numerical programs CIEUSS-SAA-3D and PSSSS-SAA-3D are developed based on the programs CIEUSS-3D and PSSSS-3D. Consequently, the computation precision and efficiency is effectively enhanced.
(8) The research of back analysis of seepage field with complex boundary conditions is launched. On the basis of the traditional genetic algorithm, the improved accelerating genetic algorithm (IAGA) is presented, and the program IAGA-OPT concerning the algorithm is developed.
(9) With the application of the all-refined simulation technique precisely simulating densely distributed drainage holes and the IAGA, the optimization method of seepage prevention and drainage structure design in hydraulic and geo-technical engineering is studied
(1)开展了复杂渗流场渗流特性的研究，重点探讨了降雨入渗、非饱和蒸发入渗面、密集排水孔幕等对工程渗流特性的影响，基本搞清了这些边界条件影响工程渗流特性的方式和机理。
(2)在固定网格结点虚流量法的基础上，针对有自由面渗流问题提出了改进结点虚流量法，并针对逸出面边界、纯虚单元及过渡单元处理等给出了严密的数学描述。
(3)提出了非饱和蒸发入渗面的严密精细的数值模拟方法，定量分析了非饱和蒸发入渗面的作用，这对于边坡工程及农田水利工程有着重要的意义。
(4)开发了考虑降雨入渗及非饱和蒸发入渗的三维非稳定饱和-非饱和渗流分析程序CIESUS-3D及专门求解有自由面的稳定饱和渗流分析程序PSSS-3D，同时探讨了相应的有限元加速技术。
(5)在对现有排水孔幕数值模拟方法评价的基础上，提出并深入研究了密集排水孔幕全精细模拟技术。该技术不对排水孔幕作任何简化，本文着重从子结构网格划分模式及二次自动剖分、子结构单元形态、子结构与总体单元网格之间的连续性、排水子结构完整水力学模型分类及定义、排水孔内水位迭代计算、排水子结构法在非稳定非饱和渗流场中的推广应用等各个方面进行论述，实现了对工程复杂渗流场中密集排水孔幕的高效、精细、定量分析。
(6)引入密集排水孔幕全精细模拟技术，分别开发了基于程序CIESUS-3D和PSSS-3D的排水子结构分析程序CIESUSS-3D和PSSSS-3D，并应用于江口拱坝工程，成功求解并分析了坝基复杂渗流场，论证了相应的渗控方案。
(7)开展了排水子结构分析中的改进技术研究，提出了重复排水子结构方法、多重排水子结构方法及自适应排水子结构方法。基于程序CIESUSS-3D和PSSSS-3D，编制了二重排水子结构分析程序CIEUSS-MULTI-3D和PSSSS-MULTI-3D以及自适应排水子结构分析程序CIEUSS-SAA-3D和PSSSS-SAA-3D。同时首次将非协调元法引入到排水子结构分析中，有力地提高了计算的精度和效率。
(8)开展了有复杂边界面的渗流场反分析方法的研究，在传统遗传算法的基础上，提出了改进加速遗传算法，并编制了相应的计算程序IAGA-OPT。
（9）运用本文提出的密集排水孔幕全精细模拟技术和改进加速遗传算法，对水工结
构工程及岩土工程中的防渗排水结构型式的优化设计方法进行了研究，首次提出了防渗
排水结构型式优化设计全局寻优一次求解新方法。根据优化设计分析的需要，首次提出
并定义了防渗子结构，并讨论了防渗子结构网格的划分模式及二次自动剖分。同时重点
探讨了优化分析中子结构网格的处理及目标函数的建立，并在IAGA－OPT基础上编制了
防渗排水结构型式优化分析程序SPWD．OPT。
（10）运用本文提出的改进加速遗传算法，将之应用于非稳定非饱和渗流场的反分
析求解中，开发了相应的计算程序IAGA－SSSBA，成功进行了碾压混凝土坝压水试验成
果整理数值分析。
（11）运用程序 IAGA－SSSBA，以峰山间为例，建立了针对引起平原地区水闸门基
渗流“异常现象”的特征参数变量的反分析数学物理模型，成功弄清了己困扰该问运行
40多年的闸基渗流“异常现象”的具体成因，进而对该闸的安全性和间基的加固处理方
案进行了综合评价和建议。
Targeting the service to the construction of hydraulic and geo-technical engineering in China, this paper puts comparatively deep research on the difficult points of the key techniques hi solving unsteady saturated-unsaturated seepage field. The main research contents and the results are as follows.
(1) The study on the seepage properties of complex seepage field is launched. The emphasis is put on the influence of rainfall infiltration, unsaturated vaporization and infiltration surface and densely distributed holes to the seepage properties of hydraulic and geo-technical engineering. The mode and mechanism of the influence of the boundary conditions on the engineering seepage properties has been largely discerned.
(2) On the basis of the method of invariable mesh & virtual flux of node, the improved nodal virtual flux is presented for the seepage problem with free face. Meanwhile, the precise mathematical description is given for the processing of vaporization and infiltration surfaces, pure virtual elements and transitional elements.
(3) The robust numerical simulation method is presented for the quantitative analysis of the effect of unsaturated vaporization and infiltration surface. It is especially of significance for slope and agricultural hydraulic engineering.
(4) The 3-D unsteady saturated-unsaturated seepage numerical program CIESUS-3D considering rainfall infiltration and unsaturated vaporization & infiltration is developed. And also, the steady saturated seepage numerical program PSSS-3D particularly in solving the seepage problem with free surface is coded. Meanwhile, some FEM accelerating techniques are discussed.
(5) Based on the evaluation of present numerical simulation of drainage holes, the all-refined simulation technique precisely simulating densely distributed drainage holes is presented and deeply studied. The technique does not have any simplification of drainage holes, hi this paper, discussions are mainly conducted on the substructure mesh dividing and its second tune automatic dividing, the substructure shape, the continuity among substructures and general elements, the classification and definition of the integrated hydraulic model of drainage substructure, the iteration computation of water level inside drainage hole, the application of the technique in solving unsteady unsaturated seepage field, etc., therefore, the high efficient, precise and quantitative analysis of the complex seepage with densely distributed drainage holes is totally realized.
(6) The substructure numerical programs CIESUSS-3D and PSSSS-3D are respectively developed based on the programs CIESUS-3D and PSSS-3D, introducing the all-refined simulation technique precisely simulating densely distributed drainage holes. With the application of PSSSS-3D to Jiangkou arch dam project, the complex seepage field of the dam foundation was successfully solved and analyzed, and the seepage control schemes were then
improved.
(7) The improving technique research of the drainage substructure method is performed. The repeated drainage substructure method, the multi-layer drainage substructure method and the adaptive drainage substructure method are presented. The 2-layer drainage substructure numerical programs CIEUSS-MULTI-3D and PSSSS-MULTI-3D and the adaptive drainage substructure numerical programs CIEUSS-SAA-3D and PSSSS-SAA-3D are developed based on the programs CIEUSS-3D and PSSSS-3D. Consequently, the computation precision and efficiency is effectively enhanced.
(8) The research of back analysis of seepage field with complex boundary conditions is launched. On the basis of the traditional genetic algorithm, the improved accelerating genetic algorithm (IAGA) is presented, and the program IAGA-OPT concerning the algorithm is developed.
(9) With the application of the all-refined simulation technique precisely simulating densely distributed drainage holes and the IAGA, the optimization method of seepage prevention and drainage structure design in hydraulic and geo-technical engineering is studied
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